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c_ibkmi1xtqz6k | In medicine, ablation is the removal of a part of biological tissue, usually by surgery. Surface ablation of the skin (dermabrasion, also called resurfacing because it induces regeneration) can be carried out by chemicals (chemoablation), by lasers (laser ablation), by freezing (cryoablation), or by electricity (fulgur... | Ablation |
c_c1d2j77wkrm9 | Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a method of removing aberrant tissue from within the body via minimally invasive procedures, it is used to cure a variety of cardiac arrhythmia such as supraventricular tachycardia, Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW), ventricular tachycardia, and more recently as management of atrial ... | Ablation |
c_juivg8yyrhnv | Rotablation is a type of arterial cleansing that consists of inserting a tiny, diamond-tipped, drill-like device into the affected artery to remove fatty deposits or plaque. The procedure is used in the treatment of coronary heart disease to restore blood flow. | Ablation |
c_8m4lnqovtz7u | Microwave ablation (MWA) is similar to RFA but at higher frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation removes tissue from within the body noninvasively. Bone marrow ablation is a process whereby the human bone marrow cells are eliminated in preparation for a bone marrow tr... | Ablation |
c_adbfvfjnmqsq | This is performed using high-intensity chemotherapy and total body irradiation. As such, it has nothing to do with the vaporization techniques described in the rest of this article. Ablation of brain tissue is used for treating certain neurological disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease, and sometimes for psychiat... | Ablation |
c_5guaov694qji | Recently, some researchers reported successful results with genetic ablation. In particular, genetic ablation is potentially a much more efficient method of removing unwanted cells, such as tumor cells, because large numbers of animals lacking specific cells could be generated. Genetically ablated lines can be maintain... | Ablation |
c_e7dob8wnh32m | In medicine, actinic effects are generally described in terms of the dermis or outer layers of the body, such as eyes (see: Actinic conjunctivitis) and upper tissues that the sun would normally affect, rather than deeper tissues that higher-energy shorter-wavelength radiation such as x-ray and gamma might affect. Actin... | Actinic lighting |
c_igtgkehrswto | In medicine, an avulsion is an injury in which a body structure is torn off by either trauma or surgery (from the Latin avellere, meaning "to tear off"). The term most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away, exposing the underlying structures (i.e., subcutaneous tissue, mus... | Avulsion injuries |
c_u56seduvw3f3 | In medicine, an external cause is a reason for the existence of a medical condition which can be associated with a specific object or acute process that was caused by something outside the body. Such causes are classified as "E codes" in ICD 9.External Cause of Injury Codes (E codes) are ICD-9-CM codes or ICD-10 codes ... | External cause |
c_mvl4s9s9hhmo | Codes in the range X60–X84 refer to intentional self-harm. Codes in the range Y85–Y09 refer to assault, and codes in the range Y10–Y34 refer to events of undetermined intent.E codes are well-collected on death certificate data, but less so on hospital discharge data. | External cause |
c_6h1ksncuik36 | Numerous initiatives have increased the percentage of records coded (CDC, MMWR March 28, 2008 / Vol. 57 / No. RR-1). == References == | External cause |
c_kn025i305uud | In medicine, an ossicular replacement prosthesis is a device intended to be implanted for the functional reconstruction of segments of the ossicles and facilitates the conduction of sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. There are two common types of ossicular replacement prostheses, the total ossicul... | Ossicular replacement prosthesis |
c_hfgxqrotoyeu | In medicine, animal allergy is hypersensitivity to certain substances produced by animals, such as the proteins in animal hair and saliva. It is a common type of allergy. | Animal allergy |
c_etq9h1bfnl9n | In medicine, aortoiliac occlusive disease is a form of central artery disease involving the blockage of the abdominal aorta as it transitions into the common iliac arteries. | Aortoiliac occlusive disease |
c_jdknkfay6tmb | In medicine, astringents cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes and exposed tissues and are often used internally to reduce discharge of blood serum and mucous secretions. This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, and peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagul... | Astringent |
c_x27sdavkjcrd | Mild astringents relieve such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts; allergies; insect bites; anal hemorrhoids; and fungal infections such as athlete's foot.Some common astringents are alum, acacia, sage, yarrow, witch hazel, bayberry, distilled vinegar, very cold water, and rubbing alcohol. A... | Astringent |
c_7zarinbg931b | In medicine, their dried form has been used as an astringent. Some metal salts and acids have also been used as astringents. Redness-reducing eye drops contain an astringent. Use of Goulard's Extract has been discontinued due to lead poisoning. | Astringent |
c_9vh35yis1wri | In medicine, both ancient and modern, a dyscrasia is any of various disorders. The word has ancient Greek roots meaning "bad mixture". The concept of dyscrasia was developed by the Greek physician Galen (129–216 AD), who elaborated a model of health and disease as a structure of elements, qualities, humors, organs, and... | Blood dyscrasia |
c_j9i6t3uy1wj4 | Disease was interpreted as the disproportion of bodily fluids or four humours: phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile. The imbalance was called dyscrasia. In modern medicine, the term is still occasionally used in medical context for an unspecified disorder of the blood, such as a plasma cell dyscrasia. | Blood dyscrasia |
c_p2m6o2v9exja | In medicine, breast imaging is a sub-speciality of diagnostic radiology that involves imaging of the breasts for screening or diagnostic purposes. There are various methods of breast imaging using a variety of technologies as described in detail below. Traditional screening and diagnostic mammography ("2D mammography")... | Breast imaging |
c_xwv7s1xf3agy | Xeromammography and galactography are somewhat outdated technologies that also use x-ray technology and are now used infrequently in the detection of breast cancer. Breast ultrasound is another technology employed in diagnosis and screening that can help differentiate between fluid filled and solid lesions, an importan... | Breast imaging |
c_xwy18oajprsl | In medicine, chemical compounds from corals can potentially be used to treat cancer, neurological diseases, inflammation including arthritis, pain, bone loss, high blood pressure and for other therapeutic uses. Coral skeletons, e.g. Isididae are being researched for their potential near-future use for bone grafting in ... | Coral microbiome |
c_gnxa2av89crx | In medicine, common types of salines include: Ringer's lactate solution Acetated Ringer's solution Intravenous sugar solutions 5% dextrose in normal saline (D5NS) 10% dextrose in normal saline (D10NS) 5% dextrose in half-normal saline (D5HNS) 10% dextrose in half-normal saline (D10HNS)And in cell biology, in addition t... | 3% normal saline |
c_0yqimbnuqtj7 | In medicine, comorbidity - from Latin morbus ("sickness"), co ("together"), -ity (as if - several sicknesses together) - is the presence of one or more additional conditions often co-occurring (that is, concomitant or concurrent) with a primary condition. Comorbidity describes the effect of all other conditions an indi... | Comorbidity |
c_35r3d7tbagav | In medicine, compliance (synonymous with adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and hea... | Patient compliance |
c_pvwln75al9wd | It has been noted that compliance may only refer to passively following orders. The term adherence is often used to imply a collaborative approach to decision-making and treatment between a patient and clinician.The term concordance has been used in the United Kingdom to involve a patient in the treatment process to im... | Patient compliance |
c_9y3qd1ouvmpu | Informed intentional non-adherence is when the patient, after understanding the risks and benefits, chooses not to take the treatment.As of 2005, the preferred terminology remained a matter of debate. As of 2007, concordance has been used to refer specifically to patient adherence to a treatment regimen which the physi... | Patient compliance |
c_jvh367uphxke | National Institutes of Health Adherence Research Network. The Medical Subject Headings of the United States National Library of Medicine defines various terms with the words adherence and compliance. Patient Compliance and Medication Adherence are distinguished under the MeSH tree of Treatment Adherence and Compliance. | Patient compliance |
c_6ttx8ln2s1n8 | In medicine, confusion is the quality or state of being bewildered or unclear. The term "acute mental confusion" is often used interchangeably with delirium in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the Medical Subject Headings publications to describe the pathology. Th... | Mental confusion |
c_j474b8ucpm0e | In medicine, consciousness is examined using a set of procedures known as neuropsychological assessment. There are two commonly used methods for assessing the level of consciousness of a patient: a simple procedure that requires minimal training, and a more complex procedure that requires substantial expertise. The sim... | Phenomenal consciousness |
c_3xetyj5dmx39 | If so, the patient is asked for name, current location, and current day and time. A patient who can answer all of these questions is said to be "alert and oriented times four" (sometimes denoted "A&Ox4" on a medical chart), and is usually considered fully conscious.The more complex procedure is known as a neurological ... | Phenomenal consciousness |
c_hw7p4zomodv9 | A formal neurological examination runs through a precisely delineated series of tests, beginning with tests for basic sensorimotor reflexes, and culminating with tests for sophisticated use of language. The outcome may be summarized using the Glasgow Coma Scale, which yields a number in the range 3–15, with a score of ... | Phenomenal consciousness |
c_x83sl7gx5ktn | In medicine, describing a disease as acute denotes that it is of recent onset; it occasionally denotes a short duration. The quantification of how much time constitutes "short" and "recent" varies by disease and by context, but the core denotation of "acute" is always qualitatively in contrast with "chronic", which den... | Acute disease |
c_91ashovezx1e | In medicine, diagnoses can be made with the assistance of microscopic observation of patient biopsies, such as cancer cells. Pathology and cytology reports include a microscopic description, which consists of analyses performed using microscopes, histochemical stains or flow cytometry. These methods can determine the s... | Microscopic scale |
c_bsugr1g2pwnx | In medicine, distress is an aversive state in which a person is unable to completely adapt to difficult situations and their resulting effects and shows maladaptive behaviors. It can be evident in the presence of various phenomena, such as inappropriate social interaction (e.g., aggression, passivity, or withdrawal). D... | Emotional distress |
c_1qun15edobsc | In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline, and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poiso... | Diuretic medication |
c_hei5h1xprbwi | In medicine, efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (for example a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention). Establishment of the efficacy of an intervention is often done relative to other available interventions, with which it w... | Clinical effectiveness |
c_zujyb64ox7kw | In medicine, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally-invasive, non-surgical (incisionless), endoscopic weight loss procedure that is part of the field of endoscopic bariatric therapies. To perform ESG, a physician sutures a patient’s stomach into a narrower, smaller tube-like configuration. The result is a ... | Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty |
c_gg2bn8uknkmf | In medicine, etiology refers to the cause or causes of diseases or pathologies. Where no etiology can be ascertained, the disorder is said to be idiopathic. Traditional accounts of the causes of disease may point to the "evil eye". | Cause (medicine) |
c_6peu32xfszai | The Ancient Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro put forward early ideas about microorganisms in a 1st-century BC book titled On Agriculture.Medieval thinking on the etiology of disease showed the influence of Galen and of Hippocrates. Medieval European doctors generally held the view that disease was related to the ai... | Cause (medicine) |
c_xkhbsx2x4lzy | But proof of causation in infectious diseases is limited to individual cases that provide experimental evidence of etiology.In epidemiology, several lines of evidence together are required to for causal inference. Austin Bradford Hill demonstrated a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, and summa... | Cause (medicine) |
c_wivsrd8rnqma | In medicine, gluconate is used most commonly as a biologically neutral carrier of Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and K+ to treat electrolyte imbalance.Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep... | Gluconic acid |
c_a41uszw2xog0 | In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, also GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, is a class of antiplatelet agents. Several GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors exist: abciximab (abcixifiban) (ReoPro) eptifibatide (Integrilin) tirofiban (Aggrastat) roxifiban orbofiban | Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors |
c_28xn71315drv | In medicine, heliox generally refers to a mixture of 21% O2 (the same as air) and 79% He, although other combinations are available. Heliox generates less airway resistance than air and thereby requires less mechanical energy to ventilate the lungs. "Work of Breathing" (WOB) is reduced. It does this by two mechanisms: ... | Medical gas therapy |
c_ezdqdmk2op8p | Flow of gas through the airways comprises laminar flow, transitional flow and turbulent flow. The tendency for each type of flow is described by the Reynolds number. Heliox's low density produces a lower Reynolds number and hence higher probability of laminar flow for any given airway. | Medical gas therapy |
c_kwshf7dd72y8 | Laminar flow tends to generate less resistance than turbulent flow. In the small airways where flow is laminar, resistance is proportional to gas viscosity and is not related to density and so heliox has little effect. The Hagen–Poiseuille equation describes laminar resistance. | Medical gas therapy |
c_98zk7kbkkzjv | In the large airways where flow is turbulent, resistance is proportional to density, so heliox has a significant effect. Heliox has been used medically since the early 1930s. It was the mainstay of treatment in acute asthma before the advent of bronchodilators. | Medical gas therapy |
c_8ufa1maerkzz | Currently, heliox is mainly used in conditions of large airway narrowing (upper airway obstruction from tumors or foreign bodies and vocal cord dysfunction). There is also some use of heliox in conditions of the medium airways (croup, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Patients with these conditions may... | Medical gas therapy |
c_npbqcxmudnfz | Heliox may reduce all these effects, making it easier for the patient to breathe. Heliox has also found utility in the weaning of patients off mechanical ventilation, and in the nebulization of inhalable drugs, particularly for the elderly. Research has also indicated advantages in using helium–oxygen mixtures in deliv... | Medical gas therapy |
c_4zgjyjr220ci | In medicine, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels is the pressure of the blood against the wall. It is the opposing force to oncotic pressure. | Hydrostatic pressure |
c_ss4ajy7gnxa8 | In medicine, implementability is a property of clinical practice guidelines. It refers to a set of characteristics that predict ease of (and obstacles to) guideline adaptations by clinicians. There is a journal Implementation Science, which "aims to publish research relevant to the scientific study of methods to promot... | Implementability (medicine) |
c_puiw561g2qqz | In medicine, infusion therapy deals with all aspects of fluid and medication infusion, via intravenous or subcutaneous application. A special infusion pump can be used for this purpose. A fenestrated catheter is most frequently inserted into the localized area to be treated. There are a range of delivery methods for in... | Infusion therapy |
c_nxmjszbk4aeg | Elastomeric pump Pre-Filled Infusion Therapy: with this latest technology, a unit dose can be metered to the location from a pre-filled container.Infusion therapy has a range of medical applications including sedation, anesthesia, post-operative analgesic pain management, chemotherapy, and treatment of infectious disea... | Infusion therapy |
c_1jpfbm8zmjxt | In medicine, insomnia is widely measured using the Athens insomnia scale. It is measured using eight different parameters related to sleep, finally represented as an overall scale which assesses an individual's sleep pattern. A qualified sleep specialist should be consulted for the diagnosis of any sleep disorder so th... | Sleep aid |
c_v8gn3ft1j867 | After all other conditions are ruled out a comprehensive sleep history should be taken. The sleep history should include sleep habits, medications (prescription and non-prescription), alcohol consumption, nicotine and caffeine intake, co-morbid illnesses, and sleep environment. A sleep diary can be used to keep track o... | Sleep aid |
c_j0shjrzpaerz | The diary should include time to bed, total sleep time, time to sleep onset, number of awakenings, use of medications, time of awakening, and subjective feelings in the morning. The sleep diary can be replaced or validated by the use of out-patient actigraphy for a week or more, using a non-invasive device that measure... | Sleep aid |
c_jt7molwr34d0 | Usually, the test is not needed to make a diagnosis, and insomnia especially for working people can often be treated by changing a job schedule to make time for sufficient sleep and by improving sleep hygiene.Some patients may need to do an overnight sleep study to determine if insomnia is present. Such a study will co... | Sleep aid |
c_96e7lsp7q2yh | Patients with some disorders, including delayed sleep phase disorder, are often mis-diagnosed with primary insomnia; when a person has trouble getting to sleep and awakening at desired times, but has a normal sleep pattern once asleep, a circadian rhythm disorder is a likely cause. In many cases, insomnia is co-morbid ... | Sleep aid |
c_x6rjilx6g8mw | For those who have depression, "insomnia should be regarded as a co-morbid condition, rather than as a secondary one;" insomnia typically predates psychiatric symptoms. "In fact, it is possible that insomnia represents a significant risk for the development of a subsequent psychiatric disorder." Insomnia occurs in betw... | Sleep aid |
c_wnu5f6oueyra | In medicine, intravascular volume status refers to the volume of blood in a patient's circulatory system, and is essentially the blood plasma component of the overall volume status of the body, which otherwise includes both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Still, the intravascular component is usually of pr... | Intravascular volume status |
c_bru3tt3lpkwe | In medicine, loss of normal thermoregulation is referred to as poikilothermia. This can be seen in compartment syndrome and with use of sedative-hypnotics like barbiturates, ethanol, and chloral hydrate. REM sleep is considered a poikilothermic state in humans. Poikilothermia is one of the signs of acute limb ischemia. | Poikilotherm |
c_8n25wlpoi8ve | In medicine, modern biotechnology has many applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug discoveries and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic screening). In 2021, nearly 40% of the total company value of pharmaceutical biotech companies worldwide were active in Oncology with Neurology and R... | Biotechnology products |
c_ahhi3kbcjgxx | The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's ... | Biotechnology products |
c_c4p2ow56q4ra | Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted int... | Biotechnology products |
c_ssic4gd5noyl | Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle or pigs). The genetically engineered bacteria are able to produce large quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene ... | Biotechnology products |
c_756nxcvcueue | The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project) has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has incr... | Biotechnology products |
c_780btuo7cs82 | Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. As of 2011 several hundred genetic tests were in use. Si... | Biotechnology products |
c_km0m08cozz4c | In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time. It can be performed by continuously measuring certain parameters by using a medical monitor (for example, by continuously measuring vital signs by a bedside monitor), and/or by repeatedly performing medica... | Medical monitor |
c_0wy20o27jnzb | In medicine, myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness. Myopathy means muscle disease (Greek: myo- muscle + patheia -pathy: suffering). | Muscular disease |
c_z9if89uxce7x | This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy. Capture myopathy can occur in wild or captive animals, such as deer and kangaro... | Muscular disease |
c_p11xbbckzljw | It usually occurs as a result of stress and physical exertion during capture and restraint. Muscular disease can be classified as neuromuscular or musculoskeletal in nature. Some conditions, such as myositis, can be considered both neuromuscular and musculoskeletal. | Muscular disease |
c_9h1roy3nzh30 | In medicine, nephelometry is used to measure immune function. It is also used in clinical microbiology, for preparation of a standardized inoculum (McFarland suspension) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. | Nephelometer |
c_8alpytw9zvj2 | In medicine, nocturnal dialysis, refers to (renal) dialysis done at night. It usually is a reference to nocturnal hemodialysis, but could also refer to peritoneal dialysis which is typically done at night. Nocturnal hemodialysis was conceived by the late Dr. Robert Uldall at Wellesley Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Cana... | Nocturnal dialysis |
c_czwjduaej377 | Conventional hemodialysis consists of a patient traveling to a clinic three times per week for a four-hour treatment. With nocturnal hemodialysis patients are trained to provide the treatments in their home six or seven nights per week for six to eight hours per treatment. There are some scientific studies which show b... | Nocturnal dialysis |
c_gpevurabv3p7 | In medicine, oxygen saturation refers to oxygenation, or when oxygen molecules (O2) enter the tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air into the blood. Oxygen saturation ((O2) sats) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstrea... | Dissolved Oxygen |
c_gx66ahja5rkg | In medicine, oxygen saturation, commonly referred to as "sats", measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. : 370 At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. At around 90% (the value varies according to the clinical context) oxygen saturation incre... | Arterial oxygen saturation |
c_j4mvh3ub40nb | In medicine, particularly optometry, ophthalmology and orthoptics, refraction (also known as refractometry) is a clinical test in which a phoropter may be used by the appropriate eye care professional to determine the eye's refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed. A series of test lenses in gra... | Refraction |
c_efja88mgxsjd | In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions... | Adherence (medicine) |
c_kaqtewvy6bw3 | Access to care plays a role in patient adherence, whereby greater wait times to access care contributing to greater absenteeism. The cost of prescription medication also plays a major role.Compliance can be confused with concordance, which is the process by which a patient and clinician make decisions together about tr... | Adherence (medicine) |
c_2wrv36lonzip | Major barriers to compliance are thought to include the complexity of modern medication regimens, poor health literacy and not understanding treatment benefits, the occurrence of undiscussed side effects, poor treatment satisfaction, cost of prescription medicine, and poor communication or lack of trust between a patie... | Adherence (medicine) |
c_yc0thh4kkndh | In medicine, patient participation in decision-making is commonly known as 'shared decision-making' (SDM). | Participative decision-making |
c_elwvv33uqzyi | In medicine, patients and physicians are often faced with difficult decisions involving tradeoffs. One example is localized prostate cancer where patients need to weigh the possibility of a prolonged life expectancy against possible stressful or unpleasant treatment side-effects (patient trade-off). | Tradeoff analysis |
c_atcyydf0jxc9 | In medicine, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, commonly abbreviated pQCT, is a type of quantitative computed tomography (QCT), used for making measurements of the bone mineral density (BMD) in a peripheral part of the body, such as the forearms or legs as opposed to QCT that measures bone mineral density at ... | Quantitative computed tomography |
c_jt40g68eqzs6 | In medicine, phosphate deficiency syndrome may be caused by malnutrition, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes that draw phosphate from the blood (such as in refeeding syndrome after malnutrition) or passing too much of it into the urine. All are characterised by hypophosphatemia, which is a condi... | Phosphorus compound |
c_2ksz0nw1e2r9 | Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification (hardening) of organs and soft tissue, and can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc.Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in edaphology to understand plant uptake from soil system... | Phosphorus compound |
c_5wzvidi4yzpe | In medicine, phosphonates and bisphosphonates are commonly used as inhibitors of enzymes which utilize phosphates and diphosphates as substrates. Most notably, these enzymes include those that produce the intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis.Phosphonate nucleotide analogues such as tenofovir, cidofovir and adefovi... | Phosphonic acids |
c_8ujw8pv8ac7e | In medicine, pleocytosis (or pleiocytosis) is an increased cell count (from Greek pleion, "more"), particularly an increase in white blood cell count, in a bodily fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid. It is often defined specifically as an increased white blood cell count in cerebrospinal fluid.Increased white blood cell... | CSF pleocytosis |
c_kayyiz9acxs4 | In medicine, potassium acetate is used as part of electrolyte replacement protocols in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis because of its ability to break down to bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidotic state. In molecular biology, potassium acetate is used to precipitate dodecyl sulfate (DS) and DS-bound protei... | Potassium acetate |
c_dz8958tteuak | In medicine, precocious puberty is puberty occurring at an unusually early age. In most cases, the process is normal in every aspect except the unusually early age and simply represents a variation of normal development. In a minority of children with precocious puberty, the early development is triggered by a disease ... | Contrasexual precocity |
c_kxg1g9bwuhcu | Central precocious puberty can be treated by suppressing the pituitary hormones that induce sex steroid production. The opposite condition is delayed puberty.The term is used with several slightly different meanings that are usually apparent from the context. | Contrasexual precocity |
c_fr0ymci4ooyd | In its broadest sense, and often simplified as early puberty, "precocious puberty" sometimes refers to any physical sex hormone effect, due to any cause, occurring earlier than the usual age, especially when it is being considered as a medical problem. Stricter definitions of "precocity" may refer only to central puber... | Contrasexual precocity |
c_y3hni3fqb8mb | In medicine, pressure is still generally measured in millimetres of mercury. These measurements are in general given relative to the current atmospheric pressure: for example, a blood pressure of 120 mmHg, when the current atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, means 880 mmHg relative to perfect vacuum. Routine pressure mea... | Mm of mercury |
c_dshsrz8wf6ix | In medicine, pronator drift (also known as pyramidal drift) refers to a pathologic sign seen during a neurological examination. Jean Alexandre Barré is credited with having first described it; thus it is sometimes known as the Barré test or sign. A positive result indicates palsy. This sign can appear due to an upper m... | Pronator drift |
c_s2d1yotqmfem | In medicine, protein electrophoresis is a method of analysing the proteins mainly in blood serum. Before the widespread use of gel electrophoresis, protein electrophoresis was performed as free-flow electrophoresis (on paper) or as immunoelectrophoresis.Traditionally, two classes of blood proteins are considered: serum... | Gel electrophoresis of proteins |
c_t5d28ycs7fei | Some forms of medication or body chemicals can cause their own band, but it usually is small. Abnormal bands (spikes) are seen in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma, and are useful in the diagnosis of these conditions.The globulins are classified by their banding pattern (with their... | Gel electrophoresis of proteins |
c_mcb0t7x115on | The beta (β) band - transferrin, LDL, complement The gamma (γ) band - immunoglobulin (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM). Paraproteins (in multiple myeloma) usually appear in this band.Normal present medical procedure involves determination of numerous proteins in plasma including hormones and enzymes, some of them also deter... | Gel electrophoresis of proteins |
c_epy7q9gc0cza | In medicine, proteinopathy (; -pathy ; proteinopathies pl. ; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body. Ofte... | Protein misfolding disease |
c_48l45njk7u8b | The term proteopathy was first proposed in 2000 by Lary Walker and Harry LeVine.The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854, Rudolf Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembli... | Protein misfolding disease |
c_wyzlwuw9ekkr | In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that the dose of protons is deposited over a narrow range of de... | Proton therapy |
c_m512wd22ec3i | In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganism... | Disease spread |
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