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c_l6ldu0lt32zh | With a successful run of 12 years and over 2,700 episodes, the Jack and Stench Show is among the longest-running monetized podcasts. In March 2007, the Cambridge CARET Centre also helped to give birth to the first as-live podcast channel for women politicians in the UK and globally called Women's Parliamentary Radio. A... | Odiogo |
c_xzijz2tiu7yk | The MP3 files could be streamed or downloaded. Their resulting 550 interviews over 15 years can now be found in one of four audio archives nationally at the British Library, the London School of Economics, The History of Parliament Trust and the Churchill Archives University of Cambridge. Sones has also written four bo... | Odiogo |
c_6bgnxpyrlyl1 | The Adam Carolla Show started as a regular weekday podcast in March 2009; by March 2011, 59.6 million episodes had been downloaded in total, claiming a record; however, as previously mentioned, Gervais's podcast had already received five times Carolla's downloads by the time the record was supposedly set. The BBC noted... | Odiogo |
c_i2sd272g9yro | Bang! (which was known as Comedy Death-Ray Radio at the time), which was later turned into a TV show with the same name. | Odiogo |
c_jfzmhktbm023 | With a run of eight years (as of October 2013), the various podcasts provided by Wrestling Observer/Figure Four Online, including Figure Four Daily and the Bryan and Vinny Show with host Bryan Alvarez, and Wrestling Observer Radio with hosts Alvarez and Dave Meltzer, have produced over 6,000 monetized podcasts at a sub... | Odiogo |
c_igjhsk66o4hm | The podcast was a surprise success, achieving 68 million downloads by the end of Season 1 and becoming the first podcast to win a Peabody Award. The program was referred to as a "phenomenon" by media outlets and popularized true crime podcasts. True crime programs such as My Favorite Murder, Crimetown, and Casefile wer... | Odiogo |
c_yqkrnjugqx14 | From 2012 to 2013, surveys showed that the number of podcast listeners had dropped for the first time since 2008. However, after Serial debuted, audience numbers rose by 3%. Podcasting reached a new stage of growth in 2017 when The New York Times debuted The Daily news podcast. The Daily is designed to match the fast p... | Odiogo |
c_o98eboyig1ja | In mean field theory, the mean field appearing in the single-site problem is a time-independent scalar or vector quantity. However, this isn't always the case: in a variant of mean field theory called dynamical mean field theory (DMFT), the mean field becomes a time-dependent quantity. For instance, DMFT can be applied... | Mean-field approximation |
c_k2s3xf305zv4 | In meantone systems, there are two different semitones. This results because of the break in the circle of fifths that occurs in the tuning system: diatonic semitones derive from a chain of five fifths that does not cross the break, and chromatic semitones come from one that does. The chromatic semitone is usually smal... | Just chromatic semitone |
c_8iyv9pbxl1ok | In meantone temperaments, the major tone and minor tone are replaced by a "mean tone" which is somewhere in between the two. Two of these tones make a ditone or major third. This major third is exactly the just (5:4) major third in quarter-comma meantone. This is the source of the name: the note exactly halfway between... | Ditone |
c_bihjexm9epqt | In measure and probability theory in mathematics, a convex measure is a probability measure that — loosely put — does not assign more mass to any intermediate set "between" two measurable sets A and B than it does to A or B individually. There are multiple ways in which the comparison between the probabilities of A and... | Convex measure |
c_tjh1ljyaclsd | In measure theory (a branch of mathematical analysis), a property holds almost everywhere if, in a technical sense, the set for which the property holds takes up nearly all possibilities. The notion of "almost everywhere" is a companion notion to the concept of measure zero, and is analogous to the notion of almost sur... | Almost everywhere |
c_id1dmnip8ld9 | When discussing sets of real numbers, the Lebesgue measure is usually assumed unless otherwise stated. The term almost everywhere is abbreviated a.e. | Almost everywhere |
c_jqo3jqmczegn | ; in older literature p.p. is used, to stand for the equivalent French language phrase presque partout.A set with full measure is one whose complement is of measure zero. In probability theory, the terms almost surely, almost certain and almost always refer to events with probability 1 not necessarily including all of ... | Almost everywhere |
c_gn8pmo3sek0h | In measure theory Prokhorov's theorem relates tightness of measures to relative compactness (and hence weak convergence) in the space of probability measures. It is credited to the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov, who considered probability measures on complete separable metric spaces. The term "Prokhor... | Prokhorov's theorem |
c_k9yq0jucyzdj | In measure theory and probability, the monotone class theorem connects monotone classes and 𝜎-algebras. The theorem says that the smallest monotone class containing an algebra of sets G {\displaystyle G} is precisely the smallest 𝜎-algebra containing G . {\displaystyle G.} It is used as a type of transfinite inductio... | Monotone class theorem |
c_strilp4ephjv | In measure theory, Carathéodory's extension theorem (named after the mathematician Constantin Carathéodory) states that any pre-measure defined on a given ring of subsets R of a given set Ω can be extended to a measure on the σ-ring generated by R, and this extension is unique if the pre-measure is σ-finite. Consequent... | Carathéodory's extension theorem |
c_luhg4d6oxtl6 | In measure theory, Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem provides sufficient conditions under which almost everywhere convergence of a sequence of functions implies convergence in the L1 norm. Its power and utility are two of the primary theoretical advantages of Lebesgue integration over Riemann integration. In add... | Bounded convergence theorem |
c_jn8i35k1k5u0 | In measure theory, Stone & Tukey (1942) proved two more general forms of the ham sandwich theorem. Both versions concern the bisection of n subsets X1, X2, …, Xn of a common set X, where X has a Carathéodory outer measure and each Xi has finite outer measure. Their first general formulation is as follows: for any conti... | Ham-sandwich theorem |
c_ozwu4wsgeglw | This theorem generalizes the standard ham sandwich theorem by letting f(s,x) = s1x1 + … + snxn. Their second formulation is as follows: for any n + 1 measurable functions f0, f1, …, fn over X that are linearly independent over any subset of X of positive measure, there is a linear combination f = a0f0 + a1f1 + … + anfn... | Ham-sandwich theorem |
c_a852g5cmtyeh | In measure theory, a branch of mathematics that studies generalized notions of volumes, an s-finite measure is a special type of measure. An s-finite measure is more general than a finite measure, but allows one to generalize certain proofs for finite measures. The s-finite measures should not be confused with the σ-fi... | S-finite measure |
c_7mr2q01y7hyd | In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, Kakutani's theorem is a fundamental result on the equivalence or mutual singularity of countable product measures. It gives an "if and only if" characterisation of when two such measures are equivalent, and hence it is extremely useful when trying to establish change-of-measu... | Kakutani's theorem (measure theory) |
c_cjev9i99i1m4 | In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a continuity set of a measure μ is any Borel set B such that μ ( ∂ B ) = 0 , {\displaystyle \mu (\partial B)=0\,,} where ∂ B {\displaystyle \partial B} is the (topological) boundary of B. For signed measures, one asks that | μ | ( ∂ B ) = 0 . {\displaystyle |\mu |(\partial B)... | Continuity set |
c_eg2vifb3t9xe | In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a finite measure or totally finite measure is a special measure that always takes on finite values. Among finite measures are probability measures. The finite measures are often easier to handle than more general measures and show a variety of different properties depending o... | Finite measure |
c_oaj38l2lnqd6 | In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space. For n = 1, 2, or 3, it coincides with the standard measure of length, area, or volume. In general, it is also called ... | Lebesgue measure |
c_5mug552awgi9 | Sets that can be assigned a Lebesgue measure are called Lebesgue-measurable; the measure of the Lebesgue-measurable set A is here denoted by λ(A). Henri Lebesgue described this measure in the year 1901 which, a year after, was followed up by his description of the Lebesgue integral. Both were published as part of his d... | Lebesgue measure |
c_vfww74wa7le4 | In measure theory, a conull set is a set whose complement is null, i.e., the measure of the complement is zero. For example, the set of irrational numbers is a conull subset of the real line with Lebesgue measure.A property that is true of the elements of a conull set is said to be true almost everywhere. == References... | Conull set |
c_0c9wcd27a4bm | In measure theory, a generic property is one that holds almost everywhere. The dual concept is a null set, that is, a set of measure zero. | Generic property |
c_50skhaxpbfjx | In measure theory, a pushforward measure (also known as push forward, push-forward or image measure) is obtained by transferring ("pushing forward") a measure from one measurable space to another using a measurable function. | Push-forward measure |
c_8nec6xoznikb | In measure theory, a radonifying function (ultimately named after Johann Radon) between measurable spaces is one that takes a cylinder set measure (CSM) on the first space to a true measure on the second space. It acquired its name because the pushforward measure on the second space was historically thought of as a Rad... | Radonifying function |
c_g1ay7k6jkppa | In measure theory, an area of mathematics, Egorov's theorem establishes a condition for the uniform convergence of a pointwise convergent sequence of measurable functions. It is also named Severini–Egoroff theorem or Severini–Egorov theorem, after Carlo Severini, an Italian mathematician, and Dmitri Egorov, a Russian p... | Egorov's Theorem |
c_48vklk4cy4bl | In measure theory, given a measurable space ( X , Σ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )} and a signed measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } on it, a set A ∈ Σ {\displaystyle A\in \Sigma } is called a positive set for μ {\displaystyle \mu } if every Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } -measurable subset of A {\displaystyle A} has nonnegative m... | Positive and negative sets |
c_0rbzfjadjm1q | nonpositive) everywhere on A . {\displaystyle A.} Of course, if μ {\displaystyle \mu } is a nonnegative measure, every element of Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } is a positive set for μ . | Positive and negative sets |
c_3pepmx7kbvrh | {\displaystyle \mu .} In the light of Radon–Nikodym theorem, if ν {\displaystyle \nu } is a σ-finite positive measure such that | μ | ≪ ν , {\displaystyle |\mu |\ll \nu ,} a set A {\displaystyle A} is a positive set for μ {\displaystyle \mu } if and only if the Radon–Nikodym derivative d μ / d ν {\displaystyle d\mu /d\... | Positive and negative sets |
c_884t8zl1h4du | In measure theory, in particular in martingale theory and the theory of stochastic processes, a filtration is an increasing sequence of σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebras on a measurable space. That is, given a measurable space ( Ω , F ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}})} , a filtration is a sequence of σ {\disp... | Filtration (algebra) |
c_yhx4rxd4kpey | For example, t ∈ { 0 , 1 , … , N } , N 0 , or {\mbox{ or }}[0,+\infty ).} Similarly, a filtered probability space (also known as a stochastic basis) ( Ω , F , { F t } t ≥ 0 , P ) {\displaystyle \left(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\left\{{\mathcal {F}}_{t}\right\}_{t\geq 0},\mathbb {P} \right)} , is a probability space equipp... | Filtration (algebra) |
c_zghqs5ftbhmv | {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{\infty }=\sigma \left(\bigcup _{t\geq 0}{\mathcal {F}}_{t}\right)\subseteq {\mathcal {F}}.} A σ-algebra defines the set of events that can be measured, which in a probability context is equivalent to events that can be discriminated, or "questions that can be answered at time t {\displays... | Filtration (algebra) |
c_czbecjidmhmm | In measure theory, it is often useful to allow sets that have infinite measure and integrals whose value may be infinite. Such measures arise naturally out of calculus. For example, in assigning a measure to R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } that agrees with the usual length of intervals, this measure must be larger than ... | Extended real number |
c_h71ibyh7xt3n | In measure theory, length is most often generalized to general sets of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} via the Lebesgue measure. In the one-dimensional case, the Lebesgue outer measure of a set is defined in terms of the lengths of open intervals. Concretely, the length of an open interval is first defined as ℓ ( ... | Length |
c_iw2d61j30fbw | In measure theory, one talks about almost everywhere convergence of a sequence of measurable functions defined on a measurable space. That means pointwise convergence almost everywhere, that is, on a subset of the domain whose complement has measure zero. Egorov's theorem states that pointwise convergence almost everyw... | Pointwise convergence |
c_l7y0po4ai3x0 | For in a topological space, when every subsequence of a sequence has itself a subsequence with the same subsequential limit, the sequence itself must converge to that limit. But consider the sequence of so-called "galloping rectangles" functions, which are defined using the floor function: let N = floor ( log 2 n )... | Pointwise convergence |
c_cmdnddwowmii | In measure theory, projection maps often appear when working with product (Cartesian) spaces: The product sigma-algebra of measurable spaces is defined to be the finest such that the projection mappings will be measurable. Sometimes for some reasons product spaces are equipped with 𝜎-algebra different than the product... | Projection (measure theory) |
c_8nebvw6bdkk0 | However, in some cases, either relatively to the product 𝜎-algebra or relatively to some other 𝜎-algebra, projected set of measurable set is indeed measurable. Henri Lebesgue himself, one of the founders of measure theory, was mistaken about that fact. | Projection (measure theory) |
c_dfd0dglekokh | In a paper from 1905 he wrote that the projection of Borel set in the plane onto the real line is again a Borel set. The mathematician Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin found that error about ten years later, and his following research has led to descriptive set theory. The fundamental mistake of Lebesgue was to think that pr... | Projection (measure theory) |
c_3e9ct61dalbv | In measure theory, tangent measures are used to study the local behavior of Radon measures, in much the same way as tangent spaces are used to study the local behavior of differentiable manifolds. Tangent measures (introduced by David Preiss in his study of rectifiable sets) are a useful tool in geometric measure theor... | Tangent measure |
c_psj0ahy115ng | In measure theory, the "problem of measure" for an n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn may be stated as: "does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of Rn?" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive so... | John von Neumann |
c_qf7qdaxrdg0d | "Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space." Around 1942 he told Dorothy Maharam how to prove that every complete σ-finite measure space has a multiplicative lifting, however he did not publish this proof and she later came up with a new one.In a number o... | John von Neumann |
c_5tertg6wd9k9 | A major contribution von Neumann made to measure theory was the result of a paper written to answer a question of Haar regarding whether there existed an algebra of all bounded functions on the real number line such that they form "a complete system of representatives of the classes of almost everywhere-equal measurabl... | John von Neumann |
c_dxjnaeiamnvn | Von Neumann also gave a new proof on the uniqueness of Haar measures by using the mean values of functions, although this method only worked for compact groups. He had to create entirely new techniques to apply this to locally compact groups. He also gave a new, ingenious proof for the Radon–Nikodym theorem. His lectur... | John von Neumann |
c_l49jzygduzp1 | In measure theory, the Euler measure of a polyhedral set equals the Euler integral of its indicator function. | Euler measure |
c_r6bdhnbh20js | In measure theory, the Poisson point process can be further generalized to what is sometimes known as the general Poisson point process or general Poisson process by using a Radon measure Λ {\displaystyle \textstyle \Lambda } , which is a locally finite measure. In general, this Radon measure Λ {\displaystyle \textstyl... | Poisson random process |
c_emcdawyxr0x0 | In other words, denote the total number of points located in B {\displaystyle \textstyle B} by N ( B ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {N}(B)} , then the probability of random variable N ( B ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {N}(B)} being equal to n {\displaystyle \textstyle n} is given by: Pr { N ( B ) = n } = ( Λ ( B ) ) n n ! e... | Poisson random process |
c_fsjfrlymd35p | }}e^{-\Lambda (B)}} the number of points in n {\displaystyle \textstyle n} disjoint Borel sets forms n {\displaystyle \textstyle n} independent random variables.The Radon measure Λ {\displaystyle \textstyle \Lambda } maintains its previous interpretation of being the expected number of points of N {\displaystyle \texts... | Poisson random process |
c_u0bm0md0kolr | In measure theory, the following implications hold between measures: So every probability measure is a sub-probability measure, but the converse is not true. Also every sub-probability measure is a finite measure and a σ-finite measure, but the converse is again not true. | Sub-probability measure |
c_naag8mdzwpfa | In measure theory, we are not interested in semi-rings and rings themselves, but rather in σ-algebras generated by them. The idea is that it is possible to build a pre-measure on a semi-ring S {\displaystyle S} (for example Stieltjes measures), which can then be extended to a pre-measure on R ( S ) , {\displaystyle R(S... | Carathéodory extension theorem |
c_w81p9tag77jm | In measure-theoretic analysis and related branches of mathematics, Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration generalizes both Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, preserving the many advantages of the former in a more general measure-theoretic framework. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral wit... | Radon integral |
c_hafqr0queabv | In measure-theoretic probability theory, the density function is defined as the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the probability distribution relative to a common dominating measure. The likelihood function is this density interpreted as a function of the parameter, rather than the random variable. Thus, we can construct a ... | Likelihood ratio |
c_w5k1bh54y0op | In measured data, congested traffic most often occurs in the vicinity of highway bottlenecks, e.g., on-ramps, off-ramps, or roadwork. A transition from free flow to congested traffic is known as traffic breakdown. In Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory traffic breakdown is explained by a phase transition from free flow... | Three phase traffic theory |
c_ccsw9ji9r3na | In measured music, the terms arsis and thesis "are used respectively for unstressed and stressed beats or other equidistant subdivisions of the bar". Thus in music the terms are used in the opposite sense of poetry, with the arsis being the upbeat, or unstressed note preceding the downbeat. A fugue per arsin et thesin ... | Arsis and thesis |
c_7y5xme9wh65c | In measurement of the I/O performance of five filesystems with five storage configurations—single SSD, RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, and RAID 5 it was shown that F2FS on RAID 0 and RAID 5 with eight SSDs outperforms EXT4 by 5 times and 50 times, respectively. The measurements also suggest that the RAID controller can be a s... | Standard RAID levels |
c_jnkhsorr991d | In measurement technology and metrology, calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. Such a standard could be another measurement device of known accuracy, a device generating the quantity to be measured such as a voltage, ... | Instrument calibration |
c_l3gaw3atgg06 | In measurement, the Coggeshall slide rule, also called a carpenter's slide rule, was a slide rule designed by Henry Coggeshall in 1677 to help in measuring the dimensions, surface area, and volume of timber. With his original design and later improvements, Coggeshall's slide rule brought the tool its first practical us... | Coggeshall slide rule |
c_099qcog7q3qx | Another form had one ruler sliding alongside the other, and a third form had a common two-foot folding ruler with a groove along one side in which a thin sliding piece was inserted that carried Coggeshall's lines. Coggeshall first described this apparatus in a paper he released in London titled, "Timber-measure by a li... | Coggeshall slide rule |
c_pfb1iv04ekdt | "After improving the design, he republished his work under the title "A Treatise of Measuring by a Two-foot Rule, which slides to a Foot" (1682). He released a highly modified version in 1722 titled "The Art of Practical Measuring easily performed by a Two-foot Rule which slides to a Foot." By 1767, seven revised editi... | Coggeshall slide rule |
c_uj5mw6tmrt4b | In measurement, the term "linear foot" (sometimes incorrectly referred to as "lineal foot") refers to the number of feet in a length of material (such as lumber or fabric) without regard to the width; it is used to distinguish from surface area in square foot. | Linear feet |
c_2q1nyiswoyfq | In measurement, the total differential is used in estimating the error Δ f {\displaystyle \Delta f} of a function f {\displaystyle f} based on the errors Δ x , Δ y , … {\displaystyle \Delta x,\Delta y,\ldots } of the parameters x , y , … {\displaystyle x,y,\ldots } . Assuming that the interval is short enough for the c... | Total differential |
c_ua1sv2f6n1jc | From this principle the error rules of summation, multiplication etc. are derived, e.g.: That is to say, in multiplication, the total relative error is the sum of the relative errors of the parameters. To illustrate how this depends on the function considered, consider the case where the function is f ( a , b ) = a ln ... | Total differential |
c_w7zrhml0uyod | In measurements, the measurement obtained can suffer from two types of uncertainties. The first is the random uncertainty which is due to the noise in the process and the measurement. The second contribution is due to the systematic uncertainty which may be present in the measuring instrument. Systematic errors, if det... | Random-fuzzy variable |
c_zvxokukdubz0 | But it can not be accurately known while using the instrument if there is a systematic error and if there is, how much? Hence, systematic uncertainty could be considered as a contribution of a fuzzy nature. This systematic error can be approximately modeled based on our past data about the measuring instrument and the ... | Random-fuzzy variable |
c_gv6qx1kulvvj | Statistical methods can be used to calculate the total uncertainty from both systematic and random contributions in a measurement. But, the computational complexity is very high and hence, are not desirable. L.A.Zadeh introduced the concepts of fuzzy variables and fuzzy sets. | Random-fuzzy variable |
c_dquvcjoijsri | Fuzzy variables are based on the theory of possibility and hence are possibility distributions. This makes them suitable to handle any type of uncertainty, i.e., both systematic and random contributions to the total uncertainty.Random-fuzzy variable (RFV) is a type 2 fuzzy variable, defined using the mathematical possi... | Random-fuzzy variable |
c_anblq6xpfwwe | In measures of length, the quarter (qr.) was ¼ of a yard, formerly an important measure in the cloth trade. 3 qr. was a Flemish ell, 4 quarters were a yard, 5 qr. | Quarter (unit) |
c_nd463gugudcy | was an (English) ell, and 6 qr. was an aune or French ell. Each quarter was made up of 4 nails. Its metric equivalent was formerly reckoned as about 0.228596 m, but the International Yard and Pound Agreement set it as 0.2286 exactly in 1959. | Quarter (unit) |
c_mlyecmnsbary | In measuring political social capital, it is common to take the sum of society's membership of its groups. Groups with higher membership (such as political parties) contribute more to the amount of capital than groups with lower membership, although many groups with low membership (such as communities) still add up to ... | Social capital |
c_m99zn5v4m0kx | In a study done by Yankee City, a community of 17,000 people was found to have over 22,000 different groups. How a group relates to the rest of society also affects social capital, but in a different manner. Strong internal ties can in some cases weaken the group's perceived capital in the eyes of the general public, a... | Social capital |
c_robmbccz3dg9 | In measuring stereotype accuracy, researchers often assume that assessments are stable across time and situation. However, research based on the shifting standards model shows just the opposite, that stereotypes are unstable and depend largely on how the participant chooses a reference point for making their assessment... | Shifting standards model |
c_ak8cjrmoqswa | In measuring the abundance and isotopic composition of CAS, it is important to know exactly what is being measured: CAS within particular shell fragments, corals, microbialites, cements, or otherwise. The first step is therefore to separate out the desired component for measurement. This could mean drilling and powderi... | Carbonate-associated sulfate |
c_7xrafnb0aay4 | The fragments, sediments, or powders should be cleaned (likely by sonication) and exposed only to deionized and filtered water, so that no contaminant sulfur species are introduced, and the original CAS is not further reduced, oxidized, or otherwise altered. Next, the clean samples must be measured. In one method, thes... | Carbonate-associated sulfate |
c_tn8ac6m2fekq | The resulting sulfate ions are precipitated (often by mixture with barium chloride to produce barium sulfate), and the solid sulfate precipitate is filtered, dried, and transferred to an elemental analysis pipeline, which may involve the combustion of the sample and the mass balance of its various combustion products (... | Carbonate-associated sulfate |
c_zo80vgib6bu0 | The "combustion" and reaction to SO2 can also bypassed by instead passing the acid-dissolved sample through an ion chromatography column, wherein different ions' polarity determines the strength of their interactions with polymers in the column, such that they are retained in the column for different amounts of time. T... | Carbonate-associated sulfate |
c_z7wba1lhkswy | In measuring unsaturation in fatty acids, the traditional method is the iodine number. Iodine adds stoichiometrically to double bonds, so their amount is reported in grams of iodine spent per 100 grams of oil. The standard unit is a dimensionless stoichiometry ratio of moles double bonds to moles fatty acid. A similar ... | Cow's Grass |
c_wznqj7a0b4al | In pulp and paper industry, a similar kappa number is used to measure how much bleaching a pulp requires. Potassium permanganate is added to react with the unsaturated compounds (lignin and uronic acids) in the pulp and back-titrated. Originally with chlorine bleaching the required quantity of chlorine could be then ca... | Cow's Grass |
c_n4u1tuhdap8c | In meat processing, biopreservation has been extensively studied in fermented meat products and ready to eat meat products. The use of native or artificially-introduced microbial population to improve animal health and productivity, and/or to reduce pathogenic organisms, has been termed a probiotic or competitive enhan... | Biopreservation |
c_vnni6q3al1yh | In mechanical and poppet-based electropneumatic markers, the valve is usually designed to accommodate a specific operating pressure. Low pressure valves provide quieter operation and increased gas efficiency when tuned properly. However, excessively low pressure can decrease gas efficiency as dramatically as excessivel... | Paintball marker |
c_2htdx45b37wi | Additionally, the valve must be set to release enough air to fire the paintball. If the valve is not tuned properly, insufficient air to fire the paintball may reach the bolt. This phenomenon, known as "shoot-down", causes fired paintballs to gradually lose range, and can also occur at high rates of fire. Some markers ... | Paintball marker |
c_uu1na43520e3 | In mechanical design, the prototypical "male" component is a threaded bolt, but an alignment post, a mounting boss, or a sheet metal tab connector can also be considered as male. Correspondingly, a threaded nut, an alignment hole, a mounting recess, or sheet metal slot connector is considered to be female. While some m... | Gender of connectors and fasteners |
c_ceuxblcmv077 | In mechanical engineering and materials science, a notch refers to a V-shaped, U-shaped, or semi-circular defect deliberately introduced into a planar material. In structural components, a notch causes a stress concentration which can result in the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. Notches are used in materials ... | Notch (engineering) |
c_49yobvzwh2rp | The most common is the Charpy impact test, which uses a pendulum hammer (striker) to strike a horizontal notched specimen. The height of its subsequent swing-through is used to determine the energy absorbed during fracture. The Izod impact strength test uses a circular notched vertical specimen in a cantilever configur... | Notch (engineering) |
c_bt6bwtc0a619 | In mechanical engineering, Yoshimura buckling is a triangular mesh buckling pattern found in thin-walled cylinders under compression along the axis of the cylinder, producing a corrugated shape resembling the Schwarz lantern. The same pattern can be seen on the sleeves of Mona Lisa.This buckling pattern is named after ... | Yoshimura buckling |
c_dwg84fj40hm8 | The Yoshimura creasing pattern is related to both the Kresling and Hexagonal folds, and can be framed as a special case of the Miura fold. Unlike the Miura fold which is rigidly deformable, both the Yoshimura and Kresling patterns require panel deformation to be folded to a compact state. == References == | Yoshimura buckling |
c_nxvmw0j03l95 | In mechanical engineering, a bonded seal is a type of washer used to provide a seal around a screw or bolt. Originally made by Dowty Group, they are also known as Dowty seals or Dowty washers. Now widely manufactured, they are available in a range of standard sizes and materials A bonded seal consists of an outer annul... | Bonded seal |
c_ynb7hws3zhf8 | The elastomeric material, typically nitrile rubber, is bonded by heat and pressure to the outer ring, which holds it in place. This structure increases resistance to bursting, increasing the pressure rating of the seal. Because the bonded seal itself acts to retain the gasket material, there is no need for the parts to... | Bonded seal |
c_cikrvpbkt1om | This results in simplified machining and greater ease of use as compared to some other seals, such as O-rings. Some designs come with an additional flap of rubber on the internal diameter to locate the bonded seal at the centre of the hole; these are called self-centring bonded washers. == References == | Bonded seal |
c_idap1lz84kwr | In mechanical engineering, a cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; s... | Cam follower |
c_p2wj0pelhk8c | In mechanical engineering, a compliant mechanism is a flexible mechanism that achieves force and motion transmission through elastic body deformation. It gains some or all of its motion from the relative flexibility of its members rather than from rigid-body joints alone. These may be monolithic (single-piece) or joint... | Compliant mechanism |
c_9vrq3j2xckkb | In mechanical engineering, a compression seal fitting, also known as a sealing gland, is intended to seal some type of element (probe, wire, conductor, pipe, tube, fiber optic cable, etc.) when the element must pass through a pressure or environmental boundary. A compression seal fitting may serve several purposes: It ... | Compression seal fitting |
c_8vmh95mn2702 | In mechanical engineering, a crosshead is a mechanical joint used as part of the slider-crank linkages of long reciprocating engines (either internal combustion or steam) and reciprocating compressors to eliminate sideways force on the piston. Also, the crosshead enables the connecting rod to freely move outside the cy... | Crosshead guide |
c_64xg99cok1ah | In mechanical engineering, a diaphragm seal is a flexible membrane that seals and isolates an enclosure. The flexible nature of this seal allows pressure effects to cross the barrier but not the material being contained. Common uses for diaphragm seals are to protect pressure sensors from the fluid whose pressure is be... | Diaphragm seal |
c_ui6vbwyev1zs | In mechanical engineering, a docking sleeve or mounting boss is a tube or enclosure used to couple two mechanical components together, or for chilling, or to retain two components together; this permits two equally sized appendages to be connected via insertion and fixing within the construction. Docking sleeves may be... | Docking sleeve |
c_ypqeaatg46uu | In mechanical engineering, a face seal is a seal in which the sealing surfaces are normal to the axis of the seal. Face seals are typically used in static applications and are used to prevent leakage in the radial direction with respect to the axis of the seal. Face seals are often located in a groove or cavity on a fl... | Face seal |
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