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c_vemyiv6ngfcu | However, other ions such as calcium may be important and there is a great diversity of channels for all ions. As an example, the cardiac action potential illustrates how differently shaped action potentials can be generated on membranes with voltage-sensitive calcium channels and different types of sodium/potassium cha... | Quantitative models of the action potential |
c_go55f5hihtdj | For such a purpose, detailed physiological models may be unnecessarily complicated and may obscure the "forest for the trees". The FitzHugh–Nagumo model is typical of this class, which is often studied for its entrainment behavior. Entrainment is commonly observed in nature, for example in the synchronized lighting of ... | Quantitative models of the action potential |
c_zo4jx8pxeaac | In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation. It can take different forms, namely either a spoken language or a sign ... | Natural language |
c_1ksn6gar5mr6 | In neuropsychopharmacology, uncoupling, also known as decoupling, is the process of receptor- or ligand-binding sites or domains becoming separated, moving alignments and/or becoming internalised as a result of drug tolerance resulting from prolonged exposure to bioavailable psychoactive substances or toxins. == Refere... | Uncoupling (neuropsychopharmacology) |
c_ut4tz1bytcmn | In neuroscience and anatomy, nodes of Ranvier ( RAHN-vee-ay), also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to r... | Myelin sheath gap |
c_00zke99frubs | In neuroscience and computer science, synaptic weight refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another. The term is typically used in artificial and biological neural network research. | Synaptic weight |
c_bowkhhsasas5 | In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor proble... | Degrees of freedom problem |
c_wfmervuzuo0u | "Although the question of how the nervous system selects which particular degrees of freedom (DOFs) to use in a movement may be a problem to scientists, the abundance of DOFs is almost certainly an advantage to the mammalian and the invertebrate nervous systems. The human body has redundant anatomical DOFs (at muscles ... | Degrees of freedom problem |
c_58j4lgr70es2 | In neuroscience and neurology, a trigger zone is an area in the body, or of a cell, in which a specific type of stimulation triggers a specific type of response. The term was first used in this context around 1914 by Hugh T. Patrick, who was writing about trigeminal neuralgia, a condition in which pain fibers in the tr... | Trigger zone |
c_pg53cxz9l6w8 | Through the 1920s and 1930s the term came into steadily wider use, but almost always in the context of neuralgia.Starting in the late 1930s, other types of stimulation and other types of responses were characterized as having the properties of a trigger zone. In 1940, for example, Morison and Dempsey observed that a sm... | Trigger zone |
c_3pr21gj1fbdx | This area was first identified and named in 1951 by Herbert L. Borison and Kenneth R. Brizzee.Parts of cells, rather than parts of the body, can also behave as trigger zones. The axon hillock of a neuron possesses the highest density of voltage-gated Na+ channels, and is therefore the region where it is easiest for the... | Trigger zone |
c_uzj56ybye5nm | In neuroscience and psychophysics, an absolute threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a stimulus will be detected a specifi... | Absolute threshold |
c_ejp47ogff8cn | In neuroscience the bridge locus for a particular sensory percept is a hypothetical set of neurons whose activity is the basis of that sensory percept. The term was introduced by D.N. Teller and E.Y. Pugh Jr. | Bridge locus |
c_tgrfecu5vbja | in 1983, and has been sparingly used. Activity in the bridge locus neurons is postulated to be necessary and sufficient for sensory perception: if the bridge locus neurons are not active, then the sensory perception does not occur, regardless of the actual sensory input. Conversely if the bridge locus neurons are activ... | Bridge locus |
c_65zlnwgqm892 | It is the highest neural level of a sensory perception. So, for example, retinal neurons are not considered a bridge locus for visual perception because stimulating visual cortex can give rise to visual percepts.Not all scholars believe in such a neural correlate of consciousness. Pessoa et al., for example, argue that... | Bridge locus |
c_a25en7qus599 | Thompson argues that there are good reasons to think that the notion of a bridge locus, which he calls a "localizationist approach", is misguided, questioning the premise that there has to be one particular neural stage whose activity forms the immediate substrate of perception. He argues, based upon work by Zeki & Shi... | Bridge locus |
c_irqmbh6spv55 | In neuroscience, "uncertainty aversion" and "uncertainty tolerance" in semantic representations appear to correlate with the terms "splitters" and "lumpers" respectively. As neuroscientist Marc-Lluís Vives observes:"Our survival is possible because every day we make use of previously acquired categories to navigate the... | Lumpers and splitters |
c_2ojlid80wcy0 | However, this also posits a dilemma: Is a glass mug still a mug? That is, what are the defining principles that make something a "mug"? Establishing this is fundamental since it also affects its relationship with its close-neighbors. Conceptualizing a mug as very different from a glass creates a more clear-cut mapping ... | Lumpers and splitters |
c_u3g9e9psyyuc | In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has bee... | Dale's principle |
c_w6yc76ul7qfq | The term "Dale's principle" was first used by Sir John Eccles in 1954, in a passage reading, "In conformity with Dale's principle (1934, 1952) that the same chemical transmitter is released from all the synaptic terminals of a neurone…" Some modern writers have understood the principle to state that neurons release one... | Dale's principle |
c_zqlk5pq1hdhz | The source that Eccles referred to was a lecture published by Dale in 1934, called Pharmacology and nerve endings, describing some of the early research into the physiology of neurotransmission. At that time, only two chemical transmitters were known, acetylcholine and noradrenaline (then thought to be adrenaline). In ... | Dale's principle |
c_h3flqi1rwuhz | Dale was interested in the possibility that a neuron releasing one of these chemicals in the periphery might also release the same chemical at central synapses. He wrote: It is to be noted, further, that in the cases for which direct evidence is already available, the phenomena of regeneration appear to indicate that t... | Dale's principle |
c_q7jvnsf5d27e | The possibility has at least some value as a stimulus to further experiment. With only two transmitter chemicals known to exist at the time, the possibility of a neuron releasing more than one transmitter at a single synapse did not enter anybody's mind, and so no care was taken to frame hypotheses in a way that took t... | Dale's principle |
c_foc0nnb6ndyi | Nicoll and Malenka, for example, understood it to state that a neuron always releases one and only one neurotransmitter at all of its synapses. In this form it is certainly false. | Dale's principle |
c_l8sqlfji53mz | Many neurons release more than one neurotransmitter, in what is called "cotransmission". Although there were earlier hints, the first formal proposal of this discovery did not come until 1976. Most neurons release several different chemical messengers. | Dale's principle |
c_7rvgorjutgdr | In modern neuroscience, neurons are often classified by their neurotransmitter and most important cotransmitter, for example striatal GABA neurons utilize either opioid peptides or substance P as the primary cotransmitter. In a 1976 publication, however, Eccles interpreted the principle in a subtly different way: "I pr... | Dale's principle |
c_il1cewr8mc9i | With this change, the principle allows for the possibility of neurons releasing more than one transmitter, and only asserts that the same set are released at all synapses. In this form, it continues to be an important rule of thumb, with only a few known exceptions, including David Sulzer and Stephen Rayport's finding ... | Dale's principle |
c_3606qxiryzw6 | In neuroscience, Golgi cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the granular layer of the cerebellum. They were first identified as inhibitory in 1964. It was also the first example of an inhibitory feedback network, where the inhibitory interneuron was identified anatomically. | Golgi cells |
c_u1ndvj1qvnat | These cells synapse onto the dendrite of granule cells and unipolar brush cells. They receive excitatory input from mossy fibres, also synapsing on granule cells, and parallel fibers, which are long granule cell axons. Thereby this circuitry allows for feed-forward and feed-back inhibition of granule cells. | Golgi cells |
c_smq0kkjp6kxy | The main synapse made by these cells is a synapse onto the mossy fibre - granule cell excitatory synapse in a glomerulus. The glomerulus is made up of the mossy fibre terminal, granule cell dendrites, the Golgi terminal and is enclosed by a glial coat. The Golgi cell acts by altering the mossy fibre - granule cell syna... | Golgi cells |
c_51s9owxkyrtp | The Golgi cells use GABA as their neurotransmitter. The basal level of GABA produces a postsynaptic leak conductance by tonically activating alpha 6-containing GABA-A receptors on the granule cell. These high-affinity receptors are located both synaptically and extrasynaptically on the granule cell. | Golgi cells |
c_k36xt3odupz7 | The synaptic receptors mediate phasic contraction, duration of around 20-30ms whereas the extrasynapatic receptors mediate tonic inhibition of around 200ms, and are activated by synapse spill over.Additionally the GABA acts on GABA-B receptors which are located presynaptically on the mossy fibre terminal. These inhibit... | Golgi cells |
c_ggc71p5fr9dl | In neuroscience, a frequency-current curve (fI or F-I curve) is the function that relates the net synaptic current (I) flowing into a neuron to its firing rate (F) Because the f-I curve only specifies the firing rate rather than exact spike times, it is a concept suited to the rate coding rather than temporal coding mo... | F-I curve |
c_azaivxddsaw9 | In neuroscience, a neurometric function is a mathematical formula relating the activity of brain cells to aspects of an animal's sensory experience or motor behavior. Neurometric functions provide a quantitative summary of the neural code of a particular brain region. In sensory neuroscience, neurometric functions meas... | Neurometric function |
c_lj24gdcxbs2l | In neuroscience, a population vector is the sum of the preferred directions of a population of neurons, weighted by the respective spike counts. The formula for computing the (normalized) population vector, F {\displaystyle F} , takes the following form: F = ∑ j m j F j ∑ j m j {\displaystyle F={\frac {\sum _{j}m_{j}F_... | Population vector |
c_vxens4ljs583 | In neuroscience, a sensory map in the brain which has overlapping stimulus coding (e.g. location and quality) is called an orthogonal map. | Orthogonal (computing) |
c_bw13kx0mvv66 | In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type glutamate receptors. These synapses are named "silent" because normal AMPA receptor-mediated signaling is not present, rendering the synapse inactive under typical... | Silent synapse |
c_j687pc92l0jm | In neuroscience, an F wave is one of several motor responses which may follow the direct motor response (M) evoked by electrical stimulation of peripheral motor or mixed (sensory and motor) nerves. F-waves are the second of two late voltage changes observed after stimulation is applied to the skin surface above the dis... | F wave |
c_jrh3qspxu403 | As such, various properties of F-wave motor nerve conduction are analyzed in nerve conduction studies (NCS), and often used to assess polyneuropathies, resulting from states of neuronal demyelination and loss of peripheral axonal integrity.With respect to its nomenclature, the F-wave is so named as it was initially stu... | F wave |
c_j70t6emiti3e | In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of ... | Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
c_di3uqdz5tnov | The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. | Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
c_um4jcdhlkdlo | Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential. EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptor... | Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
c_x9al1fliswhi | Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing curre... | Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
c_mjx3a0cahmfd | In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that is used to trace axonal projections from their source (the cell body, or soma) to their point of termination (the synapse). A hallmark of anterograde tracing is the labeling of the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neuron(s). The crossing of the synaptic cle... | Anterograde labeling method |
c_l0b7f3ga58nl | Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport. The anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques allow the detailed descriptions of neuronal projections from a single neuron or a defined population of neurons to their various targets ... | Anterograde labeling method |
c_kjgopvkhhn9f | In neuroscience, ball and chain inactivation is a model to explain the fast inactivation mechanism of voltage-gated ion channels. The process is also called hinged-lid inactivation or N-type inactivation. A voltage-gated ion channel can be in three states: open, closed, or inactivated. | Ball and chain inactivation |
c_1kf5syibzeu1 | The inactivated state is mainly achieved through fast inactivation, by which a channel transitions rapidly from an open to an inactivated state. The model proposes that the inactivated state, which is stable and non-conducting, is caused by the physical blockage of the pore. The blockage is caused by a "ball" of amino ... | Ball and chain inactivation |
c_3ckbdgbjx7wn | The ball enters the open channel and binds to the hydrophobic inner vestibule within the channel. This blockage causes inactivation of the channel by stopping the flow of ions. This phenomenon has mainly been studied in potassium channels and sodium channels. | Ball and chain inactivation |
c_2bdou24fwa4g | In neuroscience, functional specialization is a theory which suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions. | Functional specialization (brain) |
c_83z4c4hn42p0 | In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), ... | Homeostatic plasticity |
c_ns7yatbgt8vs | In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lastin... | Long-term potentiation |
c_7k2k6ir464uw | It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.LTP was discovered in the... | Long-term potentiation |
c_5un3o1ttftgi | In neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, which include age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially... | Nerve conduction velocity |
c_5uji2slgtaya | In neuroscience, neurons have an interconnected nature which makes it extremely hard to isolate intact single neurons. As snRNA-seq has emerged as an alternative method of assessing a cell's transcriptome through the isolation of single nuclei, it has been possible to conduct single-neuron studies from postmortem human... | SnRNA-seq |
c_wsil5x6210v1 | In 2019, Haojia et al compared both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq in a genomic study around the kidney. They found snRNA-seq accomplishes an equivalent gene detection rate to that of scRNA-seq in adult kidney with several significant advantages (including compatibility with frozen samples, reduced dissociation bias and so on... | SnRNA-seq |
c_0llahafsrpcy | In neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then co... | Predictive coding |
c_zn4o88r81gyk | In neuroscience, quantum brain dynamics (QBD) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory.As described by Harald Atmanspacher, "Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quan... | Quantum consciousness |
c_emwvcprh5gjq | (On the other hand, randomness is problematic for goal-directed volition!) Ricciardi and Umezawa proposed in 1967 a general theory of quanta of long-range coherent waves within and between brain cells, and showed a possible mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of Nambu–Goldstone bosons. This was later fle... | Quantum consciousness |
c_0m88moy7eabr | Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results and discussed the implications towards consciousness.Umezawa emphasizes that macroscopic and microscopic ordered states are both of quantum origin according to quantum field theory and points out the shortcomings of classical neuronal models in describing them. ... | Quantum consciousness |
c_rnigam7wazjd | In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting memb... | Repolarization |
c_ugbhoahefwiz | Repolarization typically results from the movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell. The repolarization phase of an action potential initially results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential, termed the afterhyperpolarization, that is more negative than the resting potential. Repolarizatio... | Repolarization |
c_2oe485jiua86 | This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage from depolarization. After repolarization, the cell hyperpolarizes as it reaches resting membrane potential (−70 mV in neuron). | Repolarization |
c_d0100zmckh9t | Sodium (Na+) and potassium ions inside and outside the cell are moved by a sodium potassium pump, ensuring that electrochemical equilibrium remains unreached to allow the cell to maintain a state of resting membrane potential. In the graph of an action potential, the hyper-polarization section looks like a downward dip... | Repolarization |
c_guggvtur9tsb | In this afterhyperpolarization (the downward dip), the cell sits at more negative potential than rest (about −80 mV) due to the slow inactivation of voltage gated K+ delayed rectifier channels, which are the primary K+ channels associated with repolarization. At these low voltages, all of the voltage gated K+ channels ... | Repolarization |
c_mkrwnytdy4az | In neuroscience, saltatory conduction (from Latin saltus 'leap, jump') is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The uninsulated nodes of Ranvier are the only places along the axon where ions are exc... | Saltatory conduction |
c_9flnxucjm55g | In neuroscience, single-unit recordings (also, single-neuron recordings) provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system. When a neuron generates an action potential, the signal propagates down the neuron as a current which flows in and out of the cell ... | Single-neuron activity |
c_2kyqvha0i9qz | Microelectrodes can be carefully placed close to the cell membrane, allowing the ability to record extracellularly. Single-unit recordings are widely used in cognitive science, where it permits the analysis of human cognition and cortical mapping. This information can then be applied to brain–machine interface (BMI) te... | Single-neuron activity |
c_y59ybd48si0p | In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical fou... | Synaptic plasticity |
c_l6r8fizfn8ok | In neuroscience, the N100 or N1 is a large, negative-going evoked potential measured by electroencephalography (its equivalent in magnetoencephalography is the M100); it peaks in adults between 80 and 120 milliseconds after the onset of a stimulus, and is distributed mostly over the fronto-central region of the scalp. ... | N100 |
c_e0ea9jr0kjft | It also could be generated in the frontal and motor areas. The area generating it is larger in the right hemisphere than the left.The N100 is preattentive and involved in perception because its amplitude is strongly dependent upon such things as the rise time of the onset of a sound, its loudness, interstimulus interva... | N100 |
c_o7ctwhx9pig9 | Neuromagnetic research has linked it further to perception by finding that the auditory cortex has a tonotopic organization to N100. However, it also shows a link to a person's arousal and selective attention. N100 is decreased when a person controls the creation of auditory stimuli, such as their own voice. | N100 |
c_mkh6oryyxse0 | In neuroscience, the critical brain hypothesis states that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions. Experimental recordings from large groups of neurons have shown bursts of activity, so-called neuronal avalanches, with sizes that follow a power law distribution. These results, and subsequent r... | Critical brain hypothesis |
c_f7qqxluonesj | In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus. It is b... | Default network |
c_4edzxa1j101d | Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future.The DMN was originally noticed to be deactivated in certain goal-oriented tasks and was sometimes referred to as the task-negative network, in contrast wi... | Default network |
c_xvmz6rh04etv | In neuroscience, the hippocampus appears to be involved in SLAM-like computations, giving rise to place cells, and has formed the basis for bio-inspired SLAM systems such as RatSLAM. | Simultaneous localization and mapping |
c_gdoe8t14d1sn | In neuroscience, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) is an event-related brain potential, or increase in electrical activity at the surface of the brain, that is thought to reflect the preparation of motor activity on a certain side of the body; in other words, it is a spike in the electrical activity of the brai... | Lateralized readiness potential |
c_x3h5w5kkkdc9 | In neuroscience, the mass action principle suggests that the proportion of the brain that is injured is directly proportional to the decreased ability of memory functions. In other words, memory cannot be localized to a single cortical area, but is instead distributed throughout the cortex. This theory is contrasted by... | Mass Action Principle (neuroscience) |
c_ghfurlfz89ei | In neuroscience, the reward system is a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward),... | Reward system |
c_fo3iqm1xo5g1 | In neuroscience, the visual P200 or P2 is a waveform component or feature of the event-related potential (ERP) measured at the human scalp. Like other potential changes measurable from the scalp, this effect is believed to reflect the post-synaptic activity of a specific neural process. The P2 component, also known as ... | P200 |
c_c8sku79t25nw | This component is often distributed around the centro-frontal and the parieto-occipital areas of the scalp. It is generally found to be maximal around the vertex (frontal region) of the scalp, however there have been some topographical differences noted in ERP studies of the P2 in different experimental conditions. Res... | P200 |
c_ffsvqk6i4nbl | Part of the difficulty of clearly characterizing this component is that it appears to be modulated by a large and diverse number of cognitive tasks. Functionally, there seems to be partial agreement amongst researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience that the P2 represents some aspect of higher-order perceptual ... | P200 |
c_dkn7i96bfy0o | In neuroscience, tractography is a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent nerve tracts using data collected by diffusion MRI. It uses special techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-based diffusion MRI. The results are presented in two- and three-dimensional images called tractograms.In ad... | Tractography |
c_55pqi84cv7iu | The existence of these tracts and circuits has been revealed by histochemistry and biological techniques on post-mortem specimens. Nerve tracts are not identifiable by direct exam, CT, or MRI scans. This difficulty explains the paucity of their description in neuroanatomy atlases and the poor understanding of their fun... | Tractography |
c_o09xh73wugxv | In neuroscience, visual cortical simple cells were first shown by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel to have response properties that resemble Gabor filters, which are band-pass.In astronomy, band-pass filters are used to allow only a single portion of the light spectrum into an instrument. Band-pass filters can help with ... | Band-pass filter |
c_7obtk21s0aib | In neurosurgery, excimer laser assisted non-occlusive anastomosis (ELANA) is a technique use to create a bypass without interrupting the blood supply in the recipient blood vessels. This reduces the risk of stroke or a rupture of an aneurysm. | Vascular graft |
c_xdtbhpickcm4 | In neurourology, post-micturition convulsion syndrome (PMCS), also known informally as pee shivers, is the experience of shivering during or after urination. The syndrome appears to be more frequently experienced by males.The term "post-micturition convulsion syndrome" was coined in 1994 in the online question-and-answ... | Post micturition convulsion syndrome |
c_oftbjj9x104v | In neutral atoms, the approximate order in which subshells are filled is given by the n + l rule, also known as the: Madelung rule (after Erwin Madelung) Janet rule (after Charles Janet) Klechkowsky rule (after Vsevolod Klechkovsky) Wiswesser's rule (after William Wiswesser) aufbau rule or diagonal ruleHere n represent... | Madelung rule |
c_0z0lxtxb01xu | Subshells with a lower n + l value are filled before those with higher n + l values. In the case of equal n + l values, the subshell with a lower n value is filled first. In general, subshells with the same n + l value have similar energies, but the s-orbitals (with l = 0) are exceptional: their energy levels are appre... | Madelung rule |
c_o6prpaw5taop | This is why the periodic table is usually drawn to begin with the s-block elements.The Madelung energy ordering rule applies only to neutral atoms in their ground state. There are twenty elements (eleven in the d-block and nine in the f-block) for which the Madelung rule predicts an electron configuration that differs ... | Madelung rule |
c_xmpnxcnh4cn2 | In neutral current interactions, a quark or a lepton (e.g., an electron or a muon) emits or absorbs a neutral Z boson. For example: e − → e − + Z 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{-}\to \mathrm {e} ^{-}+\mathrm {Z} ^{0}} Like the W± bosons, the Z0 boson also decays rapidly, for example: Z 0 → b + b ¯ {\displaystyle \mathr... | Weak nuclear interaction |
c_d0qpjilk0rec | Since the weak mixing angle θ w ≈ 29 ∘ , {\displaystyle \ \theta _{\mathsf {w}}\approx 29^{\circ }\ ,} the parenthetic expression ( 1 − 4 sin 2 θ w ) ≈ 0.060 , {\displaystyle \ (1-4\,\sin ^{2}\theta _{\mathsf {w}})\approx 0.060\ ,} with its value varying slightly with the momentum difference (called “running”) betwee... | Weak nuclear interaction |
c_4c3drvq90lv9 | In neutral or absolute geometry, and in hyperbolic geometry, there may be many lines parallel to a given line l {\displaystyle l} through a point P {\displaystyle P} not on line R {\displaystyle R} ; however, in the plane, two parallels may be closer to l {\displaystyle l} than all others (one in each direction of R {\... | Limiting parallel |
c_3ohxj97gzofz | In neutral prosody, Turkish verb phrases are primarily head-final, as the verb comes after its complement. Variation in object-verb ordering is not strictly rigid. However, constructions where the verb precedes the object are less common. ] | Head-directionality parameter |
c_byayrovzdocr | In neutron activation, the probe is prepared directly from the sample material by converting very small part of one of the elements of the sample material into the desired PAC probe or its parent isotope by neutron capture. As with implantation, radiation damage must be healed. This method is limited to sample material... | Perturbed angular correlation |
c_qi8fvgsl8s92 | In neutron stars, neutron heavy nuclei are found as relativistic electrons penetrate the nuclei and produce inverse beta decay, wherein the electron combines with a proton in the nucleus to make a neutron and an electron-neutrino: As more and more neutrons are created in nuclei the energy levels for neutrons get filled... | Proton drip line |
c_d7uslzbm27qs | In neutron time-of-flight scattering, a form of inelastic neutron scattering, the initial position and velocity of a pulse of neutrons is fixed, and their final position and the time after the pulse that the neutrons are detected are measured. By the principle of conservation of momentum, these pairs of coordinates may... | Neutron time-of-flight scattering |
c_x03bskfl6w93 | In new construction, builders can either avoid clear cutting or clearing an entire property and disturbing other large flora or builders can completely clear an area of all flora to save construction time and replace the clearing with juvenile specimens once the job is complete. The downside to this is additional costs... | Natural landscaping |
c_ydr39ju31atx | In new construction, the extra insulation and wall framing cost may be offset by not requiring a dedicated central heating system. A central furnace is often justified or required to ensure sufficiently uniform temperatures in homes with numerous rooms, more than one floor, air conditioning, or large size. Small furnac... | Superinsulation |
c_dpbceii21ogr | Hence, even electric resistance heaters may be used. Electric heaters are typically only used on cold winter nights when the overall demand for electricity in the rest of the house is low. Other backup heaters, such as wood pellets, wood stoves, natural gas boilers, or even furnaces, are widely used. | Superinsulation |
c_21rf3sq7onjg | The cost of a superinsulation retrofit should be balanced against the future price of heating fuel (which can be expected to fluctuate from year to year due to supply problems, natural disasters, or geopolitical events), the desire to reduce pollution from heating a building, or the desire to provide exceptional therma... | Superinsulation |
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