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c_j3o3otzxb30q | In native methods, the letters of the language are displayed on the screen corresponding to the numeral keys based on the probabilities of those letters for that language. Additional letters can be accessed by using a special key. When a word is partially typed, options are presented from which the user can make a sele... | Indic computing |
c_srdd1odjbbtn | In native vocabulary, the fricatives and are allophones of a single phoneme /θ/. is used morpheme-initially, as in þak ('roof'), and before a voiceless consonant, as in maðkur ('worm'). is used intervocalically, as in iða ('vortex') and word-finally, as in bað ('bath'), although it is devoiced to before pause. S... | Icelandic phonology |
c_9y9sqmhj3wi2 | In natura (Latin for "in Nature") is a phrase to describe conditions present in a non-laboratory environment, to differentiate it from in vivo (experiments on live organisms in a lab) and ex vivo (experiments on cultivated cells isolated from multicellular organisms) conditions. | In natura |
c_9a7np7pjky71 | In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other... | Clinical trial protocol |
c_bge0zbnaurmk | In natural bidding systems most notrump (NT) bids are made with balanced hands and within a narrowly defined high card point (HCP) range. In these systems, such as Acol and Standard American, NT bids are limit bids and therefore are not forcing. Bearing in mind the need to bid only to the optimum contract and no higher... | Quantitative notrump bids |
c_bwnqgq2pr3gp | If responder has 21 HCP, then a small slam looks certain (21 + 12 opener's minimum = 33) and should be bid. If responder has 18 HCP or less, then even a small slam is not possible (18 + 14 opener's maximum = no more than 32) If responder has 19 or 20 HCP, then a small slam is a possibility but more information is neede... | Quantitative notrump bids |
c_tyouwoz5ht1g | A bid of 4NT "invites" opener to: bid 6NT with a maximum holding of 14 HCP (19 + 14 = 33 which is sufficient) pass with a minimum 12 HCP (20+ 12 = only 32) with partnership agreement, bid 5NT holding 13 HCP - asking partner to bid 6NT with 20 HCP and to pass holding 19 HCP. An opening bid of 2NT shows 20, 21 or 22 HCP.... | Quantitative notrump bids |
c_0fppi1mar2vs | This is where a quantitative bid should be made. A bid of 4NT "invites" opener to: bid 6NT with a maximum holding of 22 HCP (11 + 22 = 33 which is sufficient) pass with a minimum 20 HCP (11+ 20 = only 31) with partnership agreement, bid 5NT holding 21 HCP - asking partner to bid 6NT with 12 HCP and to pass holding 11 H... | Quantitative notrump bids |
c_rkcrv26g1r6h | In natural conditions, free radicals are characterised with an extremely short lifespan, so in order to capture the EPR signal, an external molecule with a stable free radical must be delivered. Usually it happens by injection into the animal's body. There are two main classes of spin probes used for imaging: nitroxide... | Electron resonance imaging |
c_zan8jir2fmvp | The issue with these type of spin probes is their fast reduction, which sometimes leads to loss of the EPR signal. Triarylmethyl radicals are characterised by a far longer lifespan, and an increased stability towards reducing and oxidising biological agents. | Electron resonance imaging |
c_vf4aqq2q02fb | They are perfect for measuring the oxygen concentration, pH, thiol concentrations, inorganic phosphate and redox status. Although, the aforementioned spin probes are the most popular choice, there are many more that can be used in ERI. One of many examples is melanin – a polymeric pigment that contains a mixture of eum... | Electron resonance imaging |
c_8q423she27sa | In natural deduction, judgments have the shape A 1 , A 2 , … , A n ⊢ B {\displaystyle A_{1},A_{2},\ldots ,A_{n}\vdash B} where the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} 's and B {\displaystyle B} are again formulae and n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq 0} . Permutations of the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} 's are immaterial. In other words, ... | Sequent calculus |
c_paiu8j4qf8r2 | The theorems are those formulae B {\displaystyle B} such that ⊢ B {\displaystyle \vdash B} (with an empty left-hand side) is the conclusion of a valid proof. (In some presentations of natural deduction, the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} s and the turnstile are not written down explicitly; instead a two-dimensional notation... | Sequent calculus |
c_9k9nzhqz9jf3 | In natural disasters and other emergencies, the portability of bucket latrines can make them a useful part of an appropriate emergency response, especially where pit latrines cannot be isolated from floodwater or groundwater (potentially leading to groundwater pollution) and where the contents can be safely disposed in... | Bucket toilet |
c_b68rrcvpfdye | In natural ecosystems, populations naturally expand until they reach the carrying capacity of the environment; if the resources on which they depend are exhausted, they naturally collapse. According to the animal rights movement, calling this an 'overpopulation' is more an ethics question than a scientific fact. Animal... | Animal overpopulation |
c_6s0vm4pp7y24 | This has the effect of reducing plant biodiversity, as the cattle consume native plants. Because such cattle populations begin to starve and die in the winter as available forage drops, this has caused animal rights activists to advocate supplemental feeding, which has the effect of exacerbating the ecological effects,... | Animal overpopulation |
c_h9sgbv2w4uhn | In natural ecosystems, the greatest utilization of carbon is through the uptake of carbon in photosynthesis and the second greatest utilization of carbon is through the release of carbon in cellular respiration. minute changes to these two fluxes can have a larger effect on the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These t... | Ecosystem respiration |
c_h51vneu0vtwk | Without the presence of ecosystem respiration throughout earth's systems, it is safe to say the basic idea of "life" would be lost. Prior to these processes in earth's early years of formation, the air and oceans were anoxic. An anoxic environment is one without the presence of oxygen, majorly consisting of anaerobic m... | Ecosystem respiration |
c_ey5tk4v1awnc | The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in the atmosphere amplified the productivity of the biosphere, increasing biodiversity. With the presence of photosynthesis providing oxygen to the atmosphere, respiration soon evolved to provide the necessary components photosynthesis demanded to function. This coevolution of p... | Ecosystem respiration |
c_nb55gzkq35n4 | In natural environment, crystal lattices of quartz and/or feldspar are bombarded with radiation released from radiogenic source such as in -situ radioactive decay. As the crystals are irradiated, charges are stored up in their crystallographic defects. The charge trapping process involves atomic-scale ionic substitutio... | Optically stimulated luminescence thermochronometry |
c_jpolnau4zu5u | The electron diffusion happens in response to ionizing radiation as the minerals cools below their closure temperature.If quartz or feldspar gains are exposed to natural light source such as the sun, the trapped charges will be evicted in form of luminescence. This natural process is called bleaching. Any other process... | Optically stimulated luminescence thermochronometry |
c_t9was8w4z2n9 | In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation. Effective fitness is used in Evolutionary Computation to understand p... | Effective fitness |
c_8j5wcydhduac | When a population moves away from homogeneity a higher effective fitness is reached for the recessive genotype. This advantage will decrease while the population moves toward an equilibrium. The deviation from this equilibrium displays how close the population is to achieving a steady state. | Effective fitness |
c_28d0x9zyh7lo | When this equilibrium is reached, the maximum effective fitness of the population is achieved.Problem solving with evolutionary computation is realized with a cost function. If cost functions are applied to swarm optimization they are called a fitness function. Strategies like reinforcement learning and NEAT neuroevolu... | Effective fitness |
c_gd1yv7ow2xxp | It advances in the qualitatively and quantitatively understanding of evolutionary concepts like bloat, self-adaptation, and evolutionary robustness. While reproductive fitness only looks at pure selection, effective fitness describes the flow of a population and natural selection by taking genetic operators into accoun... | Effective fitness |
c_v7tefcv35hgf | In natural gas furnaces, water heaters, and room heating systems, a safety cut-off switch is normally included so that the gas supply to the pilot and heating system is shut off by an electrically operated valve if the pilot light goes out. This cut-off switch usually detects the pilot light in one of several ways: A f... | Pilot lamp |
c_gwt052rl5gja | A photoresistor is used to detect the light from the pilot lamp. When the pilot light goes out, electrical circuitry connected to the photoresistor shuts off the gas valve. Use of a pilot generator or a thermocouple in the flame provides heating appliance safety as it generates enough electric current from the burning ... | Pilot lamp |
c_dxj7d5w1oxy1 | If the pilot light goes out, the pilot generator cools off and the current stops, closing the gas valve.Other units use a non-electrical approach, where the pilot heats a bimetallic element or a gas-filled tube to exert mechanical pressure to keep the gas valve open. If the pilot fails, the valve closes. | Pilot lamp |
c_iinn3axfmzwj | To restart the system, the valve must be held open manually and the pilot lit, and then the valve must be held open until the element heats up enough to hold the valve open. Non-electrical schemes are appropriate for systems that do not use electricity. The above methods are examples of the use of "fail-safe" safety pr... | Pilot lamp |
c_bxxh959jlqcx | In natural gas pricing, the Canadian definition is that 1,000,000 Btu ≡ 1.054615 GJ. The energy content (high or low heating value) of a volume of natural gas varies with the composition of the natural gas, which means there is no universal conversion factor for energy to volume. 1 cubic foot (28 litres) of average nat... | British thermal unit |
c_fkbmf4z08knr | In natural habitats, the species has an omnivorous diet composed of plants, algae and various prey including small fish, crustaceans, insects and worms. The fish can protrude its jaw 4.2% of its standard length, allowing it to have a varied diet. Inferior social status and associated stress can affect digestive functio... | Convict cichlid |
c_d6ose8c5wi6u | In natural language applications, libraries are a way to cope with thousands of details involved in syntax, lexicon, and inflection. The GF Resource Grammar Library is the standard library for Grammatical Framework. It covers the morphology and basic syntax for an increasing number of languages, currently including Afr... | Grammatical Framework |
c_9mmny9ngs90c | In natural language processing (NLP), a text graph is a graph representation of a text item (document, passage or sentence). It is typically created as a preprocessing step to support NLP tasks such as text condensationterm disambiguation (topic-based) text summarization, relation extraction and textual entailment. | Text graph |
c_gesqzrw6zaqk | In natural language processing (NLP), a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Wor... | Word embedding |
c_aga24nm91smi | In natural language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique shingles (therefore n-grams) each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within a document, which can then be used to ascertain the similarity between documents. The symbol w denotes the quantity of tokens in each shingle selected, or so... | W-shingling |
c_0sidk60mai7t | In natural language processing and information retrieval, explicit semantic analysis (ESA) is a vectoral representation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as a knowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in the tf–idf matrix of the text corpus a... | Explicit semantic analysis |
c_lur3unwwmfsf | In natural language processing, Brown clustering or IBM clustering is a form of hierarchical clustering of words based on the contexts in which they occur, proposed by Peter Brown, William A. Brown, Vincent Della Pietra, Peter de Souza, Jennifer Lai, and Robert Mercer of IBM in the context of language modeling. The int... | Brown clustering |
c_khzjxoqqrpvs | In natural language processing, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a Bayesian network (and, therefore, a generative statistical model) that explains a set of observations through unobserved groups, and each group explains why some parts of the data are similar. The LDA is an example of a Bayesian topic model. In this... | Latent Dirichlet allocation |
c_nhjvgj96gpaj | In natural language processing, a corpus is a set of sentences or texts, and a language model is a probability distribution over entire sentences or texts. Consequently, in NLP, the more commonly used measure is perplexity per word, defined as: where s 1 , . . . | Perplexity |
c_jnncl1g5891p | , s n {\displaystyle s_{1},...,s_{n}} are the n {\displaystyle n} sentences in the corpus, but N {\displaystyle N} is the number of words in the corpus. This normalizes the perplexity by the length of the text, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between different texts or models. Suppose the average sentence xi i... | Perplexity |
c_b40j54c527ye | This would give a model perplexity of 2190 per sentence. However, it is more common to normalize for sentence length. Thus, if the test sample's sentences comprised a total of 1,000 words, and could be coded using 7.95 bits per word, one could report a model perplexity of 27.95 = 247 per word. In other words, the model... | Perplexity |
c_v8lbndntmiln | In natural language processing, a hallucination is often defined as "generated content that is nonsensical or unfaithful to the provided source content". Depending on whether the output contradicts the prompt or not they could be divided to closed-domain and open-domain respectively.Hallucination was shown to be a stat... | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) |
c_5dafjwv2m0ow | Hallucinations can also occur when the AI is trained on a dataset wherein labeled summaries, despite being factually accurate, are not directly grounded in the labeled data purportedly being "summarized". Larger datasets can create a problem of parametric knowledge (knowledge that is hard-wired in learned system parame... | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) |
c_mvwhgu6dxxrc | By 2022, papers such as the New York Times expressed concern that, as adoption of bots based on large language models continued to grow, unwarranted user confidence in bot output could lead to problems.In August 2022, Meta warned during its release of BlenderBot 3 that the system was prone to "hallucinations", which Me... | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) |
c_5oojxbg2l1pt | Content generated by Galactica came with the warning "Outputs may be unreliable! Language Models are prone to hallucinate text." In one case, when asked to draft a paper on creating avatars, Galactica cited a fictitious paper from a real author who works in the relevant area. | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) |
c_ix67mq02clzk | Meta withdrew Galactica on 17 November due to offensiveness and inaccuracy.There are several reasons for natural language models to hallucinate data. For example: Hallucination from data: There are divergences in the source content (which would often happen with large training data sets). Hallucination from training: H... | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) |
c_2jlq5clr9e1x | In natural language processing, a one-hot vector is a 1 × N matrix (vector) used to distinguish each word in a vocabulary from every other word in the vocabulary. The vector consists of 0s in all cells with the exception of a single 1 in a cell used uniquely to identify the word. One-hot encoding ensures that machine l... | One-hot encoding |
c_e6t49ctvi69x | In natural language processing, a sentence embedding refers to a numeric representation of a sentence in the form of a vector of real numbers which encodes meaningful semantic information.State of the art embeddings are based on the learned hidden layer representation of dedicated sentence transformer models. BERT pion... | Sentence embedding |
c_x6zd40klm5p3 | Other approaches are loosely based on the idea of distributional semantics applied to sentences. Skip-Thought trains an encoder-decoder structure for the task of neighboring sentences predictions. Though this has been shown to achieve worse performance than approaches such as InferSent or SBERT. | Sentence embedding |
c_nq54uhed1yyt | An alternative direction is to aggregate word embeddings, such as those returned by Word2vec, into sentence embeddings. The most straightforward approach is to simply compute the average of word vectors, known as continuous bag-of-words (CBOW). However, more elaborate solutions based on word vector quantization have al... | Sentence embedding |
c_0io8c4hi43l8 | In natural language processing, dependency-based parsing can be formulated as an ASP problem. The following code parses the Latin sentence "Puella pulchra in villa linguam latinam discit", "the pretty girl is learning Latin in the villa". The syntax tree is expressed by the arc predicates which represent the dependenci... | Answer-set programming |
c_3aw6cw6fqy2f | In natural language processing, deterministic parsing refers to parsing algorithms that do not backtrack. LR-parsers are an example. (This meaning of the words "deterministic" and "non-deterministic" differs from that used to describe nondeterministic algorithms.) | Deterministic parsing |
c_0k8794gxuts3 | The deterministic behavior is desired and expected in compiling programming languages. In natural language processing, it was thought for a long time that deterministic parsing is impossible due to ambiguity inherent in natural languages (many sentences have more than one plausible parse). Thus, non-deterministic appro... | Deterministic parsing |
c_dtb25y5xrkp7 | In natural language processing, entity linking, also referred to as named-entity linking (NEL), named-entity disambiguation (NED), named-entity recognition and disambiguation (NERD) or named-entity normalization (NEN) is the task of assigning a unique identity to entities (such as famous individuals, locations, or comp... | Entity Linking |
c_1mkkwqn5cnub | In natural language processing, it is often necessary to compare tree structures (e.g. parse trees) for similarity. Such comparisons can be performed by computing dot products of vectors of features of the trees, but these vectors tend to be very large: NLP techniques have come to a point where a simple dependency rela... | Tree kernel |
c_ubfkhumbwanl | In natural language processing, language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in. Computational approaches to this problem view it as a special case of text categorization, solved with various statistical methods. | Language identification |
c_sflq29y4vnir | In natural language processing, linguistics, and neighboring fields, Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) describes a method and an interdisciplinary community concerned with creating, sharing, and (re-)using language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles. The Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud was conceived... | Linguistic Linked Open Data |
c_ikdv7jg2i7ef | In natural language processing, multinomial LR classifiers are commonly used as an alternative to naive Bayes classifiers because they do not assume statistical independence of the random variables (commonly known as features) that serve as predictors. However, learning in such a model is slower than for a naive Bayes ... | Multinomial logistic regression |
c_uk8ys3un52k3 | In natural language processing, open information extraction (OIE) is the task of generating a structured, machine-readable representation of the information in text, usually in the form of triples or n-ary propositions. | Open information extraction |
c_1tyhm5iiisvd | In natural language processing, semantic compression is a process of compacting a lexicon used to build a textual document (or a set of documents) by reducing language heterogeneity, while maintaining text semantics. As a result, the same ideas can be represented using a smaller set of words. In most applications, sema... | Semantic compression |
c_7trx47zi8udq | In natural language processing, semantic role labeling (also called shallow semantic parsing or slot-filling) is the process that assigns labels to words or phrases in a sentence that indicates their semantic role in the sentence, such as that of an agent, goal, or result. It serves to find the meaning of the sentence.... | Semantic role labelling |
c_usta3tyk4ke0 | In natural language processing, textual entailment (TE), also known as natural language inference (NLI), is a directional relation between text fragments. The relation holds whenever the truth of one text fragment follows from another text. | Textual entailment |
c_jeg7hej52s2g | In natural language, relative sentences combined with coordinations can introduce ambiguity: A customer inserts a card that is valid and opens an account.In ACE the sentence has the unequivocal meaning that the customer opens an account, as reflected by the paraphrase: A card is valid. A customer inserts the card. The ... | Attempto Controlled English |
c_tegn51u85nap | In natural languages, an indicative conditional is a conditional sentence such as "If Leona is at home, she isn't in Paris", whose grammatical form restricts it to discussing what could be true. Indicatives are typically defined in opposition to counterfactual conditionals, which have extra grammatical marking which al... | Indicative conditional |
c_eperiratcigy | In natural languages, the meaning of a complex spoken sentence can be understood by decomposing it into smaller lexical segments (roughly, the words of the language), associating a meaning to each segment, and combining those meanings according to the grammar rules of the language. Though lexical recognition is not tho... | Speech segmentation |
c_4kp0jm08u1tp | "Falling", similarly, would be stored as "fall" and suffixed with the "ing" inflection.Though proponents of the decompositional model recognize that a morpheme-by-morpheme analysis may require significantly more computation, they argue that the unpacking of morphological information is necessary for other processes (su... | Speech segmentation |
c_w5b9zocbantm | While the probability of "netshop" is extremely low, since "netshop" isn't currently a compound or phrase in English, and "sweatshop" also seems contextually improbable, "pet shop" is a good fit because it is a common phrase and is also related to the word "dog".Moreover, an utterance can have different meanings depend... | Speech segmentation |
c_u2nbbr8iodce | Lexical recognition is of particular value in the field of computer speech recognition, since the ability to build and search a network of semantically connected ideas would greatly increase the effectiveness of speech-recognition software. Statistical models can be used to segment and align recorded speech to words or... | Speech segmentation |
c_o1qtsf7uwk3k | In natural nuclear radiation, the byproducts are very small compared to the nuclei from which they originate. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a nucleus into roughly equal parts, and releasing energy and neutrons in the process. If these neutrons are captured by another unstable nucleus, they can fission as ... | Nuclear technology |
c_2ta8btyyhmwf | A mass of fissile material large enough (and in a suitable configuration) to induce a self-sustaining chain reaction is called a critical mass. When a neutron is captured by a suitable nucleus, fission may occur immediately, or the nucleus may persist in an unstable state for a short time. If there are enough immediate... | Nuclear technology |
c_7wbhsjz4h7ms | When discovered on the eve of World War II, this insight led multiple countries to begin programs investigating the possibility of constructing an atomic bomb — a weapon which utilized fission reactions to generate far more energy than could be created with chemical explosives. The Manhattan Project, run by the United ... | Nuclear technology |
c_ithzgyy3hwd4 | In 1951, the first nuclear fission power plant was the first to produce electricity at the Experimental Breeder Reactor No. 1 (EBR-1), in Arco, Idaho, ushering in the "Atomic Age" of more intensive human energy use.However, if the mass is critical only when the delayed neutrons are included, then the reaction can be co... | Nuclear technology |
c_7k3pglwa5tnl | In natural optical activity, the difference between the LCP light and the RCP light is caused by the asymmetry of the molecules (i.e. chiral molecules). Because of the handedness of the molecule, the absorption of the LCP light would be different from the RCP light. However, in MCD in the presence of a magnetic field, ... | Magnetic circular dichroism |
c_nt4pijwp5923 | So, natural CD is much more rare than MCD which does not strictly require the target molecule to be chiral.Although there is much overlap in the requirements and use of instruments, ordinary CD instruments are usually optimized for operation in the ultraviolet, approximately 170–300 nm, while MCD instruments are typica... | Magnetic circular dichroism |
c_pb661ko85wcm | In natural philosophy and the philosophy of science, medieval philosophers were mainly influenced by Aristotle. However, from the fourteenth century onward, the increasing use of mathematical reasoning in natural philosophy prepared the way for the rise of science in the early modern period. The more mathematical reaso... | Medieval logic |
c_y0int7fl1lsy | In natural photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms produce energy-rich organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide by using solar radiation. Therefore, the process of photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air. Artificial photosynthesis, as performed by the Bionic Leaf, is approximately ... | Bionic Leaf |
c_9byyekkpnakm | In natural systems, there are numerous energy conversion bottlenecks that limit the overall efficiency of photosynthesis. As a result, most plants do not exceed 1% efficiency and even microalgae grown in bioreactors do not exceed 3%. | Bionic Leaf |
c_sw93yqgtyi7a | Existing artificial photosynthetic solar-to-fuels cycles may exceed natural efficiencies but cannot complete the cycle via carbon fixation. When the catalysts of the Bionic Leaf are coupled with the bacterium Ralstonia eutropha, this results in a hybrid system capable of carbon dioxide fixation. This system can store m... | Bionic Leaf |
c_4prz11c3al6e | In natural populations, genetic drift and natural selection do not act in isolation; both phenomena are always at play, together with mutation and migration. Neutral evolution is the product of both mutation and drift, not of drift alone. Similarly, even when selection overwhelms genetic drift, it can only act on varia... | Wright-Fisher model |
c_vi4kekhopw5y | As a result, drift acts upon the genotypic frequencies within a population without regard to their phenotypic effects. In contrast, selection favors the spread of alleles whose phenotypic effects increase survival and/or reproduction of their carriers, lowers the frequencies of alleles that cause unfavorable traits, an... | Wright-Fisher model |
c_9w9gb3n9bqmp | Non-adaptive evolution resulting from the product of mutation and genetic drift is therefore considered to be a consequential mechanism of evolutionary change primarily within small, isolated populations. The mathematics of genetic drift depend on the effective population size, but it is not clear how this is related t... | Wright-Fisher model |
c_yeztgx9ibkxc | With a higher recombination rate, linkage decreases and with it this local effect on effective population size. This effect is visible in molecular data as a correlation between local recombination rate and genetic diversity, and negative correlation between gene density and diversity at noncoding DNA regions. Stochast... | Wright-Fisher model |
c_b7ihft5b5ckj | In natural resources management and environmental policy more generally, demand management refers to policies to control consumer demand for environmentally sensitive or harmful goods such as water and energy. Within manufacturing firms the term is used to describe the activities of demand forecasting, planning, and or... | Demand Management |
c_l6m1idbtrwec | In natural science and signal processing, an artifact or artefact is any error in the perception or representation of any information introduced by the involved equipment or technique(s). | Artifact (error) |
c_gss5ri8w0rvo | In natural science, impossibility assertions (like other assertions) come to be widely accepted as overwhelmingly probable rather than considered proved to the point of being unchallengeable. The basis for this strong acceptance is a combination of extensive evidence of something not occurring, combined with an underly... | Impossibility proof |
c_1m2nholx3tot | There is also Bell's theorem: no physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics. While an impossibility assertion in natural science can never be absolutely proved, it could be refuted by the observation of a single counterexample. Such a counterexample would re... | Impossibility proof |
c_qw570t5nkbrd | In natural science, subaerial (literally "under the air") has been used since 1833, notably in geology and botany, to describe features and events occurring or formed on or near the Earth's land surface. They are thus exposed to Earth's atmosphere. This may be contrasted with subaqueous events or features located below... | Subaerial |
c_z5vzj9tjebze | In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilising selection through the purging of deleterious genetic polymorphisms that arise through random mutations.Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population... | Purifying selection |
c_cqr9ddyvphlb | The incidental purging of non-deleterious alleles due to such spatial proximity to deleterious alleles is called background selection. This effect increases with lower mutation rate but decreases with higher recombination rate.Purifying selection can be split into purging by non-random mating (assortative mating) and p... | Purifying selection |
c_wunitd1r0o8l | In natural settings, the black vulture eats mainly carrion. In areas populated by humans, it may scavenge at garbage dumps, but also takes eggs, fruit (both ripe and rotting), fish, dung and ripe/decomposing plant material and can kill or injure newborn or incapacitated mammals. Like other vultures, it plays an importa... | Black vulture |
c_59d14956lcmf | These vultures—the turkey vulture, the lesser yellow-headed vulture, and the greater yellow-headed vulture—forage by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. Their heightened ability to detect odors allows them to search for carrion below the forest canopy. The ... | Black vulture |
c_xlv7gpt9wm85 | It is the only species of New World vulture which preys on cattle. It occasionally harasses cows which are giving birth, but primarily preys on newborn calves, as well as lambs and piglets. In its first few weeks, a calf will allow vultures to approach it. | Black vulture |
c_ak484klgbvl8 | The vultures swarm the calf in a group, then peck at the calf's eyes, or at the nose or the tongue. The calf then goes into shock and is killed by the vultures.Black vultures have sometimes been observed removing and eating ticks from resting capybaras and Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii). These vultures are known to ki... | Black vulture |
c_bq64oe38h2l4 | Like other birds with scavenging habits, the black vulture presents resistance to pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins. Many mechanisms may explain this resistance. Anti-microbial agents may be secreted by the liver or gastric epithelium, or produced by microorganisms of the normal microbiota of the species. | Black vulture |
c_o4zoq0l10vf7 | In natural systems, secondary minerals may form as a byproduct of bacterial metal reduction. Commonly observed secondary minerals produced during experimental bio-reduction by dissimilatory metal reducers include magnetite, siderite, green rust, vivianite, and hydrous Fe(II)-carbonate. | Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria |
c_6bcgdvcrm21v | In natural time domain each event is characterized by two terms, the "natural time" χ, and the energy Qk. χ is defined as k/N, where k is a natural number (the k-th event) and N is the total number of events in the time sequence of data. A related term, pk, is the ratio Qk / Qtotal, which describes the fractional energ... | Natural time analysis |
c_2syb05s4zk3e | In natural units where c = 1, the energy–momentum equation reduces to E 2 = p 2 + m 0 2 . {\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}\,.} In particle physics, energy is typically given in units of electron volts (eV), momentum in units of eV·c−1, and mass in units of eV·c−2. | Relativistic energy-momentum equation |
c_amus0x4ykil3 | In electromagnetism, and because of relativistic invariance, it is useful to have the electric field E and the magnetic field B in the same unit (Gauss), using the cgs (Gaussian) system of units, where energy is given in units of erg, mass in grams (g), and momentum in g·cm·s−1. Energy may also in theory be expressed i... | Relativistic energy-momentum equation |
c_7vuj6lmo06e2 | In natural units, the Dirac equation may be written as ( i γ μ ∂ μ − m ) ψ = 0 {\displaystyle \ \left(i\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }-m\right)\psi =0\ } where ψ {\displaystyle \ \psi \ } is a Dirac spinor. Switching to Feynman notation, the Dirac equation is ( i ∂ / − m ) ψ = 0 . {\displaystyle \ (i{\partial \!\!\!/}-m... | Dirac matrices |
c_be9u5dsmdr4o | In naturally ventilated buildings, occupants take numerous actions to keep themselves comfortable when the indoor conditions drift towards discomfort. Operating windows and fans, adjusting blinds/shades, changing clothing, and consuming food and drinks are some of the common adaptive strategies. Among these, adjusting ... | PMV/PPD model |
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