claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
1115 | This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arab Spring:31",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arab Spring",
"evidence": "The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, \"gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political syste... |
2144 | 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
2106 | Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:54",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously un... |
2501 | The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUP... |
1747 | An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:160",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that \"the scientific reputation of Professor Jone... |
2093 | Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:12",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
... |
819 | Climate change need not endanger anyone” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:163",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change and ecosystems",
"evidence": "The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUT... |
2266 | A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:244",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the National Science Foundation closed an investigation on 15 August 2011 that exonerated Michael Man... |
390 | there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:368",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REFUTES",
... |
1658 | Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
1675 | The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:1532",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null... |
1216 | …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Political positions of Paul Ryan:102",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Political positions of Paul Ryan",
"evidence": "He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as \"leverage\" to reduce federal spending.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes"... |
1048 | While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
1021 | The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral in non-tropical regions:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral in non-tropical regions",
"evidence": "The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to cir... |
1284 | It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or ind... |
2593 | [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ... | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:217",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: \"I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number ... |
699 | While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "1257 Samalas eruption:144",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "1257 Samalas eruption",
"evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.",
... |
220 | Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Houston:735",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Houston",
"evidence": "\"Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"ev... |
2643 | The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:67",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) wh... |
2128 | Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:105",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "An Inconvenient Truth",
"evidence": "A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_... |
2057 | The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:187",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biom... |
243 | In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:73",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth... |
1492 | Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",... |
2374 | Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:40",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetim... |
2219 | The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "In the hockey stick controversy, the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed.",
"entropy": 0.69314718246459... |
656 | The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:174",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to be... |
2678 | Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:187",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,... |
404 | Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:5",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, w... |
2065 | Global warming is causing snow to disappear. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:11",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPOR... |
1378 | Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:302",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUG... |
28 | Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:375",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.",
... |
2189 | This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst clim... |
2313 | Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.' | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sinking of MV Sewol:214",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sinking of MV Sewol",
"evidence": "As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an \"unreasonably sudden turn\" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in tur... |
203 | In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:125",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "An Inconvenient Truth",
"evidence": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; S... |
1717 | If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:37",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference",
"evidence": "To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 4... |
5 | The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Famine:386",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Famine",
"evidence": "The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.",
"entropy"... |
127 | Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:222",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change and agriculture",
"evidence": "In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.",
"entropy": 0.562... |
2209 | Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Convection:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Convection",
"evidence": "Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the sur... |
1806 | The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:279",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it \"is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming ... |
619 | Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Colorado River:409",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Colorado River",
"evidence": "In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency ... |
263 | it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:59",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "He said that there was nothing \"hidden or inappropriate\" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical test... |
1151 | “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
... |
1097 | “[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:205",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1721 | Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:100",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1689 | Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Evidence-based medicine:126",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Evidence-based medicine",
"evidence": "Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.",
"entropy":... |
2463 | Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Volcano:11",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Volcano",
"evidence": "Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby w... |
1868 | Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Electricity generation:40",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Electricity generation",
"evidence": "Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of sola... |
2236 | The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:413",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose — ... |
2561 | Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:147",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
2152 | Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Greenhouse effect",
"evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) under... |
1078 | “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):53",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water ... |
805 | The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Russian wildfires:19",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 Russian wildfires",
"evidence": "Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
... |
1919 | Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:18",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
2620 | "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:128",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change feedback",
"evidence": "Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a p... |
2319 | While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Urban heat island:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Urban heat island",
"evidence": "An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"... |
1163 | “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:183",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
... |
185 | Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:29",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUP... |
1830 | Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Joe Barton:396",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Joe Barton",
"evidence": "Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"... |
1010 | “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:92",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
41 | More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:13",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among ... |
1541 | Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",... |
1722 | Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
2167 | Royal Society embraces skepticism | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Philosophical skepticism:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Philosophical skepticism",
"evidence": "Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, \"inquiry\") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowl... |
516 | For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:249",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENO... |
2409 | Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:75",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption ... |
1067 | “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable … | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Durban:55",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Durban",
"evidence": "Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"vo... |
1582 | Tuvalu sea level isn't rising. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Tuvalu:442",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Tuvalu",
"evidence": "Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
... |
1802 | The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño:129",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño",
"evidence": "An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.",
"entropy": 0.69... |
1113 | This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave",
"evidence": "According to the UK Met Office, the jet stream deviated[clarification needed] to the south (bringing cold air with it) as a result of unusual contrast betwee... |
2565 | Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:215",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "An Inconvenient Truth",
"evidence": "White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that \"The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases ... |
2168 | IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:220",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human in... |
742 | Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:225",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
105 | Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anoxic event:42",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Anoxic event",
"evidence": "Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F).",
... |
1066 | […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Alentejo:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Alentejo",
"evidence": "The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet.",
"entropy": ... |
1154 | [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:172",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.",
"entropy": 0.63651... |
1878 | During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Abbott Government:163",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Abbott Government",
"evidence": "2013 Election Launching his campaign for the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott outlined the economic priorities of the Coalition, promising to tackle government debt, eliminate \"waste\" in governmen... |
1235 | “During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:393",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
687 | When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
nu... |
152 | “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):67",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of seriou... |
1776 | If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:11",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "\"Climate change skepticism\" and \"climate change denial\" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its sig... |
362 | North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:269",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.",
"entropy": 1.0397207736968994,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
2369 | The public understand it, in that if you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Passive solar building design:300",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Passive solar building design",
"evidence": "A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year... |
2261 | Last December, the respected journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:194",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
126 | El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:131",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.",
"entropy":... |
1909 | In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Miami:62",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Miami",
"evidence": "The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REF... |
1350 | Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:144",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by ra... |
1826 | Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Chernobyl disaster:584",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Chernobyl disaster",
"evidence": "The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 re... |
1014 | Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:141",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"... |
2326 | "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:29",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.",
"entro... |
1127 | This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:32",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–16 El Niño event",
"evidence": "During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).",
"entropy": 0,
"vo... |
398 | nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:54",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
n... |
2560 | In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:120",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
... |
1548 | Polar bear numbers are increasing. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Polar bear:280",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Polar bear",
"evidence": "The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1690 | That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes ... |
1798 | A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:55",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
534 | Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference):28",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)",
"evidence": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPO... |
2424 | Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:31",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).",
"entropy": 0.693147182... |
1880 | Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon tax:32",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon tax",
"evidence": "In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation, a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing, stimulating their growth.",
"... |
2122 | Dropped stations introduce warming bias | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:38",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Instrumental temperature record",
"evidence": "Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_... |
2256 | The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:203",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as... |
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