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c_y42gyld1dcqn | They are often the response on market failures, i.e., circumstances that prevent perfect competition and achieving an optimal equilibrium in the market. In the context of markets, "perfect competition" means: all participants have complete information, there are no entry or exit barriers to the market, there are no tra... | Market distortion |
c_0vujepmy4d0y | In neoclassical economics, economic rent is any payment (in the context of a market transaction) to the owner of a factor of production in excess of the cost needed to bring that factor into production. In classical economics, economic rent is any payment made (including imputed value) or benefit received for non-produ... | Economic rent |
c_j2k1z9jiuhnh | In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value. Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not effici... | Market failures |
c_ir4hh1kvgixp | Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction. Such analysis plays an important role in many types of public policy decisions and studies. However, government policy interventions, such as taxes, subsidies, wage and price controls, and reg... | Market failures |
c_fxjrrpiq8o1s | Most mainstream economists believe that there are circumstances (like building codes or endangered species) in which it is possible for government or other organizations to improve the inefficient market outcome. Several heterodox schools of thought disagree with this as a matter of ideology.An ecological market failur... | Market failures |
c_40n622ata8k3 | In neoclassical economics, the supply and demand of each factor of production interact in factor markets to determine equilibrium output, income, and the income distribution. Factor demand in turn incorporates the marginal-productivity relationship of that factor in the output market. Analysis applies to not only capit... | Land distribution |
c_0d4vluyfzto4 | In neoclassical economics, the value of an object or service is often seen as nothing but the price it would bring in an open and competitive market. This is determined primarily by the demand for the object relative to supply in a perfectly competitive market. Many neoclassical economic theories equate the value of a ... | Monetary value |
c_8xe0ew9guaoq | In classical economics, the value of an object or condition is the amount of discomfort/labor saved through the consumption or use of an object or condition (Labor Theory of Value). Though exchange value is recognized, economic value is not, in theory, dependent on the existence of a market and price and value are not ... | Monetary value |
c_2i3jr0jh7lhf | Karl Marx, for one, saw exchange value as the "form of appearance" (This interpretation of Marx is along the lines of the Marxist thinker Michael Heinrich) of value, in his critique of political economy which implies that, although value is separate from exchange value, it is meaningless without the act of exchange. I... | Monetary value |
c_hjvb4wzp76zx | It is part of a cost-of-production theory of value and price. Ricardo, but not Keen, used a "labor theory of price" in which a commodity's "innate worth" was the amount of labor needed to produce it. "The value of a thing in any given time and place", according to Henry George, "is the largest amount of exertion that a... | Monetary value |
c_en188go4c3k1 | But as men always seek to gratify their desires with the least exertion this is the lowest amount for which a similar thing can otherwise be obtained. "In another classical tradition, Marx distinguished between the "value in use" (use-value, what a commodity provides to its buyer), labor cost which he calls "value" (th... | Monetary value |
c_a5mwisdr2cvu | Others see values as part of his sociopolitical interpretation and critique of capitalism and other societies, and deny that it was intended to serve as a category of economics. According to a third interpretation, Marx aimed for a theory of the dynamics of price formation but did not complete it. In 1860, John Ruskin ... | Monetary value |
c_5talp4afhn6l | He entitled the volume Unto This Last, and his central point was this: "It is impossible to conclude, of any given mass of acquired wealth, merely by the fact of its existence, whether it signifies good or evil to the nation in the midst of which it exists. Its real value depends on the moral sign attached to it, just ... | Monetary value |
c_c3as7c4lxowh | Gandhi was greatly inspired by Ruskin's book and published a paraphrase of it in 1908.Economists such as Ludwig von Mises asserted that "value" is a subjective judgment. Prices can only be determined by taking these subjective judgments into account, and that this is done through the price mechanism in the market. | Monetary value |
c_nrlfz83hw1dt | Thus, it was false to say that the economic value of a good was equal to what it cost to produce or to its current replacement cost. Silvio Gesell denied value theory in economics. He thought that value theory is useless and prevents economics from becoming science and that a currency administration guided by value the... | Monetary value |
c_w6ptbe7frmha | In neoclassical terms, a commodity is a good or service that can be traded or exchanged in the marketplace for another commodity or money. Commodification is routed in Marxist political theory and entails the creation of an economic good that previously was not prescribed an economic value. This takes place through the... | Commodification of water |
c_xir7aye04qi9 | Once commodified an economic good can be bought or sold at a price determined by market exchange, and as such market values replace social values previously attached to the good. It is this transformation from a public good to an economic good that neoliberals claim leads to better management and allocation of a resour... | Commodification of water |
c_vv6oolc7z3om | In neon glow lamps, the luminous region of the gas is a thin, "negative glow" region immediately adjacent to a negatively charged electrode (or "cathode"); the positively charged electrode ("anode") is quite close to the cathode. These features distinguish glow lamps from the much longer and brighter "positive column" ... | Neon tubes |
c_wwsr675mt8og | Decorative (or "figural") lamps in which the cathode is shaped as a flower, animal, etc.. The figures inside these lamps were typically painted with phosphorescent paints to achieve a variety of colors. Active electronic circuits such as electronic oscillators, timers, memory elements, etc.. Intricate electronic displa... | Neon tubes |
c_x945cny8xtmq | They had the characteristic color of the neon lamp; their inventors, Donald L. Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and Robert H. Wilson, had achieved a working computer display that remembered its own state, and did not require constant refreshing from the central computer system. The relationship between these early monochrome d... | Neon tubes |
c_fc3wv15267be | These features include alternating sustain voltage, dielectric layer, wall charge, and a neon-based gas mixture." As in colored neon lamps, plasma displays use a gas mixture that emits ultraviolet light. Each pixel has a phosphor that emits one of the display's base colors. | Neon tubes |
c_t77cjh2tstv7 | In neonatal in vivo model of brain ischemia/reperfusion, tissue injury can be alleviated by the administration of FMN precursor, riboflavin that prevents inactivation of mitochondrial complex I. | Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
c_padxcruwv47q | In neonatal life, gonadal steroids influence the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. For instance, they determine the ability of females to exhibit a normal reproductive cycle, and of males and females to display appropriate reproductive behaviors in adult life. If a female rat is injected once with testost... | Anterior hypothalamus |
c_dxib1f3otlp0 | Within the brain, testosterone is aromatized (to estradiol), which is the principal active hormone for developmental influences. The human testis secretes high levels of testosterone from about week 8 of fetal life until 5–6 months after birth (a similar perinatal surge in testosterone is observed in many species), a p... | Anterior hypothalamus |
c_ro76fp1hksrw | In neonatal tetanus, symptoms usually appear from 4 to 14 days after birth, averaging about 7 days. The fatality rate for infants has been estimated as 70% to 100%; death usually occurs by the age of 2 weeks. On the basis of clinical findings, four different forms of tetanus have been described. The time from exposure ... | Neonatal tetanus |
c_rdk9ao7ebdmv | In neonates (newborn infants), brown fat makes up about 5% of the body mass and is located on the back, along the upper half of the spine and toward the shoulders. It is of great importance to avoid hypothermia, as lethal cold is a major death risk for premature neonates. Numerous factors make infants more susceptible ... | Brown fat |
c_5tg975qvthvp | In neonates born at or beyond 35 weeks, neonatal encephalopathy may present itself as the following symptoms: Reduced level of consciousness Seizures (which peak at 48 hours) Difficulty initiating and maintaining respiration Depression of tone and reflexes | Neonatal encephalopathy |
c_y3whcsyqai0g | In neonates, vaginal discharge sometimes occurs in the first few days after birth. This is due to exposure to estrogen while in utero. Neonatal vaginal discharge may be white or clear with a mucous texture, or it may be bloody from normal transient shedding of the endometrium. | Vaginal discharge |
c_5hef5xnm295r | In neonatology, transcranial Doppler can be used for basic assessment of intracerebral structural abnormalities, suspected hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus and anoxic insults (periventricular leukomalacia). It can be performed through the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant (Fontanelle) until these... | Diagnostic ultrasound |
c_wdhrnca4we2q | In neopaganism there is a wide variety of ritual practice, running the gamut from a very eclectic syncretism to strict polytheistic reconstructionism. Many of these groups make use of altars. Some are constructed merely of rough-hewn or stacked stone, and some are made of fine wood or other finished material. | Holy Table |
c_5bhhcpjbrg5e | In nephrology, dialysis adequacy is the measurement of renal dialysis for the purpose of determining dialysis treatment regime and to better understand the pathophysiology of renal dialysis. It is an area of considerable controversy in nephrology.In the US, the dominant way of measuring dialysis adequacy in Kt/V and ba... | Dialysis adequacy |
c_3jyjhmngfcdm | In nephrology, ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes are distinguishable with ultrasound. It is an accessible, versatile, relatively economic, and fast aid for decision-making in patients wit... | Ultrasound machine |
c_y7vv4i683hfr | In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption. Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters, which accurately measure power in both directions and... | Solar power plants |
c_1fv3csub2jy5 | In netball's now-defunct ANZ Championship, which featured five teams each from Australia and New Zealand, each franchise was restricted to a NZ$380,000 salary cap (as of 2013) from which player salaries were paid. Salary amounts varied among players, but each player received a retainer of at least NZ$12,000 per season;... | Salary cap |
c_p0ei38lgyd4i | New Zealand rebranded its now-domestic league as the ANZ Premiership, presumably retaining its prior salary cap provisions. Since then, Super Netball's salary cap has risen modestly. The original team cap of A$675,000 had been structured with a $500,000 cap on playing payments, plus an additional $150,000 for club-rela... | Salary cap |
c_t6fdy3qbcge7 | In netstalking, there are two general methods for finding unusual information: a deli-search and a net-random. Deli-search, or "deliberated search", is a targeted search for objects of interest whose characteristics are already known. This method usually uses the language of search queries and web archives, with which ... | Netstalking |
c_z7bz1i2qvk8z | For netstalkers, the second method is considered to be the most popular way to search for information, as it allows network researchers to find undefined hidden resources. Net-randoming is done by either scanning IP address ranges or by using content randomizers, such as PetitTube. Special programs are used for scannin... | Netstalking |
c_u9idll2im9gf | In network calculus, a flow is modelled as cumulative functions A, where A(t) represents the amount of data (number of bits for example) send by the flow in the interval [0,t). Such functions are non-negative and non-decreasing. The time domain is often the set of non negative reals. A: R + → R + {\displaystyle A:\math... | Network calculus |
c_eqypy3vw17sq | In network computing, frontend can refer to any hardware that optimizes or protects network traffic. It is called application front-end hardware because it is placed on the network's outward-facing frontend or boundary. Network traffic passes through the front-end hardware before entering the network. In processor desi... | Frontend and backend |
c_124wvxod5ktx | In network management, fault management is the set of functions that detect, isolate, and correct malfunctions in a telecommunications network, compensate for environmental changes, and include maintaining and examining error logs, accepting and acting on error detection notifications, tracing and identifying faults, c... | Fault management |
c_wkng6ax760sn | These can range in severity from debug to emergency, as in the syslog protocol. Alternatively, they could use the ITU X.733 Alarm Reporting Function's perceived severity field. | Fault management |
c_u5mp65k20y19 | This takes on values of cleared, indeterminate, critical, major, minor or warning. Note that the latest version of the syslog protocol draft under development within the IETF includes a mapping between these two different sets of severities. It is considered good practice to send a notification not only when a problem ... | Fault management |
c_vbiny9uuiq4f | The latter notification would have a severity of clear. A fault management console allows a network administrator or system operator to monitor events from multiple systems and perform actions based on this information. Ideally, a fault management system should be able to correctly identify events and automatically tak... | Fault management |
c_hhoc3vayn5qt | In network routing, VCG mechanisms are a family of payment schemes based on the added value concept. The basic idea of a VCG mechanism in network routing is to pay the owner of each link or node (depending on the network model) that is part of the solution, its declared cost plus its added value. In many routing proble... | Sealed second-price auction |
c_ltjqfaxqcw09 | Links not in the MCF are paid nothing. This routing problem is one of the cases for which VCG is strategyproof and minimum. In 2004, it was shown that the expected VCG overpayment of an Erdős–Rényi random graph with n nodes and edge probability p, G ∈ G ( n , p ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle G\in G(n,p)} approaches p 2 ... | Sealed second-price auction |
c_292sqqdmayim | In network routing, the control plane is the part of the router architecture that is concerned with drawing the network topology, or the information in a routing table that defines what to do with incoming packets. Control plane functions, such as participating in routing protocols, run in the architectural control ele... | Control plane |
c_38w7sgbepy4a | Control plane logic also can identify certain packets to be discarded, as well as preferential treatment of certain packets for which a high quality of service is defined by such mechanisms as differentiated services. Depending on the specific router implementation, there may be a separate forwarding information base t... | Control plane |
c_o6g0ez57xhwj | By contrast, the data plane is the part of the software that processes the data requests. The data plane is also sometimes referred to as the forwarding plane. The distinction has proven useful in the networking field where it originated, as it separates the concerns: the data plane is optimized for speed of processing... | Control plane |
c_u1debcl5t9va | In network science, a biased random walk on a graph is a time path process in which an evolving variable jumps from its current state to one of various potential new states; unlike in a pure random walk, the probabilities of the potential new states are unequal. Biased random walks on a graph provide an approach for th... | Biased random walk on a graph |
c_c5mkrzf0le5n | In network science, a critical point is a value of average degree, which separates random networks that have a giant component from those that do not (i.e. it separates a network in a subcritical regime from one in a supercritical regime). Considering a random network with an average degree ⟨ k ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle... | Critical point (network science) |
c_y2t3xjc0xgts | In network science, a gradient network is a directed subnetwork of an undirected "substrate" network where each node has an associated scalar potential and one out-link that points to the node with the smallest (or largest) potential in its neighborhood, defined as the union of itself and its neighbors on the substrate... | Gradient network |
c_1or1t3r7is1e | In network science, a hub is a node with a number of links that greatly exceeds the average. Emergence of hubs is a consequence of a scale-free property of networks. : 27 While hubs cannot be observed in a random network, they are expected to emerge in scale-free networks. The uprise of hubs in scale-free networks is a... | Hub (network science) |
c_obr6yesocedc | Hubs have a significant impact on the network topology. Hubs can be found in many real networks, such as the brain or the Internet. A hub is a component of a network with a high-degree node. | Hub (network science) |
c_jstgupj5b3ks | Hubs have a significantly larger number of links in comparison with other nodes in the network. The number of links (degrees) for a hub in a scale-free network is much higher than for the biggest node in a random network, keeping the size N of the network and average degree constant. The existence of hubs is the bigges... | Hub (network science) |
c_qtprh0armnn6 | In network science, a sparse network has much fewer links than the possible maximum number of links within that network (the opposite is a dense network). The study of sparse networks is a relatively new area primarily stimulated by the study of real networks, such as social and computer networks.The notion of much few... | Dense network |
c_c4db0pkyu3nm | In network science, ingredient-flavor networks are networks describing the sharing of flavor compounds of culinary ingredients. In the bipartite form, an ingredient-flavor network consist of two different types of nodes: the ingredients used in the recipes and the flavor compounds that contributes to the flavor of each... | Ingredient-flavor network |
c_12xc4y94akt7 | In network science, preferential attachment means that nodes of a network tend to connect to those nodes which have more links. If the network is growing and new nodes tend to connect to existing ones with linear probability in the degree of the existing nodes then preferential attachment leads to a scale-free network.... | Non-linear preferential attachment |
c_t030shjq9x89 | According to Kunegis, Blattner, and Moser several online networks follow a non-linear preferential attachment model. Communication networks and online contact networks are sub-linear while interaction networks are super-linear. The co-author network among scientists also shows the signs of sub-linear preferential attac... | Non-linear preferential attachment |
c_w119rh481hld | In network science, reciprocity is a measure of the likelihood of vertices in a directed network to be mutually linked. Like the clustering coefficient, scale-free degree distribution, or community structure, reciprocity is a quantitative measure used to study complex networks. | Reciprocity (network science) |
c_4xiterj0zpr0 | In network science, the Matthew effect is used to describe the preferential attachment of earlier nodes in a network, which explains that these nodes tend to attract more links early on. "Because of preferential attachment, a node that acquires more connections than another one will increase its connectivity at a highe... | Matthew effect (sociology) |
c_xwu9wkuygow5 | In network science, the activity-driven model is a temporal network model in which each node has a randomly-assigned "activity potential", which governs how it links to other nodes over time. Each node j {\displaystyle j} (out of N {\displaystyle N} total) has its activity potential x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} drawn from... | Activity-driven model |
c_jxmwhp7i3isl | Properties of time-aggregated network snapshots are able to be studied in terms of F ( x ) {\displaystyle F(x)} . For example, since each node j {\displaystyle j} after T {\displaystyle T} timesteps will have on average m η x i T {\displaystyle m\eta x_{i}T} outgoing links, the degree distribution after T {\displaystyl... | Activity-driven model |
c_x8p9hvuz8851 | In network science, the configuration model is a method for generating random networks from a given degree sequence. It is widely used as a reference model for real-life social networks, because it allows the modeler to incorporate arbitrary degree distributions. | Configuration model |
c_aqi0h5thc0i3 | In network science, the efficiency of a network is a measure of how efficiently it exchanges information and it is also called communication efficiency. The underlying idea (and main assumption) is that the more distant two nodes are in the network, the less efficient their communication will be. The concept of efficie... | Efficiency (network science) |
c_o70k35oorb8b | On a global scale, efficiency quantifies the exchange of information across the whole network where information is concurrently exchanged. The local efficiency quantifies a network's resistance to failure on a small scale. That is the local efficiency of a node i {\displaystyle i} characterizes how well information is ... | Efficiency (network science) |
c_j4jmvx2x6jip | In network science, the strength notated as si of a node i is defined as si = Σjwij, where wij is the weight of the link between i and j. In order to apply the disparity filter algorithm without overlooking nodes with low strength, a normalized weight pij is defined as pij = wij/si. In the null model, the normalized we... | Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network |
c_z4ufq56vy8xj | In network security a screened subnet refers to the use of one or more logical screening routers as a firewall to define three separate subnets: an external router (sometimes called an access router), that separates the external network from a perimeter network, and an internal router (sometimes called a choke router) ... | Screened subnet |
c_43otvt06b1v0 | In network security, evasion is bypassing an information security defense in order to deliver an exploit, attack, or other form of malware to a target network or system, without detection. Evasions are typically used to counter network-based intrusion detection and prevention systems (IPS, IDS) but can also be used to ... | Evasion (network security) |
c_kbgjf1u3srmt | In network theory, a giant component is a connected component of a given random graph that contains a significant fraction of the entire graph's vertices. More precisely, in graphs drawn randomly from a probability distribution over arbitrarily large graphs, a giant component is a connected component whose fraction of ... | Giant component |
c_40hs829mzivw | In network theory, collective classification is the simultaneous prediction of the labels for multiple objects, where each label is predicted using information about the object's observed features, the observed features and labels of its neighbors, and the unobserved labels of its neighbors. Collective classification p... | Collective classification |
c_rired19chg2c | In network theory, link analysis is a data-analysis technique used to evaluate relationships (Tap link) between nodes. Relationships may be identified among various types of nodes (100k), including organizations, people and transactions. Link analysis has been used for investigation of criminal activity (fraud , counte... | Link analysis |
c_yl18h8ik63xl | In network theory, link prediction is the problem of predicting the existence of a link between two entities in a network. Examples of link prediction include predicting friendship links among users in a social network, predicting co-authorship links in a citation network, and predicting interactions between genes and ... | Link prediction |
c_8wv7lgpbl3ht | In e-commerce, link prediction is often a subtask for recommending items to users. In the curation of citation databases, it can be used for record deduplication. In bioinformatics, it has been used to predict protein-protein interactions (PPI). It is also used to identify hidden groups of terrorists and criminals in s... | Link prediction |
c_h4n7kwm8a1yq | In network theory, multidimensional networks, a special type of multilayer network, are networks with multiple kinds of relations. Increasingly sophisticated attempts to model real-world systems as multidimensional networks have yielded valuable insight in the fields of social network analysis, economics, urban and int... | Multidimensional network |
c_fl1nc6dgsemh | In network theory, small-world routing refers to routing methods for small-world networks. Networks of this type are peculiar in that relatively short paths exist between any two nodes. Determining these paths, however, can be a difficult problem from the perspective of an individual routing node in the network if no f... | Small-world routing |
c_zzv2rx59yxvj | In network theory, the Braunstein–Ghosh–Severini entropy (BGS entropy) of a network is the von Neumann entropy of a density matrix given by a normalized Laplacian matrix of the network. This definition of entropy does not have a clear thermodynamical interpretation. The BGS entropy has been used in the context of quant... | Braunstein–Ghosh–Severini entropy |
c_bvn32pg2p1fz | In network theory, the Wiener connector is a means of maximizing efficiency in connecting specified "query vertices" in a network. Given a connected, undirected graph and a set of query vertices in a graph, the minimum Wiener connector is an induced subgraph that connects the query vertices and minimizes the sum of sho... | Wiener connector |
c_xjq6c6e46iay | For example, given a set of patients infected with a viral disease, which other patients should be checked to find the culprit? Or given a set of proteins of interest, which other proteins participate in pathways with them? The Wiener connector was named in honor of chemist Harry Wiener who first introduced the Wiener ... | Wiener connector |
c_gfsj5mqdpxcw | In network topology, a cable modem is a network bridge that conforms to IEEE 802.1D for Ethernet networking (with some modifications). The cable modem bridges Ethernet frames between a customer LAN and the coax network. Technically, it is a modem because it must modulate data to transmit it over the cable network, and ... | Cable modems |
c_g3t4dr11ohgi | With respect to the OSI model of network design, a cable modem is both physical layer (layer 1) device and a data link layer (layer 2) forwarder. As an IP addressable network node, cable modems support functionality at other layers. Layer 1 is implemented in the Ethernet PHY on its LAN interface, and a DOCSIS defined c... | Cable modems |
c_eozr5nq7tniy | The term cable modem refers to this cable-specific PHY. The Network Layer (Layer 3) is implemented as an IP host in that it has its own IP address used by the network operator to maintain the device. In the transport layer (layer 4) the cable modem supports UDP in association with its own IP address, and it supports fi... | Cable modems |
c_i6wc5suj6gh7 | In the Application Layer (Layer 7), the cable modem supports certain protocols that are used for management and maintenance, notably Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), SNMP, and TFTP. Some cable modems may incorporate a router and a DHCP server to provide the LAN with IP network addressing. From a data forward... | Cable modems |
c_m97unjck5lfb | In networked systems where competitive decision making takes place, game theory is often used to model system dynamics, and convergence towards equilibria can be considered as a driver of topological evolution. For example, Kasthurirathna and Piraveenan have shown that when individuals in a system display varying level... | Evolving networks |
c_bup1iqx7tygm | In networking and in graph theory, capillary routing, for a given network, is a multi-path solution between a pair of source and destination nodes. Unlike shortest-path routing or max-flow routing, for any given network topology - only one capillary routing solution exists. Capillary routing can be constructed by an it... | Multipath routing |
c_1rmcjnhl6e7g | First minimize the maximal value of the load on all of the network routing node links Do that by minimizing a load upper bound value that is applied to all links. The full mass of the flow will be split equally across the possible parallel routes. Find the bottleneck links of the first layer (see below), then set their... | Multipath routing |
c_h9vlwyjl33v9 | Additionally, minimize the maximal load of all remaining links, but now without the bottleneck links of the first layer. This second iteration further refines the path diversity. Next, we determine the bottleneck links of the 2nd network layer. | Multipath routing |
c_epar8jpgtxs8 | Again, minimize the maximal load of all remaining links, but now without the bottlenecks of the 2nd network layer as well. Repeat this algorithm until the entire communication footprint is enclosed in the bottlenecks of the constructed layers.At each functional layer of the network protocol, after minimizing the maxima... | Multipath routing |
c_t7kjyj4ia5a8 | In networking equipment, maximum jumbo frame size may be specified using either maximum frame size (maximum layer 2 packet size, includes frame headers) or maximum transmission unit (maximum layer 3 packet size, excludes frame headers), depending on the equipment's configuration interface.A network that has a mixture o... | Jumbo frame |
c_33iim0nmfg1q | In networking jargon, a computer, phone, or internet of things device connected to a computer network is sometimes referred to as an end system or end station, because it sits at the edge of the network. The end user directly interacts with an end system that provides information or services.End systems that are connec... | End System |
c_t438k0nls7kg | With the emergence of the internet of things, household items (such as toasters and refrigerators) as well as portable, handheld computers and digital cameras are all being connected to the internet as end systems. End systems are generally connected to each other using switching devices known as routers rather than us... | End System |
c_4qdpfa99z7cn | The sending and receiving route can be different, and can be reallocated during transmission due to changes in the network topology. Normally the cheapest or fastest route is chosen. For the end user the actual routing should be completely transparent. | End System |
c_0f1wbzqkn2fy | In networking, Voronoi diagrams can be used in derivations of the capacity of a wireless network. In computer graphics, Voronoi diagrams are used to calculate 3D shattering / fracturing geometry patterns. It is also used to procedurally generate organic or lava-looking textures. In autonomous robot navigation, Voronoi ... | Voronoi diagrams |
c_erqwrnf63ct8 | If the points are obstacles, then the edges of the graph will be the routes furthest from obstacles (and theoretically any collisions). In machine learning, Voronoi diagrams are used to do 1-NN classifications. In global scene reconstruction, including with random sensor sites and unsteady wake flow, geophysical data, ... | Voronoi diagrams |
c_avhrinbkppkl | In networking, a black hole, also known as a block hole, refers to a place in the network where incoming or outgoing traffic is silently discarded (or "dropped"), without informing the source that the data did not reach its intended recipient. When examining the topology of the network, the black holes themselves are i... | Blackhole routing |
c_h4p3w9opkend | In networking, consider a distributed chat network like IRC, where a user who starts a channel automatically acquires channel-operator privileges. If two users on different servers, on different ends of the same network, try to start the same-named channel at the same time, each user's respective server will grant chan... | Race condition |
c_dlmnch3yi09g | However, the latency across the network makes possible the kind of race condition described. In this case, heading off race conditions by imposing a form of control over access to the shared resource—say, appointing one server to control who holds what privileges—would mean turning the distributed network into a centra... | Race condition |
c_91gu4e39eqqr | In networking, multipacket reception refers to the capability of networking nodes for decoding/demodulating signals from a number of source nodes concurrently. In wireless communications, Multipacket reception is achieved using physical layer technologies like orthogonal CDMA, MIMO and space–time codes. | Multipacket reception |
c_8kyrxhf2zizo | In networking, packets are the key foundation for scheduling. There are many different types of packet travelling around network core every day, and they are treated totally different. For example, voice and video packets have higher priority than normal packets. In order to manage and distribute packet effectively, ne... | Input queue |
c_m1ypv44lh30d | In networks where a logically centralized control is available over the forwarding state, for example, using software-defined networking, routing techniques can be used that aim to optimize global and network-wide performance metrics. This has been used by large internet companies that operate many data centers in diff... | Routing algorithms |
c_mn0w5bpe0by8 | In networks with unit capacities, a much stronger time bound holds. Each blocking flow can be found in O ( E ) {\displaystyle O(E)} time, and it can be shown that the number of phases does not exceed O ( E ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt {E}})} and O ( V 2 / 3 ) {\displaystyle O(V^{2/3})} . Thus the algorithm runs in O ( min... | Dinic's algorithm |
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