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c_hl782ohnzl0k | Contamination usually occurs in the presence of the host. Particle size > 5 μm. direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact indirect physical contact – usually by touching a contaminated surface, including soil (fomite) fecal–oral transmission – usually from unwashed hands, conta... | Disease spread |
c_ssbwn0p92ngc | In medicine, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the nervous system. Doctors will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4. While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all ref... | Reflex action |
c_ge29b4f2uaz8 | In medicine, sampling is gathering of matter from the body to aid in the process of a medical diagnosis and/or evaluation of an indication for treatment, further medical tests or other procedures. In this sense, the sample is the gathered matter, and the sampling tool or sampler is the person or material to collect the... | Sampling (medicine) |
c_f0bgn10o9exi | In medicine, shifting dullness refers to a sign elicited on physical examination for ascites (fluid in the peritoneal cavity). The test is performed by first percussing the midline of the abdomen to elicit a resonant note due to gas in the abdomen. If there is no area of resonance, then the test cannot be performed. Pe... | Shifting dullness |
c_yemzgbcm74qr | The examiner's index finger remains on the resonant side, and the middle finger remains on the dull side, straddling the fluid-air level. The patient is then asked to lean on their right lateral side (assuming the examiner used the traditional right-sided approach). This stabilises the patient by positioning them betwe... | Shifting dullness |
c_j8hiqgi3gvt5 | It is imperative that the examiner's fingers stay in the same position. After waiting sufficient time for any fluid to shift (up to 30 seconds), the dull position is then percussed. It may now be resonant. | Shifting dullness |
c_ldjvrzzvhi5u | The percussion may now be performed down the anterior side until a new dullness is found. To confirm a positive result it is recommended that the now resonant area become dull again when the patient is back in the supine position. If the borders between tympanitic (resonant) and dull notes remain the same, the person p... | Shifting dullness |
c_3xe7i4paa8vo | If the fluid causing the dullness was not free, then the air-fluid level would not move. Shifting dullness is usually present if the volume of ascitic fluid is up to 500 mL ml. If low volume ascites is suspected, then an attempt to elicit the puddle sign may be performed. | Shifting dullness |
c_alby55oefev3 | In medicine, silver is incorporated into wound dressings and used as an antibiotic coating in medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials are used to treat external infections. Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as urinary catheters (where tentative eviden... | Silver ions |
c_2nx2fxpx9tlk | The silver ion is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver ions interfere with enzymes in the bacteria that transport nutrients, form structures, and synthesise cell walls; these ions also bond with the bacteria's genetic material. Silver and silver nanoparticles are used as an ... | Silver ions |
c_ekubn8qo70ir | Bacteria can, however, develop resistance to the antimicrobial action of silver. Silver compounds are taken up by the body like mercury compounds, but lack the toxicity of the latter. Silver and its alloys are used in cranial surgery to replace bone, and silver–tin–mercury amalgams are used in dentistry. Silver diammin... | Silver ions |
c_s3hks0a1t8ki | In medicine, some blood tests are conducted on capillary blood obtained by fingerstick (or fingerprick) (or, for neonates, by an analogous heelprick). The site, free of surface arterial flow, where the blood is to be collected is sterilized with a topical germicide, and the skin pierced with a sterile lancet. After a d... | Fingerstick |
c_s53fogi25yjl | In medicine, specifically gastroenterology, the Child–Pugh score (or the Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) score or Child Criteria) is used to assess the prognosis of chronic liver disease, mainly cirrhosis. Although it was originally used to predict mortality during surgery, it is now used to determine the prognosis, as well ... | Child–Pugh score |
c_iphkqse5lag9 | In medicine, specifically in end-of-life care, palliative sedation (also known as terminal sedation, continuous deep sedation, or sedation for intractable distress of a dying patient) is the palliative practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last hours or days of a dying person's life, usually ... | Palliative sedation |
c_7lbuzvjtriyo | Proponents claim palliative sedation can provide a more peaceful and ethical solution for such people.Palliative sedation is an option of last resort for the people whose symptoms cannot be controlled by any other means. It is not considered a form of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, as the goal of palliative ... | Palliative sedation |
c_78qoggou552w | In medicine, systolic hypertension is defined as an elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP). If the systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal (<90) diastolic blood pressure (DBP), it is called isolated systolic hypertension. Eighty percent of people with systolic hypertension are over the age of 65 years ... | Isolated systolic hypertension |
c_jwtxgllchpmx | In medicine, tapering is the practice of gradually reducing the dosage of a medication to reduce or discontinue it. Generally, tapering is done is to avoid or minimize withdrawal symptoms that arise from neurobiological adaptation to the drug.Prescribed psychotropic drugs that may require tapering due to this physical ... | Tapering (medicine) |
c_nwif77a1gr2r | In medicine, the "J curve" refers to a graph in which the x-axis measures either of two treatable symptoms (blood pressure or blood cholesterol level) while the y-axis measures the chance that a patient will develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is well known that high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels incre... | J curve |
c_52edcbksy0rc | In medicine, the FIO2 is the assumed percentage of oxygen concentration participating in gas exchange in the alveoli. | Fraction of inspired oxygen |
c_ftydxxa35z5g | In medicine, the Golden S sign is a sign seen on imaging of the chest that suggests a central lung mass or lung collapse. It was first described by Dr. Ross Golden (1889-1975) in 1925 in association with bronchial carcinoma, but it is also seen in metastatic cancer, enlarged lymph nodes, and collapse of the right upper... | Golden S sign |
c_r2sk2mzhlx7n | He then became the visiting professor of radiology at UCLA Medical, 1954–1975. Dr. Golden is considered a pioneer in the field of Diagnostic Radiology when it was in its infancy, and was the author of many books, journals and periodicals on the subject. He was (twice) president of the Roentgen Ray Society as well as a ... | Golden S sign |
c_ti97jy3dmxio | In medicine, the Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation apparatus used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or to reshape the damaged bones of an arm or a leg; used as a limb-sparing technique for treating complex fractures and open bone fractures; and used to treat an infected non-union of bones, which cannot ... | Ilizarov apparatus |
c_utberletzohp | In medicine, the caloric reflex test (sometimes termed 'vestibular caloric stimulation') is a test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex that involves irrigating cold or warm water or air into the external auditory canal. This method was developed by Robert Bárány, who won a Nobel prize in 1914 for this discovery. | Caloric reflex test |
c_acpqtzk6dxs6 | In medicine, the cardiac examination, also precordial exam, is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with chest pain suggestive of a cardiovascular pathology. It would typically be modified depending on the indication and integrated with other examinations especially the respiratory ex... | Precordial examination |
c_qau0z3c96kpn | In medicine, the cingulate island sign is a finding on FDG-PET brain scans that metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex is preserved. It can help to identify dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and distinguish it from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. == References == | Cingulate island sign |
c_nw15wlce3f4w | In medicine, the dense artery sign or hyperdense artery sign is an increased radiodensity of an artery as seen on computer tomography (CT) scans, and is a radiologic sign of early ischemic stroke. In earlier studies of medical imaging in patients with strokes, it was the earliest sign of ischemic stroke in a significan... | Dense artery sign |
c_nm9tf1na8sft | In medicine, the diffusion of photons can be used to create images of the body (mainly brain and breast) and has contributed much to the advance of certain fields of research, such as neuroscience. This technique is known as diffuse optical imaging. | Photon diffusion |
c_fioxn980lv3a | In medicine, the etiology of an illness or condition refers to the frequent studies to determine one or more factors that come together to cause the illness. Relatedly, when disease is widespread, epidemiological studies investigate what associated factors, such as location, sex, exposure to chemicals, and many others,... | Origin theory |
c_1jqdj027j2oh | When large, ocean-going ships were built, sailors began to put to sea for long periods of time, and often lacked fresh fruit and vegetables. Without knowing the precise cause, Captain James Cook suspected scurvy was caused by the lack of vegetables in the diet. Based on his suspicion, he forced his crew to eat sauerkra... | Origin theory |
c_s03q47w8fzzw | It took about another two hundred years to discover the precise etiology; the lack of vitamin C in a sailor's diet. The following are examples of intrinsic factors: Inherited conditions, or conditions that are passed down to you from your parents. An example of this is hemophilia, a disorder that leads to excessive ble... | Origin theory |
c_unbk4iag3c1y | Metabolic and endocrine, or hormone, disorders. These are abnormalities in the chemical signaling and interaction in the body. For example, Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease that causes high blood sugar. Neoplastic disorders or cancer where the cells of the body grow out of control. Problems with immunity, such... | Origin theory |
c_1yetp7vfgrur | In medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions, which lead to excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea). | Fecal fat test |
c_9i12ukdgkzeh | In medicine, the fluid wave test or fluid thrill test is a test for ascites (free fluid in the peritoneal cavity). It is performed by having the patient (or a colleague) push their hands down on the midline of the abdomen. The examiner then taps one flank, while feeling on the other flank for the tap. The pressure on t... | Fluid wave test |
c_5t7avd6dulfj | The result is considered positive if tap can be felt on the other side. However, even with the midline pressure, transmission through the skin must be excluded. A positive fluid wave test indicates that there is a free fluid (ascites) in the abdomen. When one side of the abdomen is pressed, the other side may also be p... | Fluid wave test |
c_0ocpaeh7j906 | In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergies by strengthening the immune system. In particular, a lack of such exposure is thought to lead to poor immune tolerance. The time period for expo... | Hygiene hypothesis |
c_qj6p9egiaxdz | There is a significant amount of evidence supporting the idea that lack of exposure to these microbes is linked to allergies or other conditions, although it is still rejected by many scientists.The term "hygiene hypothesis" has been described as a misnomer because people incorrectly interpret it as referring to their ... | Hygiene hypothesis |
c_nzzn80z6tld3 | In medicine, the ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA), also known as restorative proctocolectomy (RPC), ileal-anal reservoir (IAR), an ileo-anal pouch, ileal-anal pullthrough, or sometimes referred to as a J-pouch, S-pouch, W-pouch, or a pelvic pouch, is an anastomosis of a reservoir pouch made from ileum (small intesti... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_5p8b6gwuasyv | People with ileostomies wear an external bag, also known as an ostomy system or stoma appliance, to collect waste which can be emptied and changed as needed. With an optional ileo-anal pouch procedure, the pouch component is a surgically constructed internal intestinal reservoir; usually situated near where the rectum ... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_etgqw0m3nwds | The internal walls are then removed thus forming a reservoir often referred to as a 'pouch'. The reservoir is then stitched or stapled into anal area where the bottom of the rectum was. The first pouch anal-anastomosis surgery in the world was performed by British surgeon Sir Alan Parks in 1976 at the London Hospital (... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_tchqkce2i927 | After the first surgery, he continued to develop the procedure at St Mark's Hospital in London along with his colleague Professor John Nicholls.Pouch surgery is elective, meaning it is entirely optional, and should be done on the basis of choice by people who doctors deem suitable for a pouch after medical evaluations.... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_q2bwb86tx9hd | After disease removal, standard medical screening exams for pouch candidates include but are not limited to biopsies, radiology imaging, sphincter function tests, fertility consultations for people of childbearing age with the wish to get pregnant, and psychological support due to intensity of the pouch operations.A si... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_7bw0lrpu4y98 | The procedure was first premiered by Finnish surgeon Dr. Nils Koch in Sweden during 1969. It was an evolution in bowel surgery because it created an ileum pouch for storage of waste inside the body eliminating the need for an external bag for waste collection. An ileostomy without a Koch pouch functions constantly, mea... | Ileo-anal pouch |
c_84n3rsbwxtp5 | In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average calculated blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle. Although methods of estimating MAP vary, a common calculation is to take one-third of the pulse pressure (the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures), and add that amoun... | Mean arterial pressure |
c_i1g8xmfifqbo | In medicine, the mean systemic pressure (mean systemic filling pressure (MSFP)) is defined as the mean pressure that exists in the circulatory system when there is no blood motion. A similar term, mean circulatory filling pressure, (MCFP) is defined as the mean pressure that exists in the combined circulatory system & ... | Mean systemic pressure |
c_umbbaj5ed25g | MSFP is measured after clamping the aortic root and the great veins at point of entry to right atrium. On the other hand, MCFP is measured experimentally by briefly inducing cardiac arrest or naturally during cardiac arrest once the blood redistributes. It may also be estimated in vivo using a series of inspiratory hol... | Mean systemic pressure |
c_kl7d608f7lgu | It can be used to demonstrate effects of drugs on the venous tone while the circulating blood volume remains constant, or to measure haemodynamic changes during haemorrhage.Mean systemic pressure increases if there is an increase in blood volume or if there is a decrease in venous compliance (where blood is shifted fro... | Mean systemic pressure |
c_9d8mrhxjxdnx | In medicine, the number needed to harm (NNH) is an epidemiological measure that indicates how many persons on average need to be exposed to a risk factor over a specific period to cause harm in an average of one person who would not otherwise have been harmed. It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk increase,... | Number needed to harm |
c_6g69y0kxndlh | In medicine, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is called P a CO 2 {\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {CO2}}}}} or PaCO2. Measurement of P a CO 2 {\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {CO2}}}}} in the systemic circulation indicates the effectiveness of ventilation at the lungs' alveoli, given the diffusing capacity of... | PCO2 |
c_5p7uba0ky9gf | In medicine, the phrase is often used for supposedly "magical remedies" which are not likely to work in practice. For instance, in the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, when double lung transplantation for terminal COVID-19 patients was suggested, it was immediately denounced as a deus ex machina. In 2006, when electronic fetal ... | Deus ex machina |
c_gviwuke7rr4y | In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver dysfunction. Other terms include transaminasemia, transaminitis, and elevated liver enzymes (though they are not the only enzymes in the liver). Norma... | Abnormal liver function tests |
c_9opm0jhl93ra | Drug-induced increases such as that found with the use of anti-tuberculosis agents such as isoniazid are limited typically to below 100 U/L for either ALT or AST. Muscle sources of the enzymes, such as intense exercise, are unrelated to liver function and can markedly increase AST and ALT. Cirrhosis of the liver or ful... | Abnormal liver function tests |
c_yynnw5xabpps | In medicine, the term "disulfiram effect" refers to an adverse effect of a particular medication in causing an unpleasant hypersensitivity to alcohol, similar to the effect caused by disulfiram administration.Examples: Antibiotics (nitroimidazoles), e.g. metronidazole First-generation sulfonylureas, e.g. tolbutamide an... | Disulfiram |
c_ekig09do2yz1 | In medicine, the term "labile" means susceptible to alteration or destruction. For example, a heat-labile protein is one that can be changed or destroyed at high temperatures. The opposite of labile in this context is "stable". | Lability |
c_2ucd69s321k8 | In medicine, the term collodion baby applies to newborns who appear to have an extra layer of skin (known as a collodion membrane) that has a collodion-like quality. It is a descriptive term, not a specific diagnosis or disorder (as such, it is a syndrome). | Ichthyosis lamellaris |
c_sizs11i8g7vt | In medicine, the term sine qua non (in contrast with pathognomonic) is often used in regard to any sign, symptom, or finding whose absence would very likely mean absence of the target disease or condition. The test for such a sign, symptom, or finding would thereby have very high sensitivity and thus would rarely miss ... | Sine qua non |
c_48l657lt8clm | In medicine, the terminal drop hypothesis is a hypothesis that a sharp reduction in cognitive capacity in older people is often correlated with impending death, typically within five years. | Terminal drop hypothesis |
c_2szp3on5t2tc | In medicine, the urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR), known in the United States as BUN-to-creatinine ratio, is the ratio of the blood levels of urea (BUN) (mmol/L) and creatinine (Cr) (μmol/L). BUN only reflects the nitrogen content of urea (MW 28) and urea measurement reflects the whole of the molecule (MW 60), urea is ju... | BUN-to-creatinine ratio |
c_vuqb8myhte7v | In medicine, the window period for a test designed to detect a specific disease (particularly infectious disease) is the time between first infection and when the test can reliably detect that infection. In antibody-based testing, the window period is dependent on the time taken for seroconversion. The window period is... | Window period |
c_vxaj8lga80po | In medicine, therapeutic irrigation or lavage ( lə-VAHZH or LAV-ij) is cleaning or rinsing. | Therapeutic irrigation |
c_6uv6wzngdt9i | In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative and the enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function, organs, and limbs." The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level of function. There ... | Cyborg |
c_7x8pdxx26vrh | On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performance: maximising output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimising input (the energy expended in the process)". Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal processes or even gain new functions tha... | Cyborg |
c_qfnr125m9grx | Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with the integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more closely. Michael Chorost wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear implants, or bionic ears, titled Re... | Cyborg |
c_l50hrvje1smz | By 2004, a fully functioning artificial heart was developed. The continued technological development of bionic and (bio-)nanotechnologies begins to raise the question of enhancement, and of the future possibilities for cyborgs which surpass the original functionality of the biological model. The ethics and desirability... | Cyborg |
c_6f6tft1bvjr3 | Opponents of the concept describe what they believe to be biases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies; namely, a bias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and pe... | Cyborg |
c_m8kdo5bxsv1p | It is possible that this technology will also eventually be used with healthy people.Deep brain stimulation is a neurological surgical procedure used for therapeutic purposes. This process has aided in treating patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, chronic headac... | Cyborg |
c_zsge5aomnm3w | The region of the brain is then stimulated by bursts of electric current to disrupt the oncoming surge of seizures. Like all invasive procedures, deep brain stimulation may put the patient at a higher risk. However, there have been more improvements in recent years with deep brain stimulation than any available drug tr... | Cyborg |
c_q9v8mesw73xd | The theory behind retinal stimulation to restore vision to people suffering from retinitis pigmentosa and vision loss due to aging (conditions in which people have an abnormally low number of retinal ganglion cells) is that the retinal implant and electrical stimulation would act as a substitute for the missing ganglio... | Cyborg |
c_2bso71hi9ta8 | A chip located in the user's eye would then electrically stimulate the retina with this pattern by exciting certain nerve endings which transmit the image to the optic centers of the brain and the image would then appear to the user. If technological advances proceed as planned, this technology may be used by thousands... | Cyborg |
c_chn6myv06ulh | This experimental device would do away with previously used robotic-sounding voice simulators. The transmission of sound would start with a surgery to redirect the nerve that controls the voice and sound production to a muscle in the neck, where a nearby sensor would be able to pick up its electrical signals. The signa... | Cyborg |
c_bjq7yo3byex4 | That simulator would then vibrate producing a multi-tonal sound that could be shaped into words by the mouth.An article published in Nature Materials in 2012 reported research on "cyborg tissues" (engineered human tissues with embedded three-dimensional mesh of nanoscale wires), with possible medical implications.In 20... | Cyborg |
c_gamqj9yrtqdb | The device utilizes a "spider-web like network of sensors and electrodes" to monitor and maintain a normal heart rate with electrical stimuli. Unlike traditional pacemakers that are similar from patient to patient, the elastic heart glove is made custom by using high-resolution imaging technology. The first prototype w... | Cyborg |
c_il825btbigq5 | The stretchable material and circuits of the apparatus were first constructed by Professor John A. Rogers in which the electrodes are arranged in an s-shape design to allow them to expand and bend without breaking. Although the device is only currently used as a research tool to study changes in heart rate, in the futu... | Cyborg |
c_ev1b5h4crfiw | Examples of commercial systems that implement such a control loop are the MiniMed 670G from Medtronic and the t:slim x2 from Tandem Diabetes Care. Do-it-yourself artificial pancreas technologies also exist, though these are not verified or approved by any regulatory agency. Upcoming next-generation artificial pancreas ... | Cyborg |
c_vw77i93qb83k | In medicine, this property is used to create droppers and IV infusion sets which have a standardized diameter, in such a way that 1 millilitre is equivalent to 20 drops. When smaller amounts are necessary (such as paediatrics), microdroppers or paediatric infusion sets are used, in which 1 millilitre = 60 microdrops. | Pendant drop method |
c_mr7a8s6lpxgf | In medicine, traumatology (from Greek trauma, meaning injury or wound) is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage. Traumatology is a branch of medicine. It is often considered a subset of surgery and in countries without the special... | Trauma medicine |
c_w0dq4tmj7074 | In medicine, triage (, ) is a process by which care providers such as medical professionals and those with first aid knowledge determine the order of priority for providing treatment to injured individuals and/or inform the rationing of limited supplies so that they go to those who can most benefit from it. Triage is u... | Manchester Triage System |
c_epluxms6f1tw | In most cases, the triage process places the most injured and most able to be helped as the first priority, with the most terminally injured the last priority (except in the case of reverse triage). Triage systems vary dramatically based on a variety of factors, and can follow specific, measurable metrics, like trauma ... | Manchester Triage System |
c_jfvboqccsnvg | In medicine, up to 5% carbon dioxide (130 times atmospheric concentration) is added to oxygen for stimulation of breathing after apnea and to stabilize the O2/CO2 balance in blood. Carbon dioxide can be mixed with up to 50% oxygen, forming an inhalable gas; this is known as Carbogen and has a variety of medical and res... | Carbonic gas |
c_10zn12wnxo1m | In medicine, vein graft failure (VGF) is a condition in which vein grafts, which are used as alternative conduits in bypass surgeries (e.g. CABG), get occluded. Veins, mainly the great saphenous vein (GSV) are the most frequently used conduits in bypass surgeries (CABG or PABG), due to their ease of use and availabilit... | Vein graft failure |
c_yxz1w7a5o06y | The patency rates of saphenous vein grafts after CABG at 1 year is approximately 80%. After 5 years the patency rate drops to 65% and at 10 years GSV patency rates are approximately 50%, with only half of the veins are atherosclerosis free. | Vein graft failure |
c_0khq057qcreq | VGF may be identified in asymptomatic patients, but can also produce symptoms of ischemia, depending on the area of the supplied territory of the heart, and the function of native arteries and other grafts. VGF has been closely correlated with revascularization, myocardial infarction and death. Treatment of occluded GS... | Vein graft failure |
c_i52ti2c11zr9 | In medicine, venipuncture or venepuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of venous blood sampling (also called phlebotomy) or intravenous therapy. In healthcare, this procedure is performed by medical laboratory scientists, medical practitioners, some EMTs, paramedics, phlebotomists, dia... | Venipuncture |
c_3kabu67isgzl | It is essential to follow a standard procedure for the collection of blood specimens to get accurate laboratory results. Any error in collecting the blood or filling the test tubes may lead to erroneous laboratory results.Venipuncture is one of the most routinely performed invasive procedures and is carried out for any... | Venipuncture |
c_mujmqemsro67 | The median cubital vein, which lies within the cubital fossa anterior to the elbow, is close to the surface of the skin without many large nerves positioned nearby. Other veins that can be used in the cubital fossa for venipuncture include the cephalic, basilic, and median antebrachial veins.Minute quantities of blood ... | Venipuncture |
c_b3e6615z93ke | In medieval Armenian culture, the eternity sign symbolized the concept of everlasting, celestial life. Since the 5th century, it appeared on Armenian steles; later it became part of khachkar symbolism. Around the 8th century the use of the Armenian symbol of eternity had become a long established national iconographica... | Armenian eternity sign |
c_5iylln1brazo | Notable churches with the eternity sign include the Mashtots Hayrapet Church of Garni, Horomayr Monastery, Nor Varagavank, Tsitsernavank Monastery. An identical symbol appears in the reliefs of the Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital, and is likely a borrowing from earlier Armenian churches of the area. | Armenian eternity sign |
c_m0m6s9xrcbb9 | It can also be found on Armenian manuscripts. The eternity sign is used on the logos of government agencies and on commemorative coins, as well as Armenian government agencies and non-government organizations and institutions in Armenia and the Armenian diaspora.The symbol is also used by Armenian neopagan organization... | Armenian eternity sign |
c_ahj2pq8l8ckj | In medieval Britain there was an egg throwing festival held in the churches at Easter. The priest would give out one hard-boiled egg which was tossed around the nave of the church and the choirboy who was holding the egg when the clock struck twelve would get to keep it.In one version of the game the idea is to toss an... | Egg tossing |
c_2kim3efevzw1 | In medieval China during the Song dynasty, a meteorite strike event was recorded by Shen Kuo in 1064 AD near Changzhou. He reported "a loud noise that sounded like a thunder was heard in the sky; a giant star, almost like the moon, appeared in the southeast" and later finding the crater and the still-hot meteorite with... | Meteorite |
c_emwf6df3jbzz | In this he compiled all available data on several meteorite finds and falls concluded that they must have their origins in outer space. The scientific community of the time responded with resistance and mockery. It took nearly ten years before a general acceptance of the origin of meteorites was achieved through the wo... | Meteorite |
c_h4tohixdnjfw | In medieval Denmark, then including parts of Germany and Sweden, starch from the tubers (also from A. maculatum) was used to stiffen clerical collars, but as the tubers contain a caustic sap that caused blistering of the hands, this was abandoned when starch from wheat became available. Today colonies of A. cylindraceu... | Arum cylindraceum |
c_cpdznngrn5df | In medieval England and Wales a licence to crenellate granted the holder permission to fortify their property. Such licences were granted by the king, and by the rulers of the counties palatine within their jurisdictions, e.g. by the Bishops of Durham and the Earls of Chester and after 1351 by the Dukes of Lancaster. T... | Battlement |
c_4l4e7q6y247i | The surviving records of such licences, generally issued by letters patent, provide valuable evidence for the dating of ancient buildings. A list of licences issued by the English Crown between the 12th and the 16th centuries was compiled by Turner & Parker and expanded and corrected by Philip Davis and published in Th... | Battlement |
c_twqnpkbng5fw | The modern view, proposed notably by Charles Coulson, is that battlements became an architectural status-symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious, in Coulson's words: "Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status: castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank". Th... | Battlement |
c_z5ivjvpzvflf | In medieval England, rangers, originally called under-foresters, were the most junior officials employed to "range" through the countryside enforcing the forest law imposed by William the Conqueror to protect the "vert and venison". Their duties were originally confined to seeing that the Forest Law was enforced in the... | Park ranger |
c_2he40snq7gyi | Regardatores was later rendered as rangers in the English translations of the Charter. However, others translate regardatores as regarders. For example, the fifth clause of the Charter of the Forest is commonly translated thus: "Our regarders shall go through the forests making the regard as it used to be made at the t... | Park ranger |
c_k3wbr1bkftjc | A "regard" is considered to be an inspection of the forest. The earliest letters patent found mentioning the term refer to a commission of a ranger in 1341. Documents from 1455 state that England had "all manner and singular Offices of Foresters and Rangers of our said Forests".One of the first appearances of ranger in... | Park ranger |
c_l1d5sxhni4ts | In medieval English courts, the principle originated of Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentiri — "no-one on the point of death should be presumed to be lying". An incident in which a dying declaration was admitted as evidence has been found in a 1202 case. | Dying declaration |
c_8zvl0xk2lf2u | In medieval English units, the rope of garlic was a set unit of 15 heads of garlic. 15 such ropes made up the "hundred" of garlic. | Rope (unit) |
c_9b3a68felnc2 | In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a national "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between realms or a neutral buffer zone under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a politica... | March (territory) |
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