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c_4tanyqv1gn2e | Phase 1: P → V: P sends f1(z) to V. V uses coefficients to evaluate f1(0) and f1(1). Then it checks that the polynomial's degree is at most n and that the following identities are true: f 0 ( ∅ ) = { f 1 ( 0 ) ⋅ f 1 ( 1 ) if S = ∀ f 1 ( 0 ) ∗ f 1 ( 1 ) if S = ∃ . ( 1 − r ) f 1 ( 0 ) + r f 1 ( 1 ) if S = R . | IP (complexity) |
c_fjpjoksdr4fc | {\displaystyle f_{i-1}(r_{1}\dots r)=(1-r)f_{i}(r_{1},\dots ,r_{i-1},0)+rf_{i}(r_{1},\dots ,r_{i-1},1){\text{ if }}{\mathsf {S}}=\mathrm {R} .} If either fails then reject. V → P: V picks a random r in F and sends it to P. | IP (complexity) |
c_1z5hgwlnq8o0 | (If S = R {\displaystyle {\mathsf {S}}=\mathrm {R} } then this r replaces the previous r). Goto phase i + 1 where P must persuade V that f i ( r 1 , … , r ) {\displaystyle f_{i}(r_{1},\dots ,r)} is correct. Phase k + 1: V evaluates p ( r 1 , … , r m ) {\displaystyle p(r_{1},\dots ,r_{m})} . | IP (complexity) |
c_g6xd6wsbmxay | Then it checks if p ( r 1 , … , r m ) = f k ( r 1 , … , r m ) {\displaystyle p(r_{1},\dots ,r_{m})=f_{k}(r_{1},\dots ,r_{m})} If they are equal then V accepts, otherwise V rejects.This is the end of the protocol description. If ψ is true then V will accept when P follows the protocol. Likewise if P ~ {\displaystyle {\t... | IP (complexity) |
c_iwnlp9wyfgfm | If at phase i, V has an incorrect value for f i − 1 ( r 1 , … ) {\displaystyle f_{i-1}(r_{1},\dots )} then f i ( r 1 , … , 0 ) {\displaystyle f_{i}(r_{1},\dots ,0)} and f i ( r 1 , … , 1 ) {\displaystyle f_{i}(r_{1},\dots ,1)} will likely also be incorrect, and so forth. The probability for P ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {... | IP (complexity) |
c_n6vezdmuq3v6 | If P ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {P}}} is never lucky, then V will reject at phase k+1. Since we have now shown that both IP ⊆ PSPACE and PSPACE ⊆ IP, we can conclude that IP = PSPACE as desired. Moreover, we have shown that any IP algorithm may be taken to be public-coin, since the reduction from PSPACE to IP has this pr... | IP (complexity) |
c_o5z3f65f0khf | In order to show this, we use the method of Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrangian is equal to the entropy plus the sum of the products of Lagrange multipliers times various constraint expressions. The general multinomial case will be considered, since the proof is not made that much simpler by considering simpler cases. | Binary logit model |
c_0aegt1z8l1ae | Equating the derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to the various probabilities to zero yields a functional form for those probabilities which corresponds to those used in logistic regression.As in the above section on multinomial logistic regression, we will consider M + 1 {\displaystyle M+1} explanatory variables... | Binary logit model |
c_zzp1ggtnkbvg | There will be N + 1 {\displaystyle N+1} possible values of the categorical variable y ranging from 0 to N. Let pn(x) be the probability, given explanatory variable vector x, that the outcome will be y = n {\displaystyle y=n} . Define p n k = p n ( x k ) {\displaystyle p_{nk}=p_{n}({\boldsymbol {x}}_{k})} which is the p... | Binary logit model |
c_qdexh8wu3wmm | The first contribution to the Lagrangian is the entropy: L e n t = − ∑ k = 1 K ∑ n = 0 N p n k ln ( p n k ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{ent}=-\sum _{k=1}^{K}\sum _{n=0}^{N}p_{nk}\ln(p_{nk})} The log-likelihood is: ℓ = ∑ k = 1 K ∑ n = 0 N Δ ( n , y k ) ln ( p n k ) {\displaystyle \ell =\sum _{k=1}^{K}\sum _{n=0}^... | Binary logit model |
c_d0jt8y6canbk | In order to sign statements of actuarial opinion, an American actuary must be a Member, American Academy of Actuaries (M.A.A.A.). The Academy membership requirements are: Membership in one of the following societies: Associate or Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society. Associate or Fellow of the Society of Actuaries.... | American Academy of Actuaries |
c_8d1kvkoypsdz | or F.S.P.A. in the American Society of Pension Professionals and Actuaries. Conference of Consulting Actuaries. | American Academy of Actuaries |
c_gbprwdnofds6 | Enrolled Actuary status under Title 3, Section C of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Fellowship in the Canadian Institute of Actuaries. Fellowship in the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland. | American Academy of Actuaries |
c_xwfkt84za3kb | Fellowship in the Institute of Actuaries in Great Britain. Membership in the Colegio Nacional de Actuarios in Mexico. Fellowship in the Institute of Actuaries of Australia. | American Academy of Actuaries |
c_7pofysnre9lm | Special approval by the Membership Committee and the executive committee of other actuarial educational credentials. A resident of the United States for at least three years, or a non-resident or new resident who meets the Academy's education requirements and can prove familiarity with U.S. laws and practices in his or... | American Academy of Actuaries |
c_4eyj9e9gw8q6 | In order to simplify calculations, various alternative assumptions have been made concerning details of human preferences, and these imply various alternative utility functions such as: CES (constant elasticity of substitution). Isoelastic utility Exponential utility Quasilinear utility Homothetic preferences Stone–Gea... | Utility theory |
c_ks25kwsuamcf | In order to simplify the analysis needed for a 3-dimensional lattice of atoms, it is convenient to model a 1-dimensional lattice or linear chain. This model is complex enough to display the salient features of phonons. | Optical phonon |
c_celvezntwnfb | In order to simplify the definition of a run, some authors requires that each interval of a run is right-closed and left-open. This restrict automata to accept only signals whose underlying partition satisfies the same property. However, it ensures that at each time t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle t\geq 0} , lim t ← x + f ( x ) =... | Signal automaton |
c_thilus6eu8bt | In order to simplify the handling of 35 mm film in 135 format Kodak introduced the DX encoding method on 3 January 1983. In contrast to former solutions like Fuji's film speed encoding method in 1977, which was already using electrical contacts for film speed detection on 135 format cartridges, Kodak's later DX code sy... | DX encoding |
c_zzygfxyiwk8r | Pentax instead claimed the A3 / A3000 was the first DX-enabled SLR in 1985. Other DX-enabled SLRs were introduced in 1985 as well: Minolta 7000 (February 1985) and 9000 (September 1985), as well as the Nikon F-301 / N2000. | DX encoding |
c_z3jrhmqiseu6 | DX-iX (data exchange - information exchange) is an expanded DX encoding system introduced in 1996 to be used in conjunction with the Advanced Photo System (APS). It is only used on APS films format IX240, also known as Advantix. In 1998, Fujifilm introduced a film identification system for 120 and 220 format roll film ... | DX encoding |
c_wc51tagv889z | In order to simplify the means of calculating operational quantities and assist in the comprehension of radiation dose protection quantities, ICRP Committee 2 & ICRU Report Committee 26 started in 2010 an examination of different means of achieving this by dose coefficients related to Effective Dose or Absorbed Dose. S... | Sievert (unit) |
c_ipma05ab94mf | 2. For individual monitoring, to measure deterministic effects on eye lens and skin, it would be: D = Φ × conversion coefficient for absorbed dose.The driver for this is the need to measure the deterministic effect, which it is suggested, is more appropriate than stochastic effect. This would calculate equivalent dose ... | Sievert (unit) |
c_yxlen373zch6 | In order to simplify the notations, regular expressions will be used to describe the syntax of the HMPP directives. The color convention below is used for the description of syntax directives: Reserved HMPP keywords are in green; Elements of grammar which can be declined in HMPP keywords are in red; User's variables re... | OpenHMPP |
c_bdnnleze3fn0 | In order to simplify the presentation of Paxos, the following assumptions and definitions are made explicit. Techniques to broaden the applicability are known in the literature, and are not covered in this article. | Paxos algorithm |
c_n7vbeuqj2cph | In order to simplify the procedure, while continuing to pursue the objective of making European grades more transparent, the European Commission proposes using an "ECTS grading table", concentrating on the first step of the 5-point system. Thus institutions only need to provide a standard table from the statistical dis... | ECTS grading scale |
c_l6a1j9jx584t | This ECTS grading table can be produced for national grading scales of any size, from data concerning a given reference group which are easily available in institutional records. When included in the Transcripts of Records and Diploma Supplements of the students, the table will facilitate the interpretation of each gra... | ECTS grading scale |
c_y4pmdjkgu1cy | To use the ECTS grading table the following steps should be taken: Identify the reference group for which the grade distribution will be calculated (usually a degree programme, but in some cases a wider or different grouping of students such as a Faculty or sector—e.g. Humanities). | ECTS grading scale |
c_nx18s5cjv1tc | Collect all grades awarded over a period of (at least) two academic years for the reference group identified. Calculate the grade distribution in terms of percentages for the reference group. Include the grading percentage table of your degree programme in every Transcript of Records/Diploma Supplement. | ECTS grading scale |
c_x39r0iybon6b | For transfer, compare the percentage table of the other institution's degree programme with your own. On the basis of this comparison individual grades can be converted.The first four steps in the procedure concern all programmes and are administrative tasks. The academic responsible for credit transfer may get involve... | ECTS grading scale |
c_lzsazzsc8792 | The new ECTS grading table provides information to compare different grading systems and cultures. However, it still suffers from the drawback that it may not provide sufficient information to compare grades across national grading systems that have only five or fewer passing grades. For example, if the top passing gra... | ECTS grading scale |
c_ll6bx1l0rw8n | In order to simplify understanding, it is usual to consider the function of the arms in each of three orthogonal planes: Top view:The arms have to control toe/steer and lateral compliance. This needs a pair of arms longitudinally separated. Front view:The arms have to control camber, particularly the way that the cambe... | Multi-link suspension |
c_3osa5pacd26g | Side view:The arms have to transmit traction and braking loads, usually accomplished via a longitudinal link. They also have to control caster. Note that brake torques also have to be reacted - either by a second longitudinal link, or by rotating the hub, which forces the lateral arms out of plane, so allowing them to ... | Multi-link suspension |
c_qu5efj0yggrf | In order to simultaneously manipulate and image samples that exhibit fluorescence, optical tweezers can be built alongside a fluorescence microscope. Such instruments are particularly useful when it comes to studying single or small numbers of biological molecules that have been fluorescently labelled, or in applicatio... | Laser levitation |
c_wwz012vtv6sc | In order to solve a PDE numerically in a domain, a discrete coordinate system must be introduced in this domain. If the domain has rotational symmetry and you want a grid consisting of rectangles, polar coordinates are a poor choice, since in the center of the circle it gives rise to triangles rather than rectangles. H... | Log-polar coordinates |
c_qgam4v2uq9zf | In order to solve environmental issues, Bellona collaborates with governmental organizations , scientific professionals, environmental activists, and other NGOs. These include addressing the effects of climate change, eradicating Russia's nuclear legacy since the Cold War, and ensuring the security of oil and gas produ... | Bellona Foundation |
c_1dy0dgvah1zt | In order to solve the equation ln ( x ) = y {\displaystyle \ln(x)=y} the BKM algorithm takes advantage of a basic property of logarithms ln ( a b ) = ln ( a ) + ln ( b ) {\displaystyle \ln(ab)=\ln(a)+\ln(b)} Using Pi notation, this identity generalizes to ln ( ∏ k = 0 n a k ) = ∑ k = 0 n ln ( a k ) {\displa... | BKM algorithm |
c_we0csk1sfafe | At this point, the above equation looks like this: ln ( ∏ k ∈ K ⊂ Z 0 + 1 + 2 − k ) = ∑ k ∈ K ⊂ Z 0 + ln ( 1 + 2 − k ) {\displaystyle \ln \left(\prod _{k\in K\subset \mathbb {Z} _{0}^{+}}1+2^{-k}\right)=\sum _{k\in K\subset \mathbb {Z} _{0}^{+}}\ln(1+2^{-k})} This choice of a k {\displaystyle a_{k}} reduces the com... | BKM algorithm |
c_s4liabcr52mr | One sequence approaches the input value x {\displaystyle x} while the other approaches the output value ln ( x ) = y {\displaystyle \ln(x)=y}: Given this recursive definition and because x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} is strictly increasing, it can be shown by induction and convergence that lim k → ∞ x k = x {\displaystyl... | BKM algorithm |
c_9av27qm5ztz2 | In order to solve the equation of an electron in a spherical potential, Hartree first introduced atomic units to eliminate physical constants. Then he converted the Laplacian from Cartesian to spherical coordinates to show that the solution was a product of a radial function P ( r ) / r {\displaystyle P(r)/r} and a sph... | Hartree equation |
c_r2earz489ad3 | In order to solve the equation, we need to transform it into an exact differential equation. In order to do that, we need to find an integrating factor μ {\displaystyle \mu } to multiply the equation by. We'll start with the equation itself. | Inexact differential equation |
c_d2bgvqi85v44 | M d x + N d y = 0 {\displaystyle M\,dx+N\,dy=0} , so we get μ M d x + μ N d y = 0 {\displaystyle \mu M\,dx+\mu N\,dy=0} . We will require μ {\displaystyle \mu } to satisfy ∂ μ M ∂ y = ∂ μ N ∂ x {\textstyle {\frac {\partial \mu M}{\partial y}}={\frac {\partial \mu N}{\partial x}}} . We get ∂ μ ∂ y M + ∂ M ∂ y μ = ∂ μ ∂ ... | Inexact differential equation |
c_66j5wv0n4sx1 | {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mu }{\partial y}}M+{\frac {\partial M}{\partial y}}\mu ={\frac {\partial \mu }{\partial x}}N+{\frac {\partial N}{\partial x}}\mu .} After simplifying we get M μ y − N μ x + ( M y − N x ) μ = 0. {\displaystyle M\mu _{y}-N\mu _{x}+(M_{y}-N_{x})\mu =0.} Since this is a partial differential... | Inexact differential equation |
c_zcpvlr4ug842 | In order to solve the model, boundary conditions are needed. The more classical boundary conditions are the following ones, formulated by Tung.First of all, as state before in the derive section, there ca not been any flow of current between the intracellular and extramyocardial domains. This can be mathematically desc... | Bidomain model |
c_jjxneipp4vsy | In order to solve the problems of conflicting industry standards, efforts are currently made to produce a notion regarding "reference cartridges" similar to the system used by NATO armies (NATO EPVAT testing). In this system every manufacturer has set aside a batch (also named "lot") of ammunition they consider to be o... | Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives |
c_4dngnik6rqey | The system is not in place due to two critical issues. One is the number of cartridges (more than 500) to be referenced which makes the operation excessively costly and lengthy. A second issue is the United States ITAR regulations which makes it very complex administratively to move ammunition back and forth from the U... | Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives |
c_2zryr4zbnxml | In order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones. Some of the first examples, from fifth-century-BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of ... | Condensor microphone |
c_7hmo1a54lzlv | This method of modulation was also the most enduring method for the technology of the telephone as well. Speaking of his device, Meucci wrote in 1857, "It consists of a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet with a spiral wire that wraps around it. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. | Condensor microphone |
c_35902aaj7jbf | These alterations of current, transmitted to the other end of the wire, create analogous vibrations of the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the word. "In 1861, German inventor Johann Philipp Reis built an early sound transmitter (the "Reis telephone") that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that wo... | Condensor microphone |
c_gktl1hz65l2r | These systems, however, gave a very poor sound quality. The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact) carbon microphone. | Condensor microphone |
c_zkh6w48ftw8i | This was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit h... | Condensor microphone |
c_qa11ygwubmef | The carbon microphone was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries. Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886. This microphone was employed at the first radio broadcast ever, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in... | Condensor microphone |
c_2wlv6zr3t5bd | In 1916, E.C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone. In 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. | Condensor microphone |
c_w1e9j61yi2g4 | The Marconi-Sykes magnetophone, developed by Captain H. J. Round, became the standard for BBC studios in London. This was improved in 1930 by Alan Blumlein and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day.Also in 1923, the ribbon microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, beli... | Condensor microphone |
c_pznshoqlj5qd | In order to speak, the breathing system must be voluntarily repurposed to produce vocal sounds, which allows the breathing mechanisms to be temporarily deactivated in favor of song or speech production. The human vocal tract has evolved to be more suited to speaking, with a lower larynx, 90° turn in the windpipe, and l... | Neurobiological origins of language |
c_okk0eiouuse5 | In order to specify a set of connectivities, the dimension N {\displaystyle N} and the width of the neighborhood n {\displaystyle n} , must be specified. The dimension of a neighborhood is valid for any dimension n ≥ 1 {\displaystyle n\geq 1} . A common width is 3, which means along each dimension, the central cell wil... | Pixel connectivity |
c_22pcozu97gc4 | This implies that each element q i ∈ { 0 , 1 , . . | Pixel connectivity |
c_62g15de5acpi | . , k } , ∀ i ∈ { 1 , 2 , . | Pixel connectivity |
c_08mejdstlada | . . , N } {\displaystyle q_{i}\in \{0,1,...,k\},\forall i\in \{1,2,...,N\}} and that at least one component q i = k {\displaystyle q_{i}=k} Let S N d {\displaystyle S_{N}^{d}} represent a N-dimensional hypersphere with radius of d = ‖ q → ‖ {\displaystyle d=\left\Vert {\vec {q}}\right\Vert } . | Pixel connectivity |
c_2kukozd9cmar | Define the amount of elements on the hypersphere S N d {\displaystyle S_{N}^{d}} within the neighborhood M N n {\displaystyle M_{N}^{n}} as E {\displaystyle E} . For a given q → {\displaystyle {\vec {q}}} , E {\displaystyle E} will be equal to the amount of permutations of q → {\displaystyle {\vec {q}}} multiplied by t... | Pixel connectivity |
c_uly8ts7xl3b2 | n j = ∑ i = 1 N ( q i = j ) {\displaystyle n_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}(q_{i}=j)} The total number of permutation of q → {\displaystyle {\vec {q}}} can be represented by a multinomial as N ! ∏ j = 0 k n j ! {\displaystyle {\frac {N! | Pixel connectivity |
c_n5d0r2582nzt | }{\prod _{j=0}^{k}n_{j}!}}} If any q i = 0 {\displaystyle q_{i}=0} , then the vector q → {\displaystyle {\vec {q}}} is shared in common between orthants. Because of this, the multiplying factor on the permutation must be adjusted from 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} to be 2 N − n 0 {\displaystyle 2^{N-n_{0}}} Multiplying the... | Pixel connectivity |
c_i1e234krzhcn | ∏ j = 0 k n j ! 2 N − n 0 {\displaystyle E={\frac {N! }{\prod _{j=0}^{k}n_{j}! | Pixel connectivity |
c_3leavl3rx3cx | }}2^{N-n_{0}}} Let V {\displaystyle V} represent the number of elements inside of the hypersphere S N d {\displaystyle S_{N}^{d}} within the neighborhood M N n {\displaystyle M_{N}^{n}} . V {\displaystyle V} will be equal to the number of elements on the hypersphere plus all of the elements on the inner shells. The she... | Pixel connectivity |
c_355g5dkd4r3b | Assume the ordered vectors q → {\displaystyle {\vec {q}}} are assigned a coefficient p {\displaystyle p} representing its place in order. Then an ordered vector q p → , p ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . | Pixel connectivity |
c_5g2s90qhtauv | In order to specify the different harmonic components of the tide-generating potential, Doodson devised a practical system which is still in use, involving what are called the Doodson numbers based on the six Doodson arguments or Doodson variables. The number of different tidal frequencies is large, but they can all be... | Theory of tides |
c_tjmd6jodt7m0 | The resulting six small integer multipliers effectively encode the frequency of the tidal argument concerned, and these are the Doodson numbers: in practice all except the first are usually biased upwards by +5 to avoid negative numbers in the notation. (In the case that the biased multiple exceeds 9, the system adopts... | Theory of tides |
c_9wimxlmuqh4u | β 2 = s = ( F + Ω ) {\displaystyle \beta _{2}=s=(F+\Omega )} is the mean longitude of the Moon. β 3 = h = ( s − D ) {\displaystyle \beta _{3}=h=(s-D)} is the mean longitude of the Sun. β 4 = p = ( s − l ) {\displaystyle \beta _{4}=p=(s-l)} is the longitude of the Moon's mean perigee. | Theory of tides |
c_6s7598ypsevg | β 5 = N ′ = ( − Ω ) {\displaystyle \beta _{5}=N'=(-\Omega )} is the negative of the longitude of the Moon's mean ascending node on the ecliptic. β 6 = p l {\displaystyle \beta _{6}=p_{l}} or p s = ( s − D − l ′ ) {\displaystyle p_{s}=(s-D-l')} is the longitude of the Sun's mean perigee.In these expressions, the symbols... | Theory of tides |
c_k9hxy6s35rk7 | F {\displaystyle F} is the Moon's mean argument of latitude (distance from its node). D {\displaystyle D} is the Moon's mean elongation (distance from the sun).It is possible to define several auxiliary variables on the basis of combinations of these. In terms of this system, each tidal constituent frequency can be ide... | Theory of tides |
c_paofrbpntxi2 | The strongest tidal constituent "M2" has a frequency of 2 cycles per lunar day, its Doodson numbers are usually written 255.555, meaning that its frequency is composed of twice the first Doodson argument, and zero times all of the others. The second strongest tidal constituent "S2" is influenced by the sun, and its Doo... | Theory of tides |
c_07nh4wzggkoz | In order to specify the phase shift on reflection, we must choose a sign convention for the reflection coefficient, which is the ratio of the reflected amplitude to the incident amplitude. In the case of the s components, for which the incident and reflected vibrations are both normal (perpendicular) to the plane of in... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_71nx9m1clo71 | (But the reader should be warned that some authors use a different convention for the p components, with the result that the stated phase shift differs by 180° from the value given here.) With the chosen sign convention, the phase advances on total internal reflection, for the s and p components, are respectively given... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_anqu9j7lt2o1 | The phase advance of the p component relative to the s component is then given by δ = δ p − δ s {\displaystyle \delta =\delta _{p\! }-\delta _{s}\,} .This is plotted in black in Fig. 2, for angles of incidence exceeding the critical angle, for three values of the refractive index. It can be seen that a refractive index... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_whri7ou73q8s | For θi greater than the critical angle, the phase shifts on total reflection are deduced from complex values of the reflection coefficients. For completeness, Fig. 2 also shows the phase shifts on partial reflection, for θi less than the critical angle. In the latter case, the reflection coefficients for the s and p co... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_3uubhwp6gtud | (We can now see a disadvantage of that convention, namely that the two coefficients have opposite signs as we approach normal incidence; the corresponding advantage is that they have the same signs at grazing incidence.) By Fresnel's sine law, rs is positive for all angles of incidence with a transmitted ray (since θt... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_pjv6n0nsws8o | Thus the phase shift δp is 180° for small θi but switches to 0° at Brewster's angle. Combining the complementarity with Snell's law yields θi = arctan (1/n) as Brewster's angle for dense-to-rare incidence.That completes the information needed to plot δs and δp for all angles of incidence in Fig. 2, in which δp is in ... | Fresnel rhomb |
c_nsrsu2ertvj6 | To the left of the critical angle is the region of partial reflection; here both reflection coefficients are real (phase 0° or 180°) with magnitudes less than 1. To the right of the critical angle is the region of total reflection; there both reflection coefficients are complex with magnitudes equal to 1. | Fresnel rhomb |
c_4v5b3yjbexsl | In Fig. 2, the phase difference δ is computed by a final subtraction; but there are other ways of expressing it. Fresnel himself, in 1823, gave a formula for cos δ. Born and Wolf (1970, p. | Fresnel rhomb |
c_3yd4pvxsg88q | 50) derive an expression for tan (δ/2), and find its maximum analytically. (For derivations of Eqs. (1) to (4) above, see Total internal reflection, especially § Derivation of evanescent wave and § Phase shifts.) | Fresnel rhomb |
c_090a2udhumta | In order to speed up web server responses by lowering average HTTP response times and hardware resources used, many popular web servers implement one or more content caches, each one specialized in a content category.Content is usually cached by its origin, e.g.: static content: file cache; dynamic content: dynamic cac... | Web servers |
c_syuu5aky7cet | In order to split a secret into several shares, Blakley's scheme specifies the secret as a point in n-dimensional space, and gives out shares that correspond to hyperplanes that intersect the secret point. Any n such hyperplanes will specify the point, while fewer than n hyperplanes will leave at least one degree of fr... | George Blakley |
c_k2wuwjninke5 | In order to stabilize the output power, the amplification of the input RF signal is automatically controlled by PIN diodes If the frequency of the output signal were to be set equal to the frequency of the input RF signal, the output RF would feed back from the output antenna to the input antenna and the input stage wo... | Transposer |
c_vxcui4d0ziqi | In order to stabilize the yaw bearing against rotation a means of braking is necessary. One of the simplest ways to realize that task is to apply a constant small counter-torque at the yaw drives in order to eliminate the backlash between gear-rim and yaw drive pinions and to prevent the nacelle from oscillating due to... | Yaw system |
c_o873orcv017n | The hydraulic yaw brakes are able to fix the nacelle in position thus relieving the yaw drives from that task. The cost however of the yaw brake in combination with the requirement of a hydraulic installation (pump, valves, pistons) and its installation in the vicinity of brake pads sensitive to lubricant contamination... | Yaw system |
c_xv3hk8wj8338 | These replace the hydraulic mechanism of the conventional brakes and with electro-mechanically actuated brake calipers. The use of electric yaw brakes eliminates the complexity of the hydraulic leakages and the subsequent problems that these cause to the yaw brake operation.Several wind turbine design and manufacturing... | Yaw system |
c_qeplxns8ug5u | In this case, some of the gliding surface (usually the axial, due to higher available surface) is utilized in order to accommodate the yaw brake pads and the pneumatic brake mechanism. The pneumatic actuator can be a conventional pneumatic cylinder or even a flexible air chamber which inflates when supplied with pressu... | Yaw system |
c_l01bv6q1ckot | Such a device is able to exert very high braking forces due to the high active surface. This is achieved with a simple industrial air pressure compression system (6–10 bar or 600–1,000 kPa or 87–145 psi) which is a reliable and low cost solution. Furthermore, in the event of leakage, the environmental impact is practic... | Yaw system |
c_3hr7dlw44slf | In order to standardise the music and liturgies found across their congregations, the ELCA. decided, in or about 1920, to produce a completely home-grown hymnal. According to the Preface to the Hymnal with Supplement, this work, the Australian Lutheran Hymn Book, was first published as a word edition in 1922, with the ... | Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement |
c_7xf50iu85guu | Though some hymns were of English origin, the overwhelming majority of the hymns in this book were translated from German, reflecting the heritage of the Lutheran Church. None of the hymns were of Australian origin. Dissatisfaction first arose with the Australian Lutheran Hymn Book in the late 1940s, when, again accord... | Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement |
c_umb3wiylnior | In order to standardize on a communication protocol, the features of the protocol need to be compared against the service interaction requirements including security, efficiency and transaction support. In case of web services, for example, if a service composition requires explicit transaction support, then SOAP over ... | Canonical protocol pattern |
c_zypolj9hxqyd | In order to start a train and accelerate it to a given speed, the locomotive(s) must develop sufficient tractive force to overcome the train's drag, which is a combination of axle bearing friction, the friction of the wheels on the rails (which is substantially greater on curved track than on tangent track), and the fo... | Tractive force |
c_f75oye3dwg8w | This top speed will be increased on a downgrade due to gravity assisting the motive power, and will be decreased on an upgrade due to gravity opposing the motive power. Tractive effort can be theoretically calculated from a locomotive's mechanical characteristics (e.g., steam pressure, weight, etc.), or by actual testi... | Tractive force |
c_ui2t0gcdp2fo | In order to start sessions or distribute datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS/NetBEUI name using the name service. To do so, an "Add Name Query" or "Add Group Name Query" packet is broadcast on the network. If the NetBIOS/NetBEUI name is already in use, the name service, running on the host that owns the... | NetBIOS Frames |
c_sbj3y2fbmn9m | In order to start trading at the EXAA, companies can become either a direct clearing member, or employ the services of a broker and become a non-clearing member. Before being accepted as a direct clearing member, companies have to complete the membership procedure and provide a security deposit to back their future tra... | Energy Exchange Austria |
c_dryrwpt7nfy2 | In order to start up a controllable fission reaction, the assembly must be delayed-critical. In other words, k must be greater than 1 (supercritical) without crossing the prompt-critical threshold. In nuclear reactors this is possible due to delayed neutrons. | Prompt critical |
c_yoirehvfes0f | Because it takes some time before these neutrons are emitted following a fission event, it is possible to control the nuclear reaction using control rods. A steady-state (constant power) reactor is operated so that it is critical due to the delayed neutrons, but would not be so without their contribution. During a grad... | Prompt critical |
c_n1ynyzi99kh0 | The exponential increase of reactor activity is slow enough to make it possible to control the criticality factor, k, by inserting or withdrawing rods of neutron absorbing material. Using careful control rod movements, it is thus possible to achieve a supercritical reactor core without reaching an unsafe prompt-critica... | Prompt critical |
c_w3ayuddao50q | In order to state the hypergraph regularity and counting lemmas formally, we need to define several rather technical terms to formalize appropriate notions of pseudo-randomness (random-likeness) and boundedness, as well as to describe the random-like blocks and partitions. Notation K j ( k ) {\displaystyle K_{j}^{(k)}}... | Hypergraph regularity method |
c_dbrnjmozqun9 | In particular, K j ( G ( 1 ) ) = K l ( j ) ( V 1 , … , V l ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{j}({\mathcal {G}}^{(1)})=K_{l}^{(j)}(V_{1},\ldots ,V_{l})} is a complete l {\displaystyle l} -partite j {\displaystyle j} -graph. The following defines an important notion of relative density, which roughly describes the fractio... | Hypergraph regularity method |
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