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In most of Europe, glucosamine is approved as a medical drug and is sold in the form of glucosamine sulfate. In this case, evidence of safety and efficacy is required for the medical use of glucosamine and several guidelines have recommended its use as an effective and safe therapy for osteoarthritis. The Task Force of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) committee has granted glucosamine sulfate a level of toxicity of 5 in a 0-100 scale, and recent OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) guidelines for hip and knee osteoarthritis indicate an acceptable safety profile. By 2014, the OARSI did not recommend glucosamine for disease modification, and considered it "uncertain" for symptom relief, in knee osteoarthritis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine_hydrochloride |
In most of Europe, it is not possible for authors to assign or even broadly waive their moral rights. This is following a tradition in European copyright itself, which is regarded as an item of property which cannot be sold, but only licensed. The author can agree to waive them to a limited extent (and such terms are very common in contracts in Europe). There may also be a requirement for the author to 'assert' these moral rights before they can be enforced. In many books, for example, this is done on a page near the beginning, in and amongst the British Library/Library of Congress data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_rights |
In most of Europe, the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period: thus, in the UTC+01:00 time zone, Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe |
In most of Latin America, a few basic types of sausages are consumed, with slight regional variations on each recipe. These are chorizo (raw, rather than cured and dried like its Spanish namesake), longaniza (usually very similar to chorizo but longer and thinner), morcilla or relleno (blood sausage), and salchichas (often similar to hot dogs or Vienna sausages). Beef tends to be more predominant than in the pork-heavy Spanish equivalents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage |
In most of Latin America, sweet corn is traditionally eaten with beans. Although both corn and beans contain all 9 essential amino acids, eating a wide variety of foods in one day that includes grains and beans ensures the right balance of essential amino acids. In Brazil, sweet corn cut off from the cobs is generally eaten with peas (where this combination, given the practicality of steamed canned grains in an urban diet, is a frequent addition to diverse meals such as salads, stews, seasoned white rice, risottos, soups, pasta, and whole sausage hot dogs).In Malaysia, there exists a variety unique to the region of Cameron highlands named "pearl corn". The kernels are glossy white, resembling pearls, and can be eaten raw off the cob, although they are often boiled in water and salt.In the Philippines, boiled sweet corn kernels are served hot with margarine and cheese powder as an inexpensive snack sold by street vendors.Similarly, sweet corn in Indonesia is traditionally ground or soaked with milk, which makes available the B vitamin niacin in the corn, the absence of which would otherwise lead to pellagra; in Brazil, a combination of ground sweet corn and milk is also the basis of various well-known dishes, such as pamonha and the pudding-like dessert curau, while sweet corn eaten directly off the cob tends to be served with butter.In Europe and Asia sweet corn is often used as a pizza topping or in salads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn |
Corn on the cob is a sweet corn cob that has been boiled, steamed, or grilled whole; the kernels are then cut off and eaten or eaten directly off the cob. Creamed corn is sweet corn served in a milk or cream sauce. Sweet corn can also be eaten as baby corn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn |
Corn soup can be made adding water, butter and flour, with salt and pepper for seasoning. In the United States, sweet corn is eaten as a steamed vegetable or on the cob, and is usually served with butter and salt. It can be found in Tex-Mex cooking in chili, tacos, and salads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn |
Corn mixed and cooked with lima beans is one form of succotash. Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables in the United States, being most popular in the southern and central regions of the country, and can be purchased either fresh, canned, or frozen. Sweet corn ranks among the top ten vegetables in value and per capita consumption. If left to dry on the plant, kernels may be taken off the cob and cooked in oil where, unlike popcorn, they expand to about double the original kernel size and are often called corn nuts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn |
In most of Latvia sauerkraut soup (Latvian: skābu kāpostu zupa) is made with sauerkraut, potatoes, carrots and groats, but the region in Latgale only sauerkraut and bacon is used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_soup |
In most of Mexico, especially in rural areas, much of the food is consumed in the home. Cooking for the family is usually considered to be women's work, and this includes cooking for celebrations as well. Traditionally girls have been considered ready to marry when they can cook, and cooking is considered a main talent for housewives.The main meal of the day in Mexico is the "comida", meaning 'meal' in Spanish. The normal meal is, as follows; early morning meal, is called "desayuno", which entails coffee/atole (maize drink) and light meal, in some areas, the "almuerzo", around 11AM, includes a "snack" and drink, then followed by "comida", between noon and 2PM (lunch), which in itself is usually the heaviest meal of the day, or supper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_food |
It sometimes begins with soup, often chicken broth with pasta or a "dry soup", which is pasta or rice flavored with onions, garlic or vegetables. The main course is meat served in a cooked sauce with salsa on the side, accompanied with beans and tortillas and often with a fruit drink in some areas. The last meal of the day is cena, dinner, which varies greatly by region, and is usually eaten between 6PM and 9PM.In the evening, it is common to eat leftovers from the comida or sweet bread accompanied by coffee or chocolate. Breakfast can consist of meat in broth (such as pancita), tacos, enchiladas or meat with eggs. This is usually served with beans, tortillas, and coffee or juice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_food |
In most of Turkey, currently the European house numbering scheme is applied. The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality introduced new house numbering and street signs in 2007 by two official designers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_number_sign |
In most of Western Europe (except Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany), variable-rate mortgages are more common, unlike the fixed-rate mortgage common in the United States. Much of Europe has home ownership rates comparable to the United States, but overall default rates are lower in Europe than in the United States. Mortgage loan financing relies less on securitizing mortgages and more on formal government guarantees backed by covered bonds (such as the Pfandbriefe) and deposits, except Denmark and Germany where asset-backed securities are also common. Prepayment penalties are still common, whilst the United States has discouraged their use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan |
Unlike much of the United States, mortgage loans are usually not nonrecourse debt.Within the European Union, covered bonds market volume (covered bonds outstanding) amounted to about EUR 2 trillion at year-end 2007 with Germany, Denmark, Spain, and France each having outstandings above 200,000 EUR million. Pfandbrief-like securities have been introduced in more than 25 European countries—and in recent years also in the U.S. and other countries outside Europe—each with their own unique law and regulations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan |
In most of its complexes, arenes bind in an η6 mode, with six nearly equidistant M-C bonds. The C-C-C angles are unperturbed vs the parent arene, but the C-C bonds are elongated by 0.2 Å. In the fullerene complex Ru3(CO)9(C60), the fullerene binds to the triangular face of the cluster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_arene_complex |
In most of its complexes, the phosphido ligand is a bridging ligand. No lone pairs remain on phosphorus. These complexes have the formula 2. One example is 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_phosphido_complexes |
In most of its mathematical, political, social and religious uses, randomness is used for its innate "fairness" and lack of bias. Politics: Athenian democracy was based on the concept of isonomia (equality of political rights), and used complex allotment machines to ensure that the positions on the ruling committees that ran Athens were fairly allocated. Allotment is now restricted to selecting jurors in Anglo-Saxon legal systems, and in situations where "fairness" is approximated by randomization, such as selecting jurors and military draft lotteries. Games: Random numbers were first investigated in the context of gambling, and many randomizing devices, such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, were first developed for use in gambling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness |
The ability to produce random numbers fairly is vital to electronic gambling, and, as such, the methods used to create them are usually regulated by government Gaming Control Boards. Random drawings are also used to determine lottery winners. In fact, randomness has been used for games of chance throughout history, and to select out individuals for an unwanted task in a fair way (see drawing straws). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness |
Sports: Some sports, including American football, use coin tosses to randomly select starting conditions for games or seed tied teams for postseason play. The National Basketball Association uses a weighted lottery to order teams in its draft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness |
Mathematics: Random numbers are also employed where their use is mathematically important, such as sampling for opinion polls and for statistical sampling in quality control systems. Computational solutions for some types of problems use random numbers extensively, such as in the Monte Carlo method and in genetic algorithms. Medicine: Random allocation of a clinical intervention is used to reduce bias in controlled trials (e.g., randomized controlled trials). Religion: Although not intended to be random, various forms of divination such as cleromancy see what appears to be a random event as a means for a divine being to communicate their will (see also Free will and Determinism for more). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness |
In most of its range, the Eurasian nuthatch is the only nuthatch present. In Southeast Europe and Western Asia, the Eastern rock nuthatch (S. tephronota) and the Western rock nuthatch (S. neumayer) inhabit rocky environments and are larger and paler than species. Eurasian species do not have white dots on their tails. In the same area, the Krüper's nuthatch (S. krueperi) is smaller, with a dark crown and a large russet patch on the breast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch |
In southwest China, the chestnut-vented nuthatch (S. nagaensis) is very similar to the torchepot, but has darker upperparts, less white on the face, and more greyish underparts. The Siberian nuthatch (S. arctica) was once considered a subspecies of the Eurasian nuthatch but differs quite clearly from it, being larger, pale, with a shorter and thinner eye line, a longer bill and a straighter culmen, and more white in the tail than any other subspecies. Other nuthatches whose range overlaps with the Eurasian nuthatch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch |
In most of its range, the Italian sparrow is an abundant and familiar bird of houses. It has been one of the wild birds most commonly consumed as food in Italy. Portrayals of the Italian sparrow or one of its relatives have been found at Pompeii. Like the house sparrow, the Italian sparrow is considered a biological indicator of pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_sparrow |
In most of its range, the Spanish sparrow occurs alongside the house sparrow. In such areas, both species breed in farmland and open woodland, with the Spanish sparrow preferring moister habitats. In areas where house sparrows are absent, the Spanish sparrow may live in urban habitats, as in the Canary Islands, Madeira, and some Mediterranean islands. In a few urban areas, such as those in eastern Sardinia, the primary sparrow species is the Eurasian tree sparrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_sparrow |
Before the Spanish sparrow arrived in the Canary Islands and Madeira, the rock sparrow was the sole native sparrow. In the Canaries, the Spanish sparrow occurs in most habitats, having ousted the rock sparrow from all but the driest localities. In Madeira the Spanish sparrow is common in cultivated areas, but it has not fully adapted to nesting in buildings or breeding in the drier north of the island. The Spanish sparrow is not common on most of the Cape Verde islands, due to the presence of the endemic Iago sparrow, and the house sparrow on São Vicente. On Fogo, where it is the sole species of sparrow, it is common in all habitats, breeding both in the houses of São Filipe and on the cliff walls of the volcano Pico do Fogo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_sparrow |
In most of molecular dynamics simulations that use constraint algorithms, constraints are enforced using the method of Lagrange multipliers. Given a set of n linear (holonomic) constraints at the time t, σ k ( t ) := ‖ x k α ( t ) − x k β ( t ) ‖ 2 − d k 2 = 0 , k = 1 … n {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t):=\|\mathbf {x} _{k\alpha }(t)-\mathbf {x} _{k\beta }(t)\|^{2}-d_{k}^{2}=0,\quad k=1\ldots n} where x k α ( t ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {x} _{k\alpha }(t)} and x k β ( t ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {x} _{k\beta }(t)} are the positions of the two particles involved in the kth constraint at the time t and d k {\displaystyle d_{k}} is the prescribed inter-particle distance. The forces due to these constraints are added in the equations of motion, resulting in, for each of the N particles in the system ∂ 2 x i ( t ) ∂ t 2 m i = − ∂ ∂ x i , i = 1 … N . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {x} _{i}(t)}{\partial t^{2}}}m_{i}=-{\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {x} _{i}}}\left,\quad i=1\ldots N.} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
Adding the constraint forces does not change the total energy, as the net work done by the constraint forces (taken over the set of particles that the constraints act on) is zero. Note that the sign on λ k {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}} is arbitrary and some references have an opposite sign. From integrating both sides of the equation with respect to the time, the constrained coordinates of particles at the time, t + Δ t {\displaystyle t+\Delta t} , are given, x i ( t + Δ t ) = x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) + ∑ k = 1 n λ k ∂ σ k ( t ) ∂ x i ( Δ t ) 2 m i − 1 , i = 1 … N {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}(t+\Delta t)={\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\Delta t)+\sum _{k=1}^{n}\lambda _{k}{\frac {\partial \sigma _{k}(t)}{\partial \mathbf {x} _{i}}}\left(\Delta t\right)^{2}m_{i}^{-1},\quad i=1\ldots N} where x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\Delta t)} is the unconstrained (or uncorrected) position of the ith particle after integrating the unconstrained equations of motion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
To satisfy the constraints σ k ( t + Δ t ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t+\Delta t)} in the next timestep, the Lagrange multipliers should be determined as the following equation, σ k ( t + Δ t ) := ‖ x k α ( t + Δ t ) − x k β ( t + Δ t ) ‖ 2 − d k 2 = 0. {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t+\Delta t):=\left\|\mathbf {x} _{k\alpha }(t+\Delta t)-\mathbf {x} _{k\beta }(t+\Delta t)\right\|^{2}-d_{k}^{2}=0.} This implies solving a system of n {\displaystyle n} non-linear equations σ j ( t + Δ t ) := ‖ x ^ j α ( t + Δ t ) − x ^ j β ( t + Δ t ) + ∑ k = 1 n λ k ( Δ t ) 2 ‖ 2 − d j 2 = 0 , j = 1 … n {\displaystyle \sigma _{j}(t+\Delta t):=\left\|{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{j\alpha }(t+\Delta t)-{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{j\beta }(t+\Delta t)+\sum _{k=1}^{n}\lambda _{k}\left(\Delta t\right)^{2}\left\right\|^{2}-d_{j}^{2}=0,\quad j=1\ldots n} simultaneously for the n {\displaystyle n} unknown Lagrange multipliers λ k {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
In other words, J σ {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{\sigma }} can be solved individually for each molecule. Instead of constantly updating the vector λ _ {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}} , the iteration can be started with λ _ ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}^{(0)}=\mathbf {0} } , resulting in simpler expressions for σ k ( t ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t)} and ∂ σ k ( t ) ∂ λ j {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \sigma _{k}(t)}{\partial \lambda _{j}}}} . In this case J i j = ∂ σ j ∂ λ i | λ = 0 = 2 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
{\displaystyle J_{ij}=\left. {\frac {\partial \sigma _{j}}{\partial \lambda _{i}}}\right|_{\mathbf {\lambda } =0}=2\left\left.} then λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is updated to λ j = − J − 1 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
{\displaystyle \mathbf {\lambda } _{j}=-\mathbf {J} ^{-1}\left.} After each iteration, the unconstrained particle positions are updated using x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) ← x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) + ∑ k = 1 n λ k ∂ σ k ∂ x i ( Δ t ) 2 m i − 1 . {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\Delta t)\leftarrow {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\Delta t)+\sum _{k=1}^{n}\lambda _{k}{\frac {\partial \sigma _{k}}{\partial \mathbf {x} _{i}}}\left(\Delta t\right)^{2}m_{i}^{-1}.} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
The vector is then reset to λ _ = 0 . {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}=\mathbf {0} .} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
The above procedure is repeated until the solution of constraint equations, σ k ( t + Δ t ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t+\Delta t)} , converges to a prescribed tolerance of a numerical error. Although there are a number of algorithms to compute the Lagrange multipliers, these difference is rely only on the methods to solve the system of equations. For this methods, quasi-Newton methods are commonly used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(computational_chemistry) |
In most of northern Europe and Asia, it nests mostly in coniferous forests, where it is often identified by its long and exuberant song. Although it is an insectivore, it can remain in moderately cold and even snowy climates by foraging for insects on substrates such as bark and fallen logs. The male wren builds several nests in his territory; these are called "cock nests" but are never lined until the female chooses one to use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren |
The number of nests on a territory influences the female's choice of mate; she preferentially mates with a male that had constructed numerous nests. Courtship includes display and posturing by the male. He sings with wings and tail half open, or with them drooping, sometimes with one wing extended, or the wings may be raised and lowered several times in quick succession.The neatly-domed nest has a side entrance and is built of grass, moss, lichen and dead leaves, whatever is available locally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren |
It is often tucked into a hole in a wall or tree trunk or a crack in a rock, but it is often built in brambles, a bush or a hedge, among ivy on a bank, in thatch, or in abandoned bird's nests such as those of the house sparrow, swallow, house martin and dipper. On making her selection, the female wren lines the nest generously with feathers.A clutch of five or six (range three to eleven) eggs are laid from April onwards. These average 16.6 by 12.7 mm (0.65 by 0.50 in) and are white with variable amounts of reddish-brown speckles, mostly on the broad end. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren |
The female alone incubates these, and they hatch after 14 to 15 days. The young are fed on insects, spiders and other small invertebrates; there is no record of the male feeding the young in the nest, but he does do so after they have fledged, which happens after about 16 days. There are usually two broods.Wrens are highly polygamous, that is to say a male can have, at any one time, more than one female with an active nest on his territory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren |
An active nest is one in which there are eggs or nestlings. A male has been recorded with four females breeding on his territory. Bigamy and trigamy are the most common forms of polygamy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren |
In most of present-day North Africa, the Western Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the Eastern Arabic numerals (٠ – ١ – ٢ – ٣ – ٤ – ٥ – ٦ – ٧ – ٨ – ٩) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued position is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24 is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (vierundzwanzig) and Classical Hebrew, and 1975 is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_language |
In most of stellar dynamics literature, it is convenient to adopt the convention that the particle mass is unity in solar mass unit M ⊙ {\displaystyle M_{\odot }} , hence a particle's momentum and velocity are identical, i.e., For example, the thermal velocity distribution of air molecules (of typically 15 times the proton mass per molecule) in a room of constant temperature T 0 ∼ 300 K {\displaystyle T_{0}\sim \mathrm {300K} } would have a Maxwell distribution where the energy per unit mass where Φ ( x , y , z ) ≡ g 0 z = 0 {\displaystyle \Phi (x,y,z)\equiv g_{0}z=0} and σ 1 = k T 0 / m ∼ 0.3 k m / s {\textstyle \sigma _{1}={\sqrt {kT_{0}/m}}\sim \mathrm {0.3km/s} } is the width of the velocity Maxwell distribution, identical in each direction and everywhere in the room, and the normalisation constant e μ k T 0 {\displaystyle e^{\mu \over kT_{0}}} (assume the chemical potential μ ∼ ( m σ 1 2 ) ln ≪ 0 {\textstyle \mu \sim (m\sigma _{1}^{2})\ln \left\ll 0} such that the Fermi-Dirac distribution reduces to a Maxwell velocity distribution) is fixed by the constant gas number density n 0 = n ( x , y , 0 ) {\displaystyle n_{0}=n(x,y,0)} at the floor level, where | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_dynamics |
In most of the European Union lane splitting is legal, and in a number of countries, such as France, Italy, Spain or Netherlands, it's even expected. Depending on a country there can be some restrictions - for example in Germany it's legal only when the car traffic is slow or stationary - or it might be straight out illegal, but tolerated to a degree, such as in Slovakia. In Poland the legal situation is somewhat complex, as lane splitting is not specifically legalised, but not banned either. All of the traffic laws that regulate typical overtaking apply even when lane splitting, notably it cannot be done in places where overtaking is forbidden by the lane markings (double center line) or other traffic signs, a vehicle (even single-track) cannot drive on the center line itself and has to keep a safe distance from other road users. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_splitting |
In most of the Gothic architecture of Italy, transalpine forms are applied very selectively. So was the adaption of Rayonnant architecture. Some of the few examples are abbey churches whose orders were active in France and other parts of Europe. But also cathedrals have to be mentioned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnant |
The façade of Siena Cathedral was planned in the Rayonnant style, in 1284, though modified in later years. The façade is covered by fine sculpture. The interior was remodeled and vaulted in 1260 and therefore resembles northern Gothic – except of the round arcades and travers arches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnant |
Orvieto Cathedral, begun in 1290 or 1310, has many Gothic but also some Romanesque elements. It is notable for its elaborate two-dimensional decorative patterns on its façade and interiors. Its open trusses emphasize the difference from transalpine Gothic. Both interiors are dominated by polychrome marble. The facade of the bell tower 1334–1358) of Florence Cathedral is decorated with elaborate patterns in the marble, resembling Rayonnant tracery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnant |
In most of the Super Chinese games, Jack and Ryu are the protagonists. They often are fighting to save their homeland, Chinaland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Chinese |
In most of the above competitions, competitions are usually organized in several rounds. They usually start with online rounds, which conclude in the onsite final round. The top performers at IOI and ICPC receive gold, silver and bronze medals. In the other contests, cash prizes are awarded to the top finishers. The competitions also attract interest of recruiters from multiple software and Internet companies, which often reach out to competitors with potential job offers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_programming |
In most of the alphabets of India and Southeast Asia, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called abugidas. Some abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, are learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_text |
In most of the alphabets of the Middle East, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks. Writing systems based primarily on writing just consonants phonemes date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Such systems are called abjads, derived from the Arabic word for "alphabet", or consonantaries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_word |
In most of the approaches listed here, a well-understood block cipher (such as AES) is used as a primitive to take the place of an ideal random function. This has the advantage that incorporation of a secret key into the algorithm is easy. Where AES is mentioned in the following discussion, any other good block cipher would work as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format-preserving_encryption |
In most of the available empirical studies however, no statistically significant causal link has been found between an increase in transaction costs (transaction taxes or government-controlled minimum brokerage commissions) and a reduction in volatility—in fact a frequent unintended consequence observed by 'early adopters' after the imposition of a financial transactions tax (see Werner, 2003) has been an increase in the volatility of stock market returns, usually coinciding with significant declines in liquidity (market volume) and thus in taxable revenue (Umlauf, 1993).For a recent evidence to the contrary, see, e.g., Liu and Zhu (2009), which may be affected by selection bias given that their Japanese sample is subsumed by a research conducted in 14 Asian countries by Hu (1998), showing that "an increase in tax rate reduces the stock price but has no significant effect on market volatility". As Liu and Zhu (2009) point out, the different experience in Japan highlights the comment made by Umlauf (1993) that it is hazardous to generalize limited evidence when debating important policy issues such as the STT and brokerage commissions." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobin_tax |
In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides. Pesticides Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Algaecides Rodenticides Molluscicides Nematicides Fertilisers Soil conditioners Liming and acidifying agents Plant growth regulators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_chemical |
In most of the cell types of most species, most Ras is the GDP type. This is true for Xenopus oocytes and mouse fibroblasts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_protein |
In most of the central nervous system, neurons communicate exclusively by sending each other action potentials, colloquially known as "spikes". It is therefore thought that all of the information a sensory neuron encodes about the outside world can be inferred by the pattern of its spikes. Current experimental techniques cannot measure individual spikes noninvasively. Such encoding includes the Dual Process Theory and how we think in a conscious and unconscious manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience |
A typical single neuron experiment will consist of isolating a neuron (that is, navigating the neuron until the experimenter finds a neuron which spikes in response to the type of stimulus to be presented, and (optionally) determining that all of the spikes observed indeed come from a single neuron), then presenting a stimulus protocol. Because neural responses are inherently variable (that is, their spiking pattern may depend on more than just the stimulus which is presented, although not all of this variability may be true noise, since factors other than the presented stimulus may affect the sensory neuron under study), often the same stimulus protocol is repeated many times to get a feel for the variability a neuron may have. One common analysis technique is to study the neuron's average time-varying firing rate, called its post stimulus time histogram or PSTH. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience |
In most of the country prohibition was of central importance in progressive politics before World War I, with a strong religious and ethnic dimension. Most Pietistic Protestants were "dries" who advocated prohibition as a solution to social problems; they included Methodists, Congregationalists, Disciples, Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans. On the "wet" side, Episcopalians, Irish Catholics, German Lutherans and German Catholics attacked prohibition as a menace to their social customs and personal liberty. Prohibitionists supported direct democracy to enable voters to bypass the state legislature in lawmaking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Party_System |
In the North, the Republican Party championed the interests of the prohibitionists while the Democratic Party represented ethnic group interests. In the South, the Baptist and Methodist churches played a major role in forcing the Democratic party to support prohibition. After 1914 the issue shifted to the Germans' opposition to Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy. In the 1920s, however the sudden, unexpected outburst of big city crime associated with bootlegging undermined support for prohibition, and the Democrats took up the cause for repeal, finally succeeding in 1932. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Party_System |
In most of the early typewriters, the typebars struck upward against the paper, pressed against the bottom of the platen, so the typist could not see the text as it was typed. What was typed was not visible until a carriage return caused it to scroll into view. The difficulty with any other arrangement was ensuring the typebars fell back into place reliably when the key was released. This was eventually achieved with various ingenious mechanical designs and so-called "visible typewriters" which used frontstriking, in which the typebars struck forward against the front side of the platen, became standard. One of the first was the Daugherty Visible, introduced in 1893, which also introduced the four-bank keyboard that became standard, although the Underwood which came out two years later was the first major typewriter with these features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_typewriter |
In most of the families reported so far, tetra-amelia syndrome appears to have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-amelia_syndrome |
In most of the keyboard diagrams the symbol one gets when holding down AltGr is in blue in the lower-right of the corner. If different, the symbol for Shift+AltGr is shown in the upper-right. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key |
In most of the post-tensioned and pre-tensioned prestressed project, smooth steel strand is the most widely used prestressed steel. Stranded strand is mainly used to enhance the project, but also for nuclear power and the like works. Galvanized steel strand commonly used in the bridge of the tie rod, cable and external prestressing works. Epoxy coated steel stranded wire is similar to galvanized prestressed steel wire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_strand |
In most of the recent localization systems, it is assumed that the received signals propagate through a LOS path. However, infringement of this assumption can result in inaccurate positioning data. For Time of Arrival based localization system, the emitted signal can only arrive at the receiver through its NLOS paths. The NLOS error is defined as the extra distance travelled by the received signal with respect to the LOS path. The NLOS error is always positively biased with the magnitude dependent on the propagation environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-line-of-sight_propagation |
In most of the reported cases, the treatment options were very similar. Plasmapheresis alone or in combination with steroids, sometimes also with thymectomy and azathioprine, have been the most frequently used therapeutic approach in treating Morvan's Syndrome. However, this does not always work, as failed response to steroids and to subsequently added plasmapheresis have been reported. Intravenous immunoglobulin was effective in one case.In one case, the dramatic response to high-dose oral prednisolone together with pulse methylprednisolone with almost complete disappearance of the symptoms within a short period should induce consideration of corticosteroids.In another case, the subject was treated with haloperidol (6 mg/day) with some improvement in the psychomotor agitation and hallucinations, but even high doses of carbamazepine given to the subject failed to improve the spontaneous muscle activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan's_syndrome |
Plasma Exchange (PE) was initiated, and after the third such session, the itching, sweating, mental disturbances, and complex nocturnal behavior improved and these symptoms completely disappeared after the sixth session, with improvement in insomnia and reduced muscle twitching. However, one month after the sixth PE session, there was a progressive worsening of insomnia and diurnal drowsiness, which promptly disappeared after another two PE sessions.In one case, high dose steroid treatment resulted in a transient improvement, but aggressive immuno-suppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide was necessary to control the disease and result in a dramatic clinical improvement.In another case, the subject was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight) with carbamazepine, propranolol, and amitriptyline. After two weeks, improvement with decreased stiffness and spontaneous muscle activity and improved sleep was observed. After another 7–10 days, the abnormal sleep behavior disappeared completely.In another case, symptomatic improvement with plasmapheresis, thymectomy, and chronic immunosuppression provide further support for an autoimmune or paraneoplastic basis.Although thymectomy is believed to be a key element in the proposed treatment, there is a reported case of Morvan's Syndrome presenting itself post-thymectomy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan's_syndrome |
In most of the rest of the world Leyland customers liked the Royal Tiger, but some found it insufficiently strong and some regarded it as underpowered. As a result, Leyland produced its most successful bus model, the Royal Tiger Worldmaster. In the UK, conversely, the Royal Tiger had an unladen weight often exceeding eight tons, more than that of double-deckers with up to twenty more seats, and as the gross vehicle weight was twelve tons in 1950, a full complement of luggage and passengers would take the coaches in particular close to the legal laden limit. Thus in 1952 Leyland launched a bus to the concept of the Royal Tiger but with a lighter-weight frame and units standardised with the Comet 90 medium-weight lorry. This was the Leyland Tiger Cub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Royal_Tiger_PSU |
In most of the southern states, the 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge was preferred (a broad gauge that later was adopted by Russia for its new railroad and became known as Russian gauge). This configuration allowed for wider rolling stock that could more efficiently accommodate cotton bales, the most commonly transported good in the South at the time. In the U.S. this gauge was changed to 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm) in 1886. This gauge remains in use by Pittsburgh's two funicular railways, the Monongahela Incline (the oldest continuously operating funicular in the United States, having opened in 1870) and the Duquesne Incline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_gauge |
In most of the subsurface, organisms live in conditions of extreme energy and nutrient limitation. This is far from the conditions in which cells are cultured in labs. A lab culture goes through a series of predictable phases. After a short lag phase, there is a period of exponential growth in which the population can double in as little as 20 minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria |
A death phase follows in which almost all the cells die off. The remainder enter an extended stationary phase in which they can last for years without further input of substrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria |
However, each live cell has 100 to 1000 dead cells to feed on, so they still have abundant nutrients compared to the subsurface.In the subsurface, cells catabolize (break down molecules for energy or building materials) 10,000 to one million times slower than at the surface. Biomass may take centuries or millennia to turn over. There is no known limit to the age that cells could reach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria |
The viruses that are present could kill cells and there may be grazing by eukaryotes, but there is no evidence of that.It is difficult to establish clear limits on the energy needed to keep cells alive but not growing. They need energy to perform certain basic functions like the maintenance of osmotic pressure and maintenance of macromolecules such as enzymes and RNA (e.g., proofreading and synthesis). However, laboratory estimates of the energy needed are several orders of magnitude greater than the energy supply that appears to sustain life underground.It was thought, at first, that most underground cells are dormant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria |
However, some extra energy is required to come out of dormancy. This is not a good strategy in an environment where the energy sources are stable over millions of years but decreasing slowly. The available evidence suggests that most cells in the subsurface are active and viable.A low-energy environment favors cells with minimal self-regulation, because there are no changes in the environment that they need to respond to. There could be low-energy specialists. However, there is unlikely to be strong evolutionary pressure for such organisms to evolve because of the low turnover and because the environment is a dead end. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_bacteria |
In most of the surveys conducted by Gerbner, the results revealed a small but statistically significant relationship between television consumption and fear of becoming the victim of a crime. Those with light viewing habits predicted their weekly odds of being a victim were 1 in 100; those with heavy viewing habits predicted 1 in 10. Actual crime statistics showed the risk to be 1 in 10,000.Supporting this finding is a survey done with college students that showed a significant correlation between the attention paid to local crime and one's fearfulness. There was also a significant correlation between fear of crime and violence and the number of times the respondents viewed television per week.Local news has been frequently analyzed for cultivation, as they rely "heavily on sensational coverage of crime and other mayhem with particular emphasis on homicide and violence", while news agencies boast of their allegiance to report factually. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_theory |
Gerbner found that heavy viewers of news were more likely to overestimate crime rates and risk of personal exposure to crime and underestimate the safety of their neighborhoods. Additionally, several other studies point out the correlation between viewing local news and fear of crime, with Gross and Aiday (2003) finding the relationship between local news exposure and fear of crimes to be independent of local crime rates.Aside from local news, national news, police shows, and general TV news viewing are also related to a fear of crime. Additionally, non-genre-specific TV viewing has been associated with fear of crime.Busselle (2003) found that parents who watch more programs portraying crime and violence are more likely to warn their children about crime during their high school years; these warnings, in turn, increased the students' own crime estimates, suggesting cultivation takes place through both direct and indirect processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_theory |
In most of the world, a "hot dog" is recognized as a sausage in a bun, but the type varies considerably. The name is often applied to something that would not be described as a hot dog in North America. For example, in New Zealand a "hot dog" is a battered sausage, often on a stick, which is known as a corn dog in North America; an "American hot dog" is the version in a bun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dogs |
In most of the world, addresses are written in order from most specific to general, i.e. finest to coarsest information, starting with the addressee and ending with the largest geographical unit. For example: In English-speaking countries, the postal code usually comes last. In much of Europe, the code precedes the town name, thus: "1010 Lausanne". Sometimes, the ISO 3166 country code is placed in front of the postal code: "CH-1010 Lausanne".If a house number is provided, it is written on the same line as the street name; a house name is written on the previous line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
When addresses are written inline, line breaks are replaced by commas. Conventions on the placing of house numbers differ: either before or after the street name. Similarly, there are differences in the placement of postal codes: in the UK, they are written on a separate line at the end of the address; in Australia, Canada and the United States, they usually appear immediately after the state or province, on the same line; in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands they appear before the city, on the same line. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
East Asian addressing systems, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese addressing systems, when written in their native scripts, use the opposite ordering, starting with the province/prefecture, ending with the addressee. However both have the same order as western countries when written in the Latin alphabet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
The Hungarian system also goes from large to small units, except that the name of the addressee is put into the first line. The Universal Postal Convention strongly recommends the following: "The addressee's address shall be worded in a precise and complete manner. It shall be written very legibly in roman letters and Arabic numerals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
If other letters and numerals are used in the country of destination, it shall be recommended that the address be given also in these letters and numerals. The name of the place of destination and the name of the country of destination shall be written in capital letters together with the correct postcode number or delivery zone number or post office box number, if any. The name of the country of destination shall be written preferably in the language of the country of origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
To avoid any difficulty in the countries of transit, it is desirable for the name of the country of destination to be added in an internationally known language. Designated operators may recommend that, on items addressed to countries where the recommended position of the postcode is in front of the name of the location of destination, the postcode should be preceded by the EN ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code followed by a hyphen. This shall in no way detract from the requirement for the name of the destination country to be printed in full." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address |
In most of the world, bedrock caves are thermally insulated from the surface and so commonly assume a near-constant temperature approximating the annual average temperature at the surface. In some cold environments, such as that surrounding Mount Erebus, average surface (and thus cave) temperatures are below freezing, and with surface water available in summer, ice caves are possible and are sometimes overlain by fumarolic ice towers. However, many ice caves exist in temperate climates, due to mechanisms that result in cave temperatures being colder than average surface temperatures where they formed. Cold traps: Certain cave configurations allow seasonal convection to import cold air from the surface in winter, but not warm air in summer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cave |
A typical example is an underground chamber located below a single entrance. In winter, cold dense air settles into the cave, displacing any warmer air which rises and exits the cave. In summer, the cold cave air remains in place as the relatively warm surface air is lighter and cannot enter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cave |
The cave will only exchange air when the surface air is cooler than the cave air. Some cold traps may ensnare surface snow and shade it from the summer sun’s rays, which may further contribute to the colder cave temperature.Permafrost: Even temperate environments can include pockets of bedrock that are below freezing year round, a condition called permafrost. For example, winter wind and an absence of snow cover may allow freezing deep enough to be protected from summer thaw, particularly in light-colored rock that does not readily absorb heat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cave |
Although the portion of a cave within this permafrost zone will be below freezing, permafrost generally does not allow water percolation, so ice formations are often limited to crystals from vapor, and deeper cave passages may be arid and completely ice-free. Ice caves in permafrost need not be cold-traps (although some are), provided they do not draught significantly in summer. Evaporative cooling: In winter, dry surface air entering a moisture-saturated cave may have an additional cooling effect due to the latent heat of evaporation. This may create a zone within the cave that is cooler than the rest of the cave. Because many caves have seasonally-reversing draughts, the corresponding warming of the cave through condensation in summer may occur at a different location within the cave, but in any event a moisture-saturated cave environment is likely to experience much more evaporative cooling than condensative warming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cave |
In most of the world, clitoral modifications are uncommon. In some cultures, female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced as a rite of passage into womanhood, is perceived as an improvement to the appearance of the genitalia, or is used to suppress or reduce female sexual desire and pleasure (including masturbation). FGM was performed on many children in Western countries, including previously in the United States, to discourage masturbation and reduce diseases believed to relate to it.One modification that women sometimes perform of their free will is to have the hood pierced and insert jewelry, both for adornment and physical pleasure. Though less common, other women opt to have their own hood surgically trimmed or removed so as to permanently expose part or all of the clitoral glans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoral_hood |
In most of their chalcogenides, transition metals adopt oxidation states of II or greater. Nonetheless, several examples exist where the metallic atoms far outnumber the chalcogens. Such compounds typically have extensive metal-metal bonding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_dichalcogenide |
In most of these cases the OEMs are open about their use of such software and fulfil the requirements of their Free software licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL), but in a small number of cases this use is masked, either deliberately or through professed ignorance or misunderstanding. Violators are usually found through public records, where they may be forced to declare their implementations, or through their own advertising, for example "Embedded Software Engineers with Mandatory Linux Experience Required" on their careers pages, and yet their site or product documentation offers no source download or offer to supply the software source as required by the license GPL. Organizations such as gpl-violations.org, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) are now more organized at pursuing such violators and obtaining compliance. Usually, they seek voluntary compliance as a first step and only enter legal proceedings when blocked. When notified of violations they confirm them by asking the supplier, examining available product samples, or even going so far as to make blind purchases of the product through front companies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-powered_device |
In most of these protocols, an address (whether it is initiator or target) is roughly equivalent to physical device's port. Situations where a single physical port hosts multiple addresses, or where a single address is accessible from one device's multiple ports are not very common, as of 2008. Even when using multipath I/O to achieve fault tolerance, the device driver switches between different targets or initiators statically bound on physical ports, instead of sharing a static address between physical ports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI_target |
In most of this belt of southern Africa, a minimum of seasonal rainfall is reliable and farming is possible, though yields struggle to compete with for example the Mississippi basin, even against like-to-like soil fertilisers. Rivers have been successfully dammed particularly flowing from relief precipitation areas (high eminences) and those from the edge of the Great Rift Valley, such as the Zambezi, well within the Tropics. This, with alluvial or enriched soil, enables substantial yield grain farming in areas with good soil. Across this large region pasture farming is widespread, where intensive, brief and rotational it helps to fertilise and stabilise the soil, preventing run-off and desertification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn |
This approach is traditional to many tribes and promoted by government advisors such as Allan Savory, a Zimbabwean-born biologist, farmer, game rancher, politician and international consultant and co-founder of the Savory Institute. According to the United Nations University Our World dissemination he is credited with developing "holistic management" in the 1960s and has led anti-desertification efforts in Africa for decades using a counterintuitive approach to most developed economies of increasing the number of livestock on grasslands rather than fencing them off for conservation. Such practices in this area have seen success and won generous awards; he gave the keynote speech at UNCCD's Land Day in 2018, and later that year a TED (conference) address, widely re-broadcast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn |
In most of today's popular programming languages and operating systems, a computer program usually only has a single entry point. In C, C++, D, Zig, Rust and Kotlin programs this is a function named main; in Java it is a static method named main (although the class must be specified at the invocation time), and in C# it is a static method named Main.In many major operating systems, the standard executable format has a single entry point. In the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF), used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux, the entry point is specified in the e_entry field of the ELF header. In the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), the entry point used by the linker is the _start symbol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_point |
Similarly, in the Portable Executable format, used in Microsoft Windows, the entry point is specified by the AddressOfEntryPoint field, which is inherited from COFF. In COM files, the entry point is at the fixed offset of 0100h. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_point |
One exception to the single-entry-point paradigm is Android. Android applications do not have a single entry point – there is no special main function. Instead, they have essential components (activities and services) which the system can load and run as needed.An occasionally used technique is the fat binary, which consists of several executables for different targets packaged in a single file. Most commonly, this is implemented by a single overall entry point, which is compatible with all targets and branches to the target-specific entry point. Alternative techniques include storing separate executables in separate forks, each with its own entry point, which is then selected by the operating system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_point |
In most of today's smelting, aluminum ore, also known as bauxite, is first smelted into alumina through the Bayer Process. This step could be replaced by the Pedersen process -- either result in alumina. Unlike the smelting processes of iron and coal into steel or copper and tin into bronze, which require thermal energy, alumina must be smelted with electrical energy. This is done through the Hall–Héroult process, producing 99.5–99.8% pure aluminum. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedersen_process |
In most oil terminals there is no processing or other product transformation on site. The products from a refinery which are stored in the terminal are in their final form suitable for delivery to customers. Blending of products may be undertaken, and additives may be injected into products, but there is usually no manufacturing plant on site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_depot |
Modern terminals have a high degree of site automation.Marine oil terminals have jetties to provide a deep water mooring for tankers. Jetties have loading/unloading arms for transferring cargo to/from ship to shore. Facilities for vapor recovery may be provided.Some oil terminals receive crude oil production from offshore installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_depot |
Crude oil received by pipeline may have been ‘spiked’ with natural gas liquids (NGL), and is known as live crude. Such oil needs to be processed or stabilised to remove the lighter fractions such as ethane, propane and butane to produce a dead or stabilised crude that is suitable for storage and transport. Such oil terminals may include processing facilities to treat the oil to achieve an oil Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of 10 to 12 psi (70 to 82 kPa). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_depot |
The process facilities include oil heaters to warm the oil which then routed to separator vessels. In the separators the lighter fractions flash off from the oil and are further processed to separate them into their individual components. The now stabilised oil can be routed to storage and then sold or sent for further processing.The storage tanks at an oil terminal may include fixed roof tanks, internal floating roof tanks and external floating roof tanks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_depot |
Floating roof tanks are generally used for more volatile products to reduce evaporation loss. Fixed roof tanks which have a vapor space above the product and which breathes in or out as the product is removed or the tank is filled. Some tank may be fitted with internal heating coils using hot water or steam to keep the contents warm. This reduces the viscosity of the product to ease transfer and pumping. Terminals may also have ‘Horton spheres’ which are used to store liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane (see left foreground of the above Kowloon oil depot). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_depot |
In most open ocean ecosystems only a small fraction of organic matter reaches the seafloor. Biological activity in the photic zone of most water bodies tends to recycle material so well that only a small fraction of organic matter ever sinks out of that top photosynthetic layer. Remineralisation within this top layer occurs rapidly and due to the higher concentrations of organisms and the availability of light, those remineralised nutrients are often taken up by autotrophs just as rapidly as they are released. What fraction does escape varies depending on the location of interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation |
For example, in the North Sea, values of carbon deposition are ~1% of primary production while that value is <0.5% in the open oceans on average. Therefore, most of nutrients remain in the water column, recycled by the biota. Heterotrophic organisms will utilize the materials produced by the autotrophic (and chemotrophic) organisms and via respiration will remineralise the compounds from the organic form back to inorganic, making them available for primary producers again. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remineralisation |
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