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c_pmw3lhftfsar | This causes the moisture to remain on the leaf tissue and increase susceptibility to the disease and provides an optimal environment for the fungus to survive and grow. Furrow irrigation or drip irrigation systems allow the plant to remain dry.Overall, AAL thrives in moist warm environments. Cultural practices for prev... | Alternaria alternata |
c_jaay2mwi9gsb | In order to survive, plants must be able to respond to many biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogen attack, piercing/sucking insects, herbivory, and mechanical wounding. These stresses activate specialized signal transduction pathways, which are specific to the stressor and the amount of tissue damage inflicted... | Leucyl aminopeptidase |
c_qvi0n3oo2but | The early genes amplify the wounding signal and can be detected 30 minutes to 2 hours after damage (Ryan 2000). Late gene expression can be seen 4–24 hours after wounding. Products of late-response genes act as deterrents to chewing-insect feeding, often by decreasing the nutritional value of the food ingested or inter... | Leucyl aminopeptidase |
c_e6rjdkz43dz0 | For example, serine proteinase inhibitors (Pins) interfere with digestive proteases in the insect gut and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) act to decrease the nutritive value of plant leaves after ingestion by herbivores (Johnson et al. 1989; Ryan 2000; Orozco-Cardenas 2001). Please see the Picture 3 for a summary of the woun... | Leucyl aminopeptidase |
c_lr1yxuhqlp93 | In order to sustain high-intensity running, a marathon runner must obtain sufficient glycogen stores. Glycogen can be found in the skeletal muscles and liver. With low levels of glycogen stores at the onset of the marathon, premature depletion of these stores can reduce performance or even prevent the completion of the... | Long-distance track event |
c_ilowio4c2u54 | : 56–57 Free Fatty Acids serve as a sparing mechanism for glycogen stores. The artificial elevation of these fatty acids along with endurance training demonstrates a marathon runner's ability to sustain higher intensities for longer periods of time. | Long-distance track event |
c_an9r2ab46aey | The prolonged sustenance of running intensity is attributed to a high turnover rate of fatty acids that allows the runner to preserve glycogen stores later into the race. : 51 Long-distance runners generally practice carbohydrate loading in their training and race preparation. : 50–55 | Long-distance track event |
c_nxmlp33epjou | In order to switch from macroscopic quantities (left hand side of the following equation) to microscopic ones (right hand side), we use n R = N k B {\displaystyle nR=Nk_{\mathrm {B} }} where N {\displaystyle N} is the number of gas particles k B {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }} is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10−23 J·... | Ideal gas |
c_zucz43q7eovn | In order to symbolically distinguish between a type-1 fuzzy set and a type-2 fuzzy set, a tilde symbol is put over the symbol for the fuzzy set; so, A denotes a type-1 fuzzy set, whereas à denotes the comparable type-2 fuzzy set. When the latter is done, the resulting type-2 fuzzy set is called a "general type-2 fuzzy ... | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems |
c_89z54qad5kux | Although some researchers are beginning to explore higher than type-2 fuzzy sets, as of early 2009, this work is in its infancy. The membership function of a general type-2 fuzzy set, Ã, is three-dimensional (Fig. 1), where the third dimension is the value of the membership function at each point on its two-dimensional... | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems |
c_lc0k68kklk3o | So, for such a set, the third dimension is ignored, and only the FOU is used to describe it. It is for this reason that an interval type-2 fuzzy set is sometimes called a first-order uncertainty fuzzy set model, whereas a general type-2 fuzzy set (with its useful third-dimension) is sometimes referred to as a second-or... | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems |
c_hyipvpuycpox | Consequently, it is possible to use type-1 fuzzy set mathematics to characterize and work with interval type-2 fuzzy sets. This means that engineers and scientists who already know type-1 fuzzy sets will not have to invest a lot of time learning about general type-2 fuzzy set mathematics in order to understand and use ... | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems |
c_rkobe6ogzgsk | People were still trying to figure out what to do with type-1 fuzzy sets, so even though Zadeh proposed type-2 fuzzy sets in 1976, the time was not right for researchers to drop what they were doing with type-1 fuzzy sets to focus on type-2 fuzzy sets. This changed in the latter part of the 1990s as a result of Jerry M... | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems |
c_wveg4btcrd6a | In order to synthesize and test theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry, computer models (such as chemical transport models) are used. Numerical models solve the differential equations governing the concentrations of chemicals in the atmosphere. They can be very simple or very complicated. One common trade o... | Atmospheric chemist |
c_90p0bw02rcsf | For example, a box model might include hundreds or even thousands of chemical reactions but will only have a very crude representation of mixing in the atmosphere. In contrast, 3D models represent many of the physical processes of the atmosphere but due to constraints on computer resources will have far fewer chemical ... | Atmospheric chemist |
c_39l2fi1r1mel | these models can be global (simulating the entire earth) or they can be regional (focused on only a specific region). The trade-off between the two approaches is their resolution as well as the amount of detail they can provide; global models usually have lower horizontal resolution and represent less complex chemical ... | Atmospheric chemist |
c_ej0p7feudyw9 | These types of models allow the coupling of different compartments of the earth, such as the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere; allowing the users to analyze the complicated interactions between them. Some models are constructed by automatic code generators (e.g. Autochem or Kinetic PreProcessor). In this a... | Atmospheric chemist |
c_vs0ddgi9urtd | In order to synthesize methyl isonicotinate several substances need to react with one another. These compounds are isonicotinic acid, methanol, sulfuric acid, and sodium carbonate. | Methyl isonicotinate |
c_iq9z4mu73or5 | In order to tackle the issue, an advocacy organization, Physicians for a National Health Program thinks of a special program which would enhance insurance coverage for Americans. Under that single-payer health care system, Medicare for All is advocated for the resemblance of the health care services with that work in C... | Medical debt |
c_ureagn3jqxn7 | In order to take a scientific measurement with a microphone, its precise sensitivity must be known (in volts per pascal). Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones. This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent tes... | Measurement microphone calibration |
c_f1k1u3qfoa7c | These could include the National Physical Laboratory in the UK, PTB in Germany, NIST in the USA and the National Measurement Institute, Australia, where the reciprocity calibration (see below) is the internationally recognised means of realising the primary standard. Laboratory standard microphones calibrated using thi... | Measurement microphone calibration |
c_lfuh6hpw4l8e | A microphone’s sensitivity can also depend on the nature of the sound field it is exposed to. For this reason, microphones are often calibrated in more than one sound field, for example a pressure field and a free field. Depending on their application, measurement microphones must be tested periodically (every year or ... | Measurement microphone calibration |
c_q1vdw7ad980w | In order to take advantage of both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction, the industrial scale water gas shift reaction is conducted in multiple adiabatic stages consisting of a high temperature shift (HTS) followed by a low temperature shift (LTS) with intersystem cooling. The initial HTS takes advantage of ... | High temperature shift |
c_rmmgaqdlisgy | Commercial HTS catalysts are based on iron oxide–chromium oxide and the LTS catalyst is a copper-based. The copper catalyst is susceptible to poisoning by sulfur. Sulfur compounds are removed prior to the LTS reactor by a guard bed. An important limitation for the HTS is the H2O/CO ratio where low ratios may lead to si... | High temperature shift |
c_ot0prlnqwzb1 | In order to take advantage of the ability to reduce the ADC sampling rate, groups of channels must have their own down-conversion to baseband for sampling, thereby increasing the number of mixers and local oscillators (LO) or synthesizers. LOs and synthesizers are not trivial components in designs. Also, as will be see... | Digital pre-distortion |
c_4y8e032b58ms | In order to take advantage of the above described representations of elements with their traces and furthermore ensure sufficient security, that will be discussed below, we need to find primes p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} , where p {\displaystyle p} denotes the characteristic of the field G F ( p 6 ) {\d... | XTR |
c_oryc99onfsy0 | Find k ∈ Z {\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} } such that p = r + k ⋅ q {\displaystyle p=r+k\cdot q} is a P {\displaystyle P} -bit prime with p ≡ 2 mod 3 {\displaystyle p\equiv 2\ {\text{mod}}\ 3} .Correctness of Algorithm A:It remains to check that q ∣ p 2 − p + 1 {\displaystyle q\mid p^{2}-p+1} because all the other nec... | XTR |
c_rf2ecvjvcq7p | In particular if the search for k {\displaystyle k} is restricted to k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} , which means looking for an r {\displaystyle r} such that both r 2 − r + 1 and r 2 + 1 {\displaystyle r^{2}-r+1{\text{ and }}r^{2}+1} are prime and such that r 2 + 1 ≡ 2 mod 3 {\displaystyle r^{2}+1\equiv 2{\text{ mod }}3} ,... | XTR |
c_k6mw0anpv6c5 | The following Algorithm B doesn't have this disadvantage, but it also doesn't have the fast arithmetic modulo p {\displaystyle p} Algorithm A has in that case. Algorithm B Select a Q {\displaystyle Q} -bit prime q {\displaystyle q} so that q ≡ 7 mod 12 {\displaystyle q\equiv 7\ {\text{mod}}\ 12} . Find the roots r 1 {\... | XTR |
c_jqhagmt4ix04 | In order to take advantage of the absence of the Glastonbury Festival in 2018, 4 separate Big Weekends were held simultaneously between 25 and 28 May in four cities each in the UK's four countries. Stylized as "BBC Music's Biggest Weekend", events were held in Swansea (with a line-up curated by Radio 1), Coventry and P... | BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend |
c_frd001pw1opg | In order to take advantage of the design by contract approach for user-defined types (structs and classes), which can have methods as well as member data, the programmer may tag instance methods as const if they don't modify the object's data members. Applying the const qualifier to instance methods thus is an essentia... | Cray pointer |
c_vwlxcc97jzpb | Thus having const methods is a way to apply const-correctness to the implicit "this" pointer argument just like other arguments. This example illustrates: In the above code, the implicit "this" pointer to Set() has the type "C *const"; whereas the "this" pointer to Get() has type "C const *const", indicating that the m... | Cray pointer |
c_fh07uzzdq14v | Often the programmer will supply both a const and a non-const method with the same name (but possibly quite different uses) in a class to accommodate both types of callers. Consider: The const-ness of the calling object determines which version of MyArray::Get() will be invoked and thus whether or not the caller is giv... | Cray pointer |
c_cd0h7eovctua | In order to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the S-VHS system, i.e., for the best recordings and playback, an S-VHS VCR requires S-VHS video tape cassettes. These have a different oxide media formulation for higher magnetic coercivity. S-VHS video cassettes are sensed and identified by the video cassette ... | S-VHS |
c_bi7zz1v8v0pg | Videophiles were the first to theorize that since the only distinguishing feature of an S-VHS tape is a small 3 mm hole on the underside of the video cassette, it should be possible to use more common and inexpensive VHS tapes by duplicating that hole. However, S-VHS cassettes contain a higher grade and coercivity of t... | S-VHS |
c_jnbrqou3ocfb | In order to take the tests, a candidate buys an ECDL Skills Card, which usually is issued electronically and serves as a login to the testing platform. To prepare for a module test, the candidate may use ECDL diagnostic tests. Testing is done using software which simulates the Windows/Microsoft Office environment. The ... | European Computer Driving License |
c_ri5rl458kr77 | In order to take values generated by fan pressurization and to use them in determining natural air exchange, the effective leakage area of a building must be calculated. Each gap and crack in the building envelope contributes a certain amount of area to the total leakage area of the building. The Effective Leakage Area... | Blower door |
c_xcupfu280zhc | The ELA will change depending on the reference pressure used to calculate it. 4 Pa is typically used in the US, whereas a reference pressure of 10 Pa is used in Canada. It is calculated as follows: E L A = C B u i l d i n g ∗ ρ 2 ∗ Δ P R e f n B u i l d i n g − 0.5 {\displaystyle ELA=C_{Building}*{\sqrt {\rho \over 2}}... | Blower door |
c_oczvfaz9kq0t | E L A {\displaystyle ELA\,\!} = Effective Leakage Area (m2 or in2) C B u i l d i n g {\displaystyle C_{Building}\,\!} = Building air leakage coefficient ρ {\displaystyle \rho \,\!} | Blower door |
c_5i0k4wx5oa28 | = Air density (kg/m3 or lb/in3), typically a standard density is used Δ P R e f {\displaystyle {\Delta }P_{Ref}\,\!} = Reference Pressure (Pa or lbForce/in2), typically 4 Pa in US and 10 Pa in Canada n B u i l d i n g {\displaystyle n_{Building}\,\!} = Building pressure exponentIt is essential that units are carefully ... | Blower door |
c_1tv9jf18zs4i | CBuilding and nBuilding should be calculated using SI units, and ρ and ∆PReference should be kg/m3 and pascal, respectively. Alternatively, CBuilding and nBuilding can be calculated using Imperial units, with ρ and ∆PReference being lb/ft3 and lbForce/in2, respectively. The ELA can be used, along with the Specific Infi... | Blower door |
c_qyvdefgqwtal | In order to terminate the integrated stress response, dephosphorylation of eIF2α is required. The protein phosphatase 1 complex (PP1) aids in the dephosphorylation of eIF2α. This complex contains a PP1 catalytic subunit as well as two regulatory subunits. This complex is negatively regulated by two proteins: growth arr... | Integrated stress response |
c_kan8keeunfux | CReP acts to keep levels of eIF2α phosphorylation low in cells under normal conditions. GADD34 is produced in response to ATF4 and works to increase dephosphorylation of eIF2α. The dephosphorylation of eIF2α results in the return of normal protein synthesis and cellular function. However, dephosphorylation of eIF2α can... | Integrated stress response |
c_inmjrno7rj0j | In order to territorialise carbon, geographical areas are created whereby emissions are monitored and environmental policy can set targets of reduction. Within these geographical areas climatic regulations can be implemented. Seattle is an example of a city where local governments are asserting themselves as active ins... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_sg2yx1qqc0hw | This goes against neoliberal reforms and the favoured market-led environmental regulations which endorse the expansion of the market economy in providing ways to regulate environmental problems. The boundaries of nature and ecosystems are unclear and hard to map. This can be further extended to the characteristics of t... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_lrjcwuwtvs6i | Understanding and gaining a sense of space and boundary is essential in the territorialisation of carbon. Only then is it possible to govern carbon and the flows of inputs and outputs within a country or state. Although the physical greenhouse gas molecules are part of the shared global atmosphere, sections of them hav... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_o6q740tpzedf | This is achieved through the territorialisation of carbon whereby the greenhouse gases are spatially referenced to transportation, energy production and consumption and other greenhouse gas activities that occur within the city of Seattle.Through attributing sections of the carbon cycle to specific carbon emitting acti... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_iyd2e6yyjurz | The city of Seattle has overcome this problem through creating new strategies which can enable the inclusion of these gases into their jurisdictional territory. Instead of defining these gases as ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ the territory, which would not be feasible, the gases are accounted for by specific places and activit... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_7w9tcopekldv | This provides the city and actors within the city to reassert their ability to regulate infrastructural aspects which are related to carbon governance. Certain practices, such as transport, pollution and urban development can be better monitored, regulated and managed through the territorialisation of carbon governance... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_d0l6dcyjv67b | It is through carbon that climate and climate change can be made relevant and connected to practices within a specific geographical area, such as a state. This territorial ‘carbon breakdown’ or territorialisation of carbon governance is what provides states with the political power to address climate issues within thei... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_wg4q9sbare5z | Through territorialising carbon governance in Seattle many initiatives and regulations have been introduced to reduce the greenhouse gas emission levels. The point at which Seattle established itself as its own ‘carbon territory’ an array of strategies have been developed and put into practice. The strategies have been... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_qm78me95crra | In order for this to be made possible the city had to engage and motivate local residents. The Seattle Climate Action Now (SCAN) program has been developed to educate and inspire the local population to become actively involved in reducing carbon emissions. All of these efforts and programs are based on the ability of ... | Territorialisation of carbon governance |
c_76fnmfrccuzn | In order to test for moderated mediation, some recommend examining a series of models, sometimes called a piecemeal approach, and looking at the overall pattern of results. This approach is similar to the Baron and Kenny method for testing mediation by analyzing a series of three regressions. These researchers claim th... | Moderated mediation |
c_449v78jtucyl | This method has the advantage of not requiring that any assumptions be made about the shape of the sampling distribution. Preacher, Rucker and Hayes also discuss an extension of simple slopes analysis for moderated mediation. | Moderated mediation |
c_ue4q916xtxvo | Under this approach, one must choose a limited number of key conditional values of the moderator that will be examined. As well, one can use the Johnson–Neyman technique to determine the range of significant conditional indirect effects.Preacher, Rucker, and Hayes (2007) have created an SPSS macro that provides bootstr... | Moderated mediation |
c_ocdmgzz7il1x | In order to test insensitivity to image perturbation the data set is split into two parts: the first contains images with a uniform background and the second images with varying degrees of background clutter. If the detector is robust to background clutter then the average correspondence score S should be similar for b... | Kadir–Brady saliency detector |
c_yxgcwt1h6bae | In most images the objects of interest tend to be in focus while backgrounds are out of focus and hence blurred. Blurred regions tend to exhibit slowly varying statistics which result in a relatively low entropy and inter-scale saliency in the saliency detector. Other detectors define saliency with respect to specific ... | Kadir–Brady saliency detector |
c_wivkkec7eyo2 | In order to test plastic welds, there are several requirements for both the inspector as well as the test method. Furthermore, there are two different types of testing weld quality. These two types are destructive and non-destructive testing. Destructive testing serves to qualify and quantify the weld joint whereas non... | Plastic welding adhesive |
c_3ahq7a7cs6t2 | As the names of these two tests implies, destructive testing will destroy the part that is being tested while nondestructive testing enables the test piece to be used afterwards. There are several methods available in each of these types. This section outlines some requirements of testing plastic welds as well as the d... | Plastic welding adhesive |
c_44yl10lua3b0 | In order to thank the Qing government for its support of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan specially built a yacht called "Yonghe Steamer" for Cixi, which, from the outside, should be a steam-propelled structure, with waterwheel-like waterwheels on both sides to push the ship forward. It can be viewed in the Summe... | Paddle wheel boat |
c_wng0x39mwc5v | In order to thrive, a fire requires fuel, oxygen, and heat. As underground fires are very difficult to reach directly, fire fighting involves finding an appropriate methodology which addresses the interaction of fuel and oxygen for the specific fire in question. A fire can be isolated from its fuel source, for example ... | Coal seam fire |
c_9bcr2bwqx28a | In the case of near-surface coal-seam fires, the influx of oxygen in the air can be interrupted by covering the area or installing gas-tight barriers. Another possibility is to hinder the outflow of combustion gases so that the fire is quenched by its own exhaust fumes. Energy can be removed by cooling, usually by inje... | Coal seam fire |
c_98ndwygm78jc | However, if any remaining dry coal absorbs water, the resulting heat of absorption can lead to re-ignition of a once-quenched fire as the area dries. Accordingly, more energy must be removed than the fire generates. In practice these methods are combined, and each case depends on the resources available. | Coal seam fire |
c_fhufqus7zw3z | This is especially true for water, for example in arid regions, and for covering material, such as loess or clay, to prevent contact with the atmosphere. Extinguishing underground coal fires, which sometimes exceed temperatures of 540 °C (1,000 °F), is both highly dangerous and very expensive.Near-surface coal-seam fir... | Coal seam fire |
c_1jk3vob6gv5r | Injecting water or mud in the boreholes long term, usually 1 to 2 years. Covering the entire area with an impermeable layer about 1 m thick, e.g., of loess. Planting vegetation to the extent the climate allows.Efforts are underway to refine this method, for example with additives to the quenching water or with alternat... | Coal seam fire |
c_gnxx6irvxlyc | Underground coal-seam fires are customarily quenched by inertisation through mine rescue personnel. Toward this end the affected area is isolated by dam constructions in the galleries. | Coal seam fire |
c_a6deyis447xg | Then an inert gas, usually nitrogen, is introduced, usually making use of available pipelines. In 2004, the Chinese government claimed success in extinguishing a mine fire at a colliery near Urumqi in China's Xinjiang province that had been burning since 1874. However, a March 2008 Time magazine article quotes research... | Coal seam fire |
c_3o748ezvu0aq | In order to tone down the sustained bottom end so that it would not compete with the other instruments, Perkins began the practice of muting the three bass strings (E, A and D) with the heel of his right hand, much in the style of Merle Travis, and scratching a rhythm pattern (as heard on Sun Records recordings prior t... | Luther Perkins |
c_w2m36p6c5pei | The experience made Kernodle nervous, and he ended up leaving before the session was over, with Perkins and Grant providing the instrumentation.Perkins, as a member of the Tennessee Two (later, the Tennessee Three, with the addition of drummer W.S. "Fluke" Holland), toured with Cash and appeared on most of his recordin... | Luther Perkins |
c_odm4tcz3royv | He was often the target of jokes by Cash, who would make comments such as "Luther's been dead for years, but he just doesn't know it".Perkins was Cash's lead guitarist on many of the popular Town Hall Party television appearances in the 1950s, often interacting with one another for stage effect and providing the signat... | Luther Perkins |
c_2wzb45dewulj | In order to tow a trailer behind a motorcycle, one of the following coupling combinations or mechanisms is needed: a ball and socket, swivel adapter, or pivot ball hitch and coupler. | Motorcycle trailer |
c_erpk1unf4bvu | In order to transfer surface (i.e. river) water rights in most western United States, historic subsurface return flows must be maintained and verified. This is known as Prior-appropriation water rights or the Colorado doctrine, and is different from Riparian water rights found in the eastern United States. Only the amo... | Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management |
c_kbbashv8u76y | State water codes and legal case precedents govern water ownership and transfers. Environmental interests can oppose transfers that impact farmland or ecosystems. == References == | Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management |
c_1ipeqi4jgypp | In order to transfer these ringtones to a mobile phone, one can simply send an SMS message with the iMelody/eMelody text as the text of the message, or make a plain text file containing the iMelody/eMelody text, using the extension of either .imy for iMelody or .emy for eMelody, and transfer the file to the mobile phon... | IMelody |
c_jtuwpigvkhh6 | In order to transform an AFM into a CAFM, three elements are required: i) the probe tip must be conductive, ii) a voltage source is needed to apply a potential difference between the tip and the sample holder, and iii) a preamplifier is used to convert the (analogical) current signal into (digital) voltages that can be... | Conductive atomic force microscopy |
c_grq9chp32v55 | The currents collected by the CAFM obey the relationship: I = J ⋅ A e f f {\displaystyle I=J\cdot A_{eff}} where I is the total current flowing through the tip/sample nanojunction, J is the current density and Aeff is the effective emission area through which electrons can flow (from now on we will refer to it just as ... | Conductive atomic force microscopy |
c_2dukkkuiqxub | For example, when the CAFM tip is placed on a metal the lateral conductivity of the sample is very high, making (in principle) the whole sample surface area electrically connected (Aeff equals the area covered by the metallic film/electrode). Aeff has been defined as:"the sum of all those infinitesimal spatial location... | Conductive atomic force microscopy |
c_vqrg0x3b1ri5 | Therefore, when the CAFM tip is placed in contact with a metal (a metallic sample or just a metallic pad on an insulator), the lateral conductivity of the metal is very high, and the CAFM tip can be understood as a current collector (nanosized probe station); on the contrary, if the CAFM tip is placed directly on an in... | Conductive atomic force microscopy |
c_h24tofw20kxs | In order to transition to sustainable markets, the use of market governance mechanisms (MGMs) to change the behavior of economic actors has been considered. Examples of sustainable market MGMs include fair trade certifications, sustainable production reporting, carbon taxes, pollution control subsidies, and payments fo... | Sustainable market |
c_etmbu11e7exm | In order to transmit information, the continuous wave must be turned off and on with a telegraph key to produce the different length pulses, "dots" and "dashes", that spell out text messages in Morse code, so a "continuous wave" radiotelegraphy signal consists of pulses of sine waves with a constant amplitude intersper... | Continuous-wave operation |
c_24qtyoyppw1u | The noise occurs in the part of the signal bandwidth further above and below the carrier than required for normal, less abrupt switching. The solution to the problem for CW is to make the transition between on and off to be more gradual, making the edges of pulses soft, appearing more rounded, or to use other modulatio... | Continuous-wave operation |
c_1hfjfs9uxr3j | In order to treat very large problems, the structure of hierarchical matrices can be improved: H2-matrices replace the general low-rank structure of the blocks by a hierarchical representation closely related to the fast multipole method in order to reduce the storage complexity to O ( n k ) {\displaystyle O(nk)} . In ... | Hierarchical matrix |
c_zvzigit3in0l | In order to try to assess the extent of inhibition that occurs in a reaction, a control can be performed by adding a known amount of a template to the investigated reaction mixture (based on the sample under analysis). By comparing the amplification of this template in the mixture to the amplification observed in a sep... | DNA polymerase inhibitor |
c_ini31noa2cwd | In order to turn a true color 24-bit image into an 8-bit image, the image must go through a process called color quantization. Color quantization is the process of creating a color map for a less color dense image from a more dense image.The simplest form of quantization is to simply assign 3 bits to red, 3 bits to gre... | 8-bit color |
c_559frkidv215 | An alternative approach is to use a palette, with each of the 256 possible indexes pointing towards a larger color space (ex: 256 colors chosen from 4096). Because the color map doesn't need to have every color in it and just needs to accurately represent the more color dense image, an arbitrary color can be assigned t... | 8-bit color |
c_5vnpc6om3nv4 | In order to turn the paddler needs to master the forward sweep. In paddling momentum is the paddlers best tool for successful advancement, and so ruddering or back sweeps as a way of turning, results in decreased momentum and a higher chance of getting flipped or caught in a hole or wave. To forward sweep right the pad... | Whitewater kayaking |
c_bff0hynjqaln | In order to unambiguously express the speed of a spacecraft, a frame of reference must be specified. Typically, this frame is fixed to the body with the greatest gravitational influence on the spacecraft, as this is the most relevant frame for most purposes. Velocities in different frames of reference are not directly ... | List of vehicle speed records |
c_za1eritmvofc | In order to understand "nature" as defined in the previous book, one must understand the terms of the definition. To understand motion, book III begins with the definition of change based on Aristotle's notions of potentiality and actuality. Change, he says, is the actualization of a thing's ability insofar as it is ab... | Physics (Aristotle) |
c_gjin5vs2crk7 | He argues against the actually infinite in any form, including infinite bodies, substances, and voids. Aristotle here says the only type of infinity that exists is the potentially infinite. | Physics (Aristotle) |
c_4i71oihoko73 | Aristotle characterizes this as that which serves as "the matter for the completion of a magnitude and is potentially (but not actually) the completed whole" (207a22-23). The infinite, lacking any form, is thereby unknowable. Aristotle writes, "it is not what has nothing outside it that is infinite, but what always has... | Physics (Aristotle) |
c_gy2x8yyahkhh | In order to understand ODS, it is necessary to understand the normal anatomy and defecation process.The pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm) can be divided into 4 compartments: Anterior or urinary (bladder, bladder neck, and urethra), Middle or genital (vagina and uterus in women, prostate in men), Posterior (anus, anal can... | Obstructed defecation |
c_3jcroqpojj2u | Reflexive relaxation of the external anal sphincter is also triggered. For defecation to occur, rectal pressure must be greater than pressure in the anal canal, which depends on the relaxation of the external anal sphincter, the puborectalis and the intra-abdominal force applied. In normal defecation, the pressure in t... | Obstructed defecation |
c_dhyd1f8sx2i7 | In order to understand Philippine prehistory and Southeast Asian patterns, it is critical for anthropologists and Southeast Asian scholars to date terraces. It is notoriously difficult to date field terraces. One important method is the use of the Bayesian model, which applies radiocarbon dating to tiered rice fields i... | Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |
c_8xkwmwu8hxyk | Archaeologists predict that these terraces were built during the 16th century by individuals who were migrating inland and upland from the Spanish. Relative dating techniques have been newly developed to be radiometric dating methods, which has become easily accessible. Due to relying on ‘stratigraphic superposition’ a... | Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |
c_v9uogyjf6fi3 | Bayesian modeling is beneficial when dating rice terraces because when dating agricultural terraces it is essential to know about the layers and the chaotic mixtures of the materials, and Bayesian modeling has the ability to restore a variety of chronological information. According to Stephen Acabado, “The Bayesian app... | Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |
c_uteq35mzo8mk | In order to understand a text, it is usually necessary to understand the spoken language associated with that text. In this way, writing systems are distinguished from many other symbolic communication systems. Once established, writing systems on the whole change more slowly than their spoken counterparts, and often p... | Reading education |
c_hcwi08niwo0w | In order to understand an sRNA's function one primarily needs to describe its targets. Here, target predictions represent a fast and free method for initial characterization of putative targets, given that the sRNA actually exerts its function via direct base pairing with a target RNA. Examples are CopraRNA, IntaRNA, T... | Bacterial small RNA |
c_pwreb2tuefcv | In order to understand functional genomics it is important to first define function. In their paper Graur et al. define function in two possible ways. These are "selected effect" and "causal role". The "selected effect" function refers to the function for which a trait (DNA, RNA, protein etc.) is selected for. | Functional genomics |
c_pngkk3v8ey9m | The "causal role" function refers to the function that a trait is sufficient and necessary for. Functional genomics usually tests the "causal role" definition of function. The goal of functional genomics is to understand the function of genes or proteins, eventually all components of a genome. | Functional genomics |
c_ljmmfn9oo8y6 | The term functional genomics is often used to refer to the many technical approaches to study an organism's genes and proteins, including the "biochemical, cellular, and/or physiological properties of each and every gene product" while some authors include the study of nongenic elements in their definition. Functional ... | Functional genomics |
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