claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2
classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
1445 | CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Electricity sector in Argentina:195",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Electricity sector in Argentina",
"evidence": "In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the ... |
2538 | Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Himalayas:130",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Himalayas",
"evidence": "An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
1546 | Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
... |
2284 | Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Eocene:108",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [... |
576 | ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "London:218",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "London",
"evidence": "Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_IN... |
2187 | Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatology:50",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatology",
"evidence": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
69 | Sea level rise is not going to happen. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
... |
1069 | “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:66",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atlantic Ocean",
"evidence": "From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
728 | The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:13",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "The authors conclude that \"anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth.\"",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
1065 | However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of the United Kingdom:225",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate of the United Kingdom",
"evidence": "The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.",
"e... |
957 | ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:147",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes... |
1893 | Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . . | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:14",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer c... |
2378 | The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:304",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
2136 | Renewables can't provide baseload power | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Power station:150",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Power station",
"evidence": "This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is ve... |
1931 | New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "New Jersey:168",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "New Jersey",
"evidence": "During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience \"nor'easters,\" which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
2150 | Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:636",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "\"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
1659 | Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:14",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.",
"entropy": 0,... |
530 | South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Adelaide:426",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Adelaide",
"evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}... |
1490 | the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:15",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already ... |
2223 | Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:274",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.",... |
2587 | If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.",
"entropy": 0.69... |
916 | The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:395",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperature... |
2090 | Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:1",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic ice pack",
"evidence": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
830 | parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:237",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In July 2019, they issued a declaration \"affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of P... |
447 | “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst clim... |
1425 | Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Extinction:15",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Extinction",
"evidence": "According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million... |
194 | The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…] | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:107",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"... |
2391 | Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:41",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
... |
419 | But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:150",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the cen... |
1506 | Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):29",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosph... |
828 | Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1277",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"Reducing risks to food security from climate change\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
1326 | But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cardiovascular disease:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cardiovascular disease",
"evidence": "High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
2434 | The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
2104 | Greenland ice sheet won't collapse | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:137",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOU... |
1529 | Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013). | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:217",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1034 | Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 — | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Gambler's fallacy:12",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Gambler's fallacy",
"evidence": "Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\\displaystyle \\Pr \\left(A_{5}|A_{1}\\cap A_... |
917 | Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:352",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1480 | I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:114",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Paris Agreement",
"evidence": "At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus... |
135 | Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "France:301",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "France",
"evidence": "As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null
]
},
... |
503 | “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2013–14 North American winter:28",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2013–14 North American winter",
"evidence": "On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.",
"entropy": 0.6931... |
1921 | Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carlos Curbelo:204",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carlos Curbelo",
"evidence": "\"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
... |
1625 | Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:123",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes":... |
979 | “Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2006 European heat wave:23",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2006 European heat wave",
"evidence": "The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
123 | the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Deforestation:57",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Deforestation",
"evidence": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
... |
770 | [CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:60",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
207 | Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2012 in science:264",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2012 in science",
"evidence": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxi... |
2420 | The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NO... |
1508 | global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
1544 | Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic ice pack",
"evidence": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.",
"entropy": 0.6931... |
1647 | Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global issue:19",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global issue",
"evidence": "Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of ... |
488 | Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:216",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"v... |
2020 | Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming conspiracy theory",
"evidence": "Climate change has also been called the \"greatest scam in history\" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
519 | Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Holocene:279",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Holocene",
"evidence": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
nul... |
442 | There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
138 | As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:13",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change and ecosystems",
"evidence": "(2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.",
"... |
1073 | The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
696 | climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:109",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements",
"evidence": "Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the oppo... |
171 | We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and gender:39",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change and gender",
"evidence": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
1938 | Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Clean Power Plan:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Clean Power Plan",
"evidence": "The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Jun... |
2633 | Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Jupiter:55",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Jupiter",
"evidence": "Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"vo... |
2423 | Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:122",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": ... |
1516 | the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Georgia (U.S. state):97",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Georgia (U.S. state)",
"evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.",
"entrop... |
1135 | Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:123",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS"... |
2118 | Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate system:7",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate system",
"evidence": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
... |
2049 | The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change (general concept)",
"evidence": "Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.",
"entropy": 0,... |
620 | Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of ... |
1239 | Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Human:16",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Human",
"evidence": "Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals... |
1774 | The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:240",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of clou... |
633 | Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum",
"evidence": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"RE... |
1946 | President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:132",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference",
"evidence": "The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing natio... |
1996 | There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coal mining:233",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coal mining",
"evidence": "Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,... |
540 | The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:113",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS"... |
1017 | Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:55",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.",
"entrop... |
1222 | The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:43",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nul... |
1603 | Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in Tuvalu:34",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in Tuvalu",
"evidence": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nu... |
1204 | Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:13",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
2711 | 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",... |
1447 | Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Airline:324",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Airline",
"evidence": "Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"vot... |
1255 | the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:26",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
832 | Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically a... | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:380",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
... |
386 | Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Environmental impact of wind power:105",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Environmental impact of wind power",
"evidence": "Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per... |
1167 | Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:182",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Atlantic hurricane",
"evidence": "Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
... |
2312 | Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ... | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Tuvalu:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Tuvalu",
"evidence": "Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E / 8.52083°S 179.19861°E / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, s... |
2308 | "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Drought:107",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Drought",
"evidence": "Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
1991 | The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:280",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
2588 | However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and con... |
638 | Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Fred Singer:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Fred Singer",
"evidence": "Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
2694 | The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:135",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever ... |
1643 | Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Al Gore:399",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Al Gore",
"evidence": "In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had \"no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate\" and its \"four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research\", he upheld ni... |
2377 | “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places where we’re seeing a decrease in the population | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Baffin Island:55",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Baffin Island",
"evidence": "[citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes":... |
1488 | New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Car:182",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Car",
"evidence": "As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars mos... |
2361 | "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:3",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is \"extremely likely\" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming ... |
1416 | In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS... |
348 | There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season:158",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season",
"evidence": "Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOU... |
2029 | Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:178",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.",
"entropy": 0.6931471... |
2132 | Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Association of Chief Police Officers:20",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Association of Chief Police Officers",
"evidence": "As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
... |
802 | that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:228",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]
},
... |
1377 | there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2015 South Indian floods:434",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "2015 South Indian floods",
"evidence": "So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change].\"",
"entropy": 0... |
1609 | Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:143",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REF... |
2244 | So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:190",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0.693147182464... |
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