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c_ew88vkbw0lgv | In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by Creative Commons have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all Creative Commons licenses are entirely free; their permissions may range from very liberal... | Free content |
c_xfr768wlr1l6 | Repositories exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, clip art, music, and literature. While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the duplicate content problem. Wikipedia is amongst the most well... | Free content |
c_1qps104pycq2 | In mediated device pass-through or full GPU virtualization, the GPU hardware provides contexts with virtual memory ranges for each guest through IOMMU and the hypervisor sends graphical commands from guests directly to the GPU. This technique is a form of hardware-assisted virtualization and achieves near-native perfor... | GPU virtualization |
c_sh88c63wiqsx | In mediation, there is a third party, a mediator, who facilitates the resolution process (and may even suggest a resolution, typically known as a "mediator's proposal"), but does not impose a resolution on the parties. In some countries (for example, the United Kingdom), ADR is synonymous with what is generally referre... | Alternative dispute resolution |
c_gebnrjj7xrzf | In medical and surgical therapy, revascularization is the restoration of perfusion to a body part or organ that has had ischemia. It is typically accomplished by surgical means. Vascular bypass and angioplasty are the two primary means of revascularization. | Arterial revascularization |
c_7y67y78noyix | The term derives from the prefix re-, in this case meaning "restoration" and vasculature, which refers to the circulatory structures of an organ. It is often combined with "urgent" to form urgent vascularization. Revascularization involves a thorough analysis and diagnosis and treatment of the existing diseased vascula... | Arterial revascularization |
c_ekcscfgteagg | In medical application, e.g. with complete paraplegia after spinal cord injury, an exoskeleton can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an orthosis. In patients with com... | Artificial powered exoskeleton |
c_mfm1ybjwzdr1 | In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called "step rehabilitation robots"—may also help with the rehabilitation from stroke, spinal cord injury or during aging. Several prototype e... | Artificial powered exoskeleton |
c_7yon1zsxt2h0 | The Ekso GT, made by Ekso Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke patients. The German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence has developed two general purpose powered exoskeletons, CAPIO and VI-Bot. These are primarily being used for teleoperation. ... | Artificial powered exoskeleton |
c_n2j4qbbur5zb | In medical applications, "face shield" refers to a variety of devices used to protect a medical professional during a procedure that might expose them to blood or other potentially infectious fluids. An example is the use of a CPR mask while performing rescue breathing or CPR. Another example is the use of personal pro... | Face shield |
c_c59hc1721b6l | In medical applications, spray cans containing dimethyl ether or tetrafluoroethane may also be used to freeze and destroy tissue, for removal of warts and skin tags, or other uses in cryosurgery. Liquified petroleum gas including propane and butane is sometimes used. These all may also be used as a topical anesthetic, ... | Freeze spray |
c_sav613bse0po | In medical contexts, a facies is a distinctive facial expression or appearance associated with a specific medical condition. The term comes from Latin for "face". As a fifth declension noun, facies can be both singular and plural. | Syndromic facies |
c_ipahrw3lp349 | In medical diagnosis, models of muscle tissue, based on Voronoi diagrams, can be used to detect neuromuscular diseases. In epidemiology, Voronoi diagrams can be used to correlate sources of infections in epidemics. One of the early applications of Voronoi diagrams was implemented by John Snow to study the 1854 Broad St... | Voronoi cell |
c_3z9m80dv6e5p | In medical diagnosis, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate), whereas test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate). If 100 patients known to have a disease were tested, and 43 test po... | Specificity and sensitivity |
c_l1htephoa060 | Sensitivity and specificity are prevalence-independent test characteristics, as their values are intrinsic to the test and do not depend on the disease prevalence in the population of interest. Positive and negative predictive values, but not sensitivity or specificity, are values influenced by the prevalence of diseas... | Specificity and sensitivity |
c_iep51e63k19l | In medical dictionaries, definitions should to the greatest extent possible be: Simple and easy to understand, preferably even by the general public Useful clinically or in related areas where the definition will be used. Specific, that is, by reading the definition only, it should ideally not be possible to refer to a... | Medical dictionaries |
c_tsrbw6nfgb6v | In medical dictionaries, guidelines and other consensus statements and classifications, definitions should as far as possible be: simple and easy to understand, preferably even by the general public; useful clinically or in related areas where the definition will be used; specific (that is, by reading the definition on... | Definition |
c_19mlcxgkkv5t | In medical education, a clerkship, or rotation, refers to the practice of medicine by medical students (M.D., D.O., D.P.M) during their final year(s) of study. Traditionally, the first half of medical school trains students in the classroom setting, and the second half takes place in a teaching hospital. Clerkships giv... | Clinical clerkship |
c_j4go4n0m6z8f | A performance assessment such as the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is conducted at the end of this period. During the clerkship training, students are required to rotate through different medical specialties and treat patients under the supervision of physicians. Students elicit patient histories, co... | Clinical clerkship |
c_wbu5adhaqz8r | They are also actively involved in the diagnoses and treatment of patients under the supervision of a resident or faculty.Students undergoing two-year clerkships spend their first year in patient care environment in month-long rotations with limited patient workloads. In their final year, when they are sometimes referr... | Clinical clerkship |
c_3dpm6xyrvk3a | Students may also be required to work on weekends and to be on call. For medical students, clerkships occur after the basic science curriculum, and are supervised by medical specialists at a teaching hospital or medical school. Typically, certain clerkships are required to obtain the Doctor of Medicine degree or the Do... | Clinical clerkship |
c_d9xio2qxg603 | The intent of the clinical clerkship is to teach the medical student the fundamentals of clinical examination, evaluation, and care provision, and to enable the student to select the course of further study. Another purpose of the clerkship is for the student to determine if they really want to pursue a career in the f... | Clinical clerkship |
c_r7sc5ktvxj59 | In medical electrophysiological monitoring, artifacts are anomalous (interfering) signals that originate from some source other than the electrophysiological structure being studied. These artifact signals may stem from, but are not limited to: light sources; monitoring equipment issues; utility frequency (50 Hz and 60... | Artifact (error) |
c_sftub1dsor4w | In medical ethics, involuntary treatment is conceptualized as a form of parens patriae whereby the state takes on the responsibilities of incompetent adults on the basis of the duty to protect and the duty of beneficence (the duty of the state to repair the random harms of nature). The duty to protect is reflected in u... | Involuntary treatment |
c_tbq10x0v3cpd | : 89 The obligatory dangerousness criterion is a principle that has been applied to some mental health law that holds that parens patriae should only be applied if an individual is a danger to themselves or others.Paul Ricœur distinguishes two forms of self, the idem, a short term experience of the self, and the ipse, ... | Involuntary treatment |
c_g6dekedgejzj | In medical genetics, compound heterozygosity is the condition of having two or more heterogeneous recessive alleles at a particular locus that can cause genetic disease in a heterozygous state; that is, an organism is a compound heterozygote when it has two recessive alleles for the same gene, but with those two allele... | Compound heterozygous |
c_5yerldt6nwsn | In its compound heterozygous forms, the disease may have lower penetrance, because the mutations involved are often less deleterious in combination than for a homozygous individual with the classic symptoms of the disease. As a result, compound heterozygotes often become ill later in life, with less severe symptoms. Al... | Compound heterozygous |
c_gxsm8pnuzox8 | Computing the flow v 0 {\displaystyle v_{0}} onto coordinates Riemannian logarithm, mapping L o g i d ( ⋅ ): D i f f V → V {\displaystyle Log_{\rm {id}}(\cdot ):Diff_{V}\to V} at identity from φ {\displaystyle \varphi } to vector field v 0 ∈ V {\displaystyle v_{0}\in V} ; L o g i d ( φ ) = v 0 initial condition of EL g... | Computational Anatomy |
c_y832oxjncvcf | In medical imaging applications, an X-ray machine has a control console that is used by a radiologic technologist to select X-ray techniques suitable for the specific exam, a power supply that creates and produces the desired kVp (peak kilovoltage), mA (milliamperes, sometimes referred to as mAs which is actually mA mu... | X-ray generator |
c_u3u9xsny18j7 | In medical imaging, a time-activity curve is a curve of radioactivity (in terms of concentration) plotted on the y-axis against the time plotted on the x-axis. It shows the concentration of a radiotracer within a region of interest in an image, measured over time from a dynamic scan. Generally, when a time-activity cur... | Time-activity curve |
c_9fzc1xj426ih | A dynamic scan is a scan where two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D) images are acquired again and again over a time-period forming a time-series of 2D/3D image datasets. For example, a dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scan acquired over ten minutes contains short image frames acquired for ... | Time-activity curve |
c_bu7e41tao3mm | In medical imaging, an anti-scatter grid (also known as a Bucky-Potter grid) is a device for limiting the amount of scattered radiation reaching the detector, thereby improving the quality of diagnostic medical x-ray images. The grid is positioned on the opposite side of the patient from the x-ray source, and between t... | Anti-scatter grid |
c_5xs0ltexh9ks | In medical imaging, artifacts are misrepresentations of tissue structures produced by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These artifacts may be caused by a variety of phenomena such as the underlying physics of the energy-tissue interaction as between ultrasound... | Artifact (error) |
c_mla51472h1gq | These are: echoes originate only from the main ultrasound beam (while there are side lobes and grating lobes apart from the main ultrasound beam); echoes returns to transducer after a single reflection (while an echo can be reflected several times before reaching the transducer); depth of an object relates directly to ... | Artifact (error) |
c_6rd11gst4e4j | In medical imaging, fluorine-18-labelled sodium fluoride (USP, sodium fluoride F18) is one of the oldest tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s. Relative to conventional bone scintigraphy carried out with gamma cameras or SPECT systems, PET offers more sensitivity and spa... | Sodium Fluoride |
c_06sl4733u4t9 | However fluorine-18 is generally considered to be a superior radiopharmaceutical for skeletal imaging. In particular it has a high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time. Additionally the annihilation photons produced by decay of... | Sodium Fluoride |
c_8qm111m1f8pz | In medical lab reports, this quantity often appears as "Osmo, Calc" or "Osmo (Calc)." According to the international SI unit use the following equation: Calculated osmolarity = 2 Na + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L) As Na+ is the major extracellular cation, the sum of osmolarity of all other anions can be assumed to be ... | Plasma osmolality |
c_sx7nukfyey88 | In medical law, consent is important to protect a medical practitioner from liability for harm to a patient arising from a procedure. There are exemptions, such as when the patient is unable to give consent.Also, a medical practitioner must explain the significant risks of a procedure or medication (those that might ch... | Consent |
c_5vqlwy0r8al7 | These material risks include the loss of chance of a better result if a more experienced surgeon had performed the procedure. In the UK, a Supreme Court judgment modernized the law on consent and introduced a patient-focused test to UK law: allowing the patient rather than the medical professionals to decide upon the l... | Consent |
c_t1tkb2eeoq1b | In medical literature, Robert James Graves, in 1835, was the first to describe the association of a thyroid goitre with exophthalmos (proptosis) of the eye. Graves' ophthalmopathy may occur before, with, or after the onset of overt thyroid disease and usually has a slow onset over many months. | Graves' ophthalmopathy |
c_i0patwshnfcw | In medical mycology, these memory aids help students remember that among human pathogens, dimorphism largely reflects temperature: Mold in the Cold, Yeast in the Heat (Beast) Body Heat Probably (Changes) Shape Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, (Coccidioides immitis) is in ... | Dimorphic fungi |
c_glqg4g7z5fkn | In medical or research imaging, an incidental imaging finding (also called an incidentaloma) is an unanticipated finding which is not related to the original diagnostic inquiry. As with other types of incidental medical findings, they may represent a diagnostic, ethical, and philosophical dilemma because their signific... | Incidental imaging finding |
c_m7y84l7mq2xl | In medical parlance, cardiac arrest is referred to as a "code" or a "crash". This typically refers to "code blue" on the hospital emergency codes. A dramatic drop in vital sign measurements is referred to as "coding" or "crashing", though coding is usually used when it results in cardiac arrest, while crashing might no... | Cardiac death |
c_gp8iv8te3hz6 | Patients in general wards often deteriorate for several hours or even days before a cardiac arrest occurs. This has been attributed to a lack of knowledge and skill amongst ward-based staff, in particular, a failure to measure the respiratory rate, which is often the major predictor of a deterioration and can often cha... | Cardiac death |
c_8dobhrnccp8g | In response, many hospitals now have increased training for ward-based staff. A number of "early warning" systems also exist that aim to quantify the person's risk of deterioration based on their vital signs and thus provide a guide to staff. | Cardiac death |
c_aju8m0ma2dul | In addition, specialist staff are being used more effectively to augment the work already being done at the ward level. These include: Crash teams (or code teams) – These are designated staff members with particular expertise in resuscitation who are called to the scene of all arrests within the hospital. This usually ... | Cardiac death |
c_jid4omt6yhhd | Medical emergency teams – These teams respond to all emergencies with the aim of treating people in the acute phase of their illness in order to prevent a cardiac arrest. These teams have been found to decrease the rates of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and improve survival. Critical care outreach – In addition to ... | Cardiac death |
c_5rvxzw3olyxf | In medical physics and radiotherapy, ionization chambers are used to ensure that the dose delivered from a therapy unit or radiopharmaceutical is what is intended. The devices used for radiotherapy are called "reference dosimeters", while those used for radiopharmaceuticals are called radioisotope dose calibrators - an... | Ion chamber |
c_of4dog4og2fi | In medical practice, a blood test for 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, 25(OH)D, is used to determine an individual's vitamin D status. The name 25(OH)D refers to any combination of calcifediol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol), derived from vitamin D3, and ercalcidiol (25-hydroxy-ergocalciferol), derived from vitamin D2. The first of ... | 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
c_e3zkpuorjb5k | Clinical tests for 25(OH)D often measure the total level of both of these two compounds together, generally without differentiating.This measurement is considered the best indicator of overall vitamin D status. US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels as ng/mL. Other countries use nmol/L. | 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
c_547jj37vnvm8 | Multiply ng/mL by 2.5 to convert to nmol/L.This test can be used to diagnose vitamin D deficiency, and is performed in people with high risk for vitamin D deficiency, when the results of the test can be used to support beginning replacement therapy with vitamin D supplements. Patients with osteoporosis, chronic kidney ... | 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
c_kxh2bkoixssu | Physicians may advise low risk patients to take over-the-counter vitamin D supplements in place of having screening.It is the most sensitive measure, though experts have called for improved standardization and reproducibility across different laboratories. According to MedlinePlus, the recommended range of 25(OH)D is 2... | 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
c_pj8u86iccjez | In medical research, an umbrella review is a review of systematic reviews or meta-analyses. They may also be called overviews of reviews, reviews of reviews, summaries of systematic reviews, or syntheses of reviews. Umbrella reviews are among the highest levels of evidence currently available in medicine.By summarizing... | Umbrella review |
c_ocqlmykifoos | Umbrella reviews may address a broader question than a typical review, such as discussing multiple different treatment comparisons instead of only one. They are especially useful for developing guidelines and clinical practice, and when comparing competing interventions. == References == | Umbrella review |
c_16lalhivepog | In medical research, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data. In econom... | Cross-sectional study |
c_du4mn6r4a5cx | Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). They may be used to describe some fea... | Cross-sectional study |
c_sxj6m3otjwd8 | In medical research, the terms single-blind, double-blind and triple-blind are commonly used to describe blinding. These terms describe experiments in which (respectively) one, two, or three parties are blinded to some information. Most often, single-blind studies blind patients to their treatment allocation, double-bl... | Blind experiment |
c_ri1gk5fw62ra | However, the meaning of these terms can vary from study to study.CONSORT guidelines state that these terms should no longer be used because they are ambiguous. For instance, "double-blind" could mean that the data analysts and patients were blinded; or the patients and outcome assessors were blinded; or the patients an... | Blind experiment |
c_3gkutymx0gnh | In medical simulation games, the player takes the role of a surgeon. Examples include the Trauma Center and LifeSigns series. In photography simulation games, players take photographs of animals or people. | Simulation games |
c_ephct0j177mg | This includes games such as Pokémon Snap and Afrika. Military simulation games are wargames with higher degrees of realism than other wargames set in a fantasy or science fiction environment. These attempt to simulate real warfare at either a tactical or strategic level.Some simulators, like GeoCommander by Intelligenc... | Simulation games |
c_fgyk3leokkzu | Certain tactical shooters have higher degrees of realism than other shooters. Sometimes called "soldier sims", these games try to simulate the feeling of being in combat. This includes games such as Arma.Vehicle simulation game Flight simulators, including amateur flight simulators, combat flight simulators and space f... | Simulation games |
c_zlye5plaxbse | "Blue collar" games that include both realistic and hyper-realistic presentation of blue collar jobs in a game setting. These can include some of the vehicle simulation games including the flight, train and truck simulator titles, hunting games like TheHunter series, other job simulation games like House Flipper or Pow... | Simulation games |
c_s3wxy3820pww | In medical terminology, a temporal encroachment has to do with bones in the skull pressing tightly against the brain after an injury to the head. In computer science, a temporal key that is improperly validatated is considered a temporal encroachment. | Temporal encroachment |
c_z9jrp4tpma64 | In medical terminology, the term photopigment is applied to opsin-type photoreceptor proteins, specifically rhodopsin and photopsins, the photoreceptor proteins in the retinal rods and cones of vertebrates that are responsible for visual perception, but also melanopsin and others. | Photopigment |
c_bwactdgbztjw | In medical testing applications and industrial samples with high concentrations or interfering material, there is often a dialyzer module in the instrument in which the analyte permeates through a dialysis membrane into a separate flow path going on to further analysis. The purpose of a dialyzer is to separate the anal... | AutoAnalyzer |
c_syph3u3ivnlh | In medical testing with binary classification, the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is a measure of the effectiveness of a diagnostic test. It is defined as the ratio of the odds of the test being positive if the subject has a disease relative to the odds of the test being positive if the subject does not have the disease. ... | Diagnostic odds ratio |
c_s717j82bru7o | In medical tests, including rapid diagnostic tests, cross-reactivity can be either confounding or helpful, depending on the instance. An example of confounding that yields a false positive error is in a latex fixation test when agglutination occurs with another antigen rather than the antigen of interest. An example of... | Cross-reactivity |
c_9d1mo4kjc7a5 | In this case it is normally quantified by comparing the assay's response to a range of similar analytes and expressed as a percentage. In practice, calibration curves are produced using fixed concentration ranges for a selection of related compounds and the midpoints (IC50) of the calibration curves are calculated and ... | Cross-reactivity |
c_8dj574wn1gzy | In medical theories prevalent in the West from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, the body's health depended on the equilibrium of four "humors", or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, phlegm, "yellow bile" (choler), and "black bile". These "humors" are believed to have their roots in the appearance... | Bile |
c_owubisajbi8q | In medical writing, plain language serves to meet patients at their level of health literacy. As defined by the Institute of Medicine's report, health literacy is "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health... | Plain English |
c_gcwdz01v7hrm | The NALS did not explicitly look at health literacy, but it did cover health-related tasks. In response, researchers developed methods to measure health literacy, such as the Health Activities Literacy Scale (HALS). Many governmental organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Na... | Plain English |
c_nkudw7gat20q | Potential obstacles to high health literacy can stem from socioeconomic factors, such as race and poverty. Research continues to develop on best practices for plain language in the medical field. Meanwhile, various organizations have resources available, such as the AHRQ's Health Literacy Improvement Tools, the United ... | Plain English |
c_sraqjr1j0m1s | In medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, a pharmacophore is an abstract description of molecular features that are necessary for molecular recognition of a ligand by a biological macromolecule. IUPAC defines a pharmacophore to be "an ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optima... | Pharmacophore |
c_btp100rlp2fm | In medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, a binding coefficient is a quantity representing the extent to which a chemical compound will bind to a macromolecule. The preferential binding coefficient can be derived from the Kirkwood-Buff solution theory of solutions. Preferential binding is defined as a thermodynamic expr... | Binding coefficient |
c_s4naqipvr3v3 | In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties in the same chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical ... | Bioisostere |
c_z6tfxo3fc21l | In medicinal chemistry, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) is a method which determines the permeability of substances from a donor compartment, through a lipid-infused artificial membrane into an acceptor compartment. A multi-well microtitre plate is used for the donor and a membrane/acceptor comp... | Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay |
c_f1tzz55f8e5h | In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of alkyl chains into some chemical compounds increases their lipophilicity. This strategy has been used to increase the antimicrobial activity of flavanones and chalcones. | Alkyl chain |
c_vleqgi1jnt62 | In medicinal chemistry, the term "contamination" is used to describe harmful intrusions, such as the presence of toxins or pathogens in pharmaceutical drugs.The following list encompasses notable medicine contamination and adulteration incidents. 1937 Elixir sulfanilamide incident: S. E. Massengill Company used diethyl... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_0a6cqkytl33v | 1970s-1985 Treatments for hemophilia derived from human blood were contaminated with HIV and hepatitis C and infected over 10,000 patients worldwide. The manufacturers of the affected products became aware of the contamination but continued to sell it. | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_etmy9i4zbxfo | After the contaminated products were banned in many developed countries, sales were shifted to developing markets. 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders: Tylenol pain-relief capsules were laced with potassium cyanide, leading to seven deaths. 2007 Panamanian Eduardo Arias discovered that toothpaste sold in his country was label... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_bh767nzy48ko | Panamanian officials discovered that the toothpaste had come from China and initiated a global response. Also in May 2007, the same toothpaste was found in some Costa Rican stores. Fast action by the Ministry of Health, and notification through the media, prevented poisonings due to this product. | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_yulbq3ij2nbr | This event was linked to the death sentence of a former pharmaceuticals control officer in China, as the Costa Rican newspaper La Nación reported on its issue of May 30. On June 4, 2007, a press release by the Chinese Foreign Ministry cited an earlier study in China which concluded that up to 15.6% diethylene glycol in... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_rhfqrjdl46vx | The same occurred in Spain with a false Colgate toothpaste, which contained 6% DEG. The tainted products could be identified by the claim to be manufactured in South Africa by Colgate-Palmolive South Africa LTD; they were 5 oz/100 ml tubes (a size which Colgate does not sell in the United States) and their packaging co... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_f4faez3rdqq1 | These counterfeit products were found in smaller mom and pop stores, dollar stores, and discount stores in at least four states. In July 2007, diethylene glycol was found in counterfeit Sensodyne toothpaste, on sale at a car boot sale in Derbyshire, England. 2007 Toxic cough syrup in Panama: Pharmaceutical manufacturer... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_f0xafyqh9pmo | 2008 Chinese heparin adulteration 2009, 84 Nigerian children were reported to have died after being given "My Pikin", a teething syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol. 2012: As of 2 November 2012 in the New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak, 753 cases of fungal infection occurred with 64 deaths due to ... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_g3lvif2ccpew | 2012-2018: From 2012 to 2018 massive amounts of generic versions of an entire class of angiotensin II inhibitor blood pressure medications (collectively called "sartans") were made with contaminated ingredients. Patients receiving these drugs were exposed to genotoxic and carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and ... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_yyqhgatv7bne | These changes caused drugs made with tetrazole to be contaminated with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which cause genetic damage and cancer. This contamination was not detected until 2018. The incident, according to medicinal chemist and pharmaceutical industry blogger Dr. Derek Lowe, p... | List of medicine contamination incidents |
c_071ezs49xqpx | In medicinal chemistry, the term defines either imaginable, virtual molecular fragments or chemical reagents from which drugs or drug candidates might be constructed or synthetically prepared. | Molecular building blocks |
c_f0z95gxat1xy | In medicine (hematology), bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage) mostly due to hypocoagulability (a condition of irregular and slow blood clotting), in turn caused by a coagulopathy (a defect in the system of coagulation). Therefore, this may result in the reduction of platelets being pro... | Bleeding diathesis |
c_g7tl9mpehlzf | In medicine (oncology and other fields), performance status is an attempt to quantify cancer patients' general well-being and activities of daily life. This measure is used to determine whether they can receive chemotherapy, whether dose adjustment is necessary, and as a measure for the required intensity of palliative... | Karnofsky score |
c_ch4gsdgqxu9b | In medicine Enteroenteric circulation is the secretion back into the intestines of substances previously taken up from it. It occurs when there is a negative relative concentration of substance in the intestines, making it passively diffuse from the mesenteric circulation into the intestinal lumen and is trapped.Exampl... | Enteroenteric circulation |
c_gr99wrx92pk2 | In medicine an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of the results of a randomized controlled trial is based on the initial treatment assignment and not on the treatment eventually received. ITT analysis is intended to avoid various misleading artifacts that can arise in intervention research such as non-random attrition ... | Intention-to-treat analysis |
c_rwpb2hhz0e52 | In medicine and anatomy, the general senses are the senses which are perceived due to receptors scattered throughout the body such as touch, temperature, and hunger, rather than tied to a specific structure, as the special senses vision or hearing are. Often, the general senses are associated with a specific drive; tha... | General sense (anatomy) |
c_tzgismtkks1p | In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of faeces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), health and diseases such as tapeworms. A comprehensive study of scatology was documented by John G... | Scatology |
c_s6kbdo4kg6uh | In medicine and genetics, a genetic or allelic heterogeneous condition is one where the same disease or condition can be caused, or contributed to, by several factors, or in genetic terms, by varying or different genes or alleles. In cancer research, cancer cell heterogeneity is thought to be one of the underlying reas... | Heterogeneous Reaction |
c_6uqfsksz66k4 | In medicine and health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen). It is a basis for comparison for a physi... | Reference ranges |
c_fzxt4atl5qfw | This is the general reference range. However, there are also optimal health ranges (ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses (such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels). Values within the reference range (WRR) are those within normal limits (WNL)... | Reference ranges |
c_isw7bnr0576q | The limits are called the upper reference limit (URL) or upper limit of normal (ULN) and the lower reference limit (LRL) or lower limit of normal (LLN). In health care–related publishing, style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being confla... | Reference ranges |
c_9s1y486etfkg | Nonetheless, they are indicators of probable pathosis. Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious; in other cases, challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it. A cutoff or threshold is a limit used for binary classification, mainly between normal versus pathological... | Reference ranges |
c_0xkkk68ko7a0 | In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-bound syndrome, culture-specific syndrome, or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural alterations of body... | Folk illness |
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