claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
344 | Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:9",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
... |
2709 | When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Energy industry:42",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Energy industry",
"evidence": "The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would \"greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use\".",
"entropy": 0.562335133552551... |
2067 | Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:88",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
1475 | More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:13",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among ... |
1570 | Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:6",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
nul... |
2631 | The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:111",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
... |
559 | And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:309",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
287 | Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial perio... |
1112 | “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:37",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1420 | Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:172",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",
"entropy": 0.63651... |
2263 | They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:17",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",... |
855 | Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Human overpopulation:151",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Human overpopulation",
"evidence": "To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
821 | Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "American Civil War:119",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "American Civil War",
"evidence": "It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
nu... |
2213 | The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatology:43",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatology",
"evidence": "Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted fr... |
1533 | The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS... |
668 | Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "OSTM/Jason-2:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "OSTM/Jason-2",
"evidence": "These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as ocean topography—provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored i... |
1549 | There's no empirical evidence for climate change. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:309",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
... |
1531 | Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:39",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Holocene extinction",
"evidence": "In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric level... |
2222 | A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:11",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event",
"evidence": "Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.... |
1545 | Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
1685 | Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Chaos theory:140",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Chaos theory",
"evidence": "Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.",
"entropy": 0.693147182... |
1553 | 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cold wave:115",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cold wave",
"evidence": "Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
n... |
230 | In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:354",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
2429 | With 32 years of rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is \"likely\" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human ac... |
118 | more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:20",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Kyoto Protocol",
"evidence": "The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current... |
1139 | Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:121",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.",
"entropy":... |
935 | The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:93",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
2461 | Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:6",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",... |
82 | The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:196",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swif... |
1789 | CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:355",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.",
... |
1948 | Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:32",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
454 | Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:59",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and ... |
1512 | more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:20",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Kyoto Protocol",
"evidence": "The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current... |
1485 | The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:226",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
... |
2282 | While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Glacier:92",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Glacier",
"evidence": "Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
1869 | Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sport utility vehicle:118",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sport utility vehicle",
"evidence": "By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
1212 | (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon credit:77",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon credit",
"evidence": "Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation.",
"entropy": 0.693147182464... |
2609 | Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:177",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).",
"entropy"... |
2360 | In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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"SUPPORTS",
... |
889 | “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:236",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolati... |
2200 | The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...". | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:221",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic he... |
2164 | Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Glacier:76",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Glacier",
"evidence": "The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]
}... |
18 | it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:12",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
n... |
2693 | While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:75",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption ... |
2692 | Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):29",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosph... |
164 | Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:106",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.",
"entropy": 0,... |
2288 | While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:231",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the associ... |
1098 | Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Marine life:725",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Marine life",
"evidence": "Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"R... |
2557 | Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):64",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "The scientific consensus on climate change is \"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities\", and it \"is largely... |
1469 | Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:64",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).",
... |
1751 | Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Benny Peiser:58",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Benny Peiser",
"evidence": "One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse wh... |
1765 | That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
21 | Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Russia:153",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Russia",
"evidence": "Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
... |
2720 | The result did suggest the sea level was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in the level near the Alaskan coast. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:287",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami",
"evidence": "with a marginal drop in sea level.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
2447 | The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:19",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outw... |
2055 | Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:105",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
... |
1524 | The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:279",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming ... |
1668 | Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Holocene glacial retreat:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Holocene glacial retreat",
"evidence": "The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.",
"ent... |
1908 | In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coal:223",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coal",
"evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT... |
2574 | On a world scale coral reefs are in decline. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Conservation biology:224",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Conservation biology",
"evidence": "Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
482 | It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Emissions trading:921",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Emissions trading",
"evidence": "\"How will the changes impact on forestry?\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
180 | Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Calcium carbonate:34",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Calcium carbonate",
"evidence": "Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
97 | according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2000s (decade):628",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2000s (decade)",
"evidence": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id":... |
2000 | There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign:77",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign",
"evidence": "I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NO... |
815 | Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:94",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atlantic Ocean",
"evidence": "The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
nu... |
99 | Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):29",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosph... |
1707 | CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon cycle:127",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon cycle",
"evidence": "On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.",
"entropy":... |
1761 | Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:218",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null... |
311 | there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:20",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, t... |
349 | Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:396",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
108 | sea-level rise is not accelerating. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",
"entropy": 1... |
630 | I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Flood:52",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Flood",
"evidence": "Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or... |
926 | The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:128",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"... |
137 | Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Avian influenza:128",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Avian influenza",
"evidence": "In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for ex... |
1718 | The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:164",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and l... |
2328 | What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Criticism of NASCAR:14",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Criticism of NASCAR",
"evidence": "The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1837 | A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Al Gore:133",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Al Gore",
"evidence": "During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOU... |
2476 | The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global dimming:106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global dimming",
"evidence": "The trend reversed in the early 1990s.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_... |
1656 | The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:36",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"N... |
2641 | In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:98",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that \"changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balan... |
400 | The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes ... |
2127 | Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:54",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism",
"evidence": "According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.",
"entropy": 0,
"v... |
1769 | CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
1454 | The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on oceans:6",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming on oceans",
"evidence": "In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.",
"entropy": 0.636514... |
512 | water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
1568 | Southern sea ice is increasing. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS"... |
1259 | While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "California:461",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "California",
"evidence": "Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in... |
306 | There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:188",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern... |
96 | The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world w... |
1300 | “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:258",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change and agriculture",
"evidence": "For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall level... |
2468 | "Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
2712 | The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.' | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctic sea ice:19",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Antarctic sea ice",
"evidence": "The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).",
"entropy": 0,... |
1460 | Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"eviden... |
1121 | Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:94",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.",
"entropy": 0.63651418... |
378 | for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:137",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.",
... |
1943 | Over 97 percent of the scientific community ⦠believe that humans are contributing to climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Human:121",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Human",
"evidence": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPP... |
6 | The polar bear population has been growing. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Polar bear:1332",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Polar bear",
"evidence": "\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
2474 | Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"entropy": 0.693... |
1314 | Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "1990s:41",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "1990s",
"evidence": "Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
... |
2702 | While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:368",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 205... |
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