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False date and name. This was one play to which Jaggard did not have valid title; it belonged to stationer Laurence Hayes. The Merry Wives of Windsor – "Printed for Arthur Johnson, 1619." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
False date and name. Johnson published Q1 of Merry Wives in 1602. A Midsummer Night's Dream – "Printed by James Roberts, 1600." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
False date and name. Pericles, Prince of Tyre – "Printed for T. P. 1619", date "corrected" to 1609 in second state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
Sir John Oldcastle – "printed for T. P. 1600". False date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
A Yorkshire Tragedy – "Printed for T. P. 1619." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
The Whole Contention Between the Two Famous Houses, Lancaster and York – "Printed at London, for T. P." This was the major innovation of the collection: Jaggard joined together two previously separate texts, The First Part of the Contention Betwixt the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster (the early version of Henry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
As Jaggard lacked rights to Hayes' Merchant of Venice, he may also have lacked rights to Butter's Lear and Johnson's Merry Wives. There is much about the False Folio affair that remains unclear, such as subjective questions of Jaggard's motivation. Jaggard had a previous odd connection with the Shakespeare canon: he ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
(Work on the First Folio began almost certainly in 1621.) It may have been a case of necessity, since Jaggard had a large-capacity print shop. (He had demonstrated his ability to print a volume of ten plays.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
Pavier's role in the matter is also debated; his initials occur on five of the nine volumes (six of the ten plays), and some contemporary commentators see Pavier's role as more significant than Jaggard's – referring to the books as the "Pavier quartos" instead of the "False Folio. "Pollard focused much of his attention... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Folio |
English Landing Park is located along the Missouri river in Parkville, Missouri, United States. The area the park now sits were once just low water areas of the Missouri River. It includes a 3-mile jogging/biking trail that follows the river's edge, several shelters for picnics, a soccer field, a baseball diamond, voll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
There is also a busy set of train tracks that runs along the length of the park. The area of present-day English Landing Park was bought from the English Brothers by Colonel George S. Park in 1838, who was a veteran of the Texas war of independence. He purchased a riverboat landing from them as well, and that riverboat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
The Riverpark Pub and Eatery, which sits right next to the rail road tracks at the entrance to the park, was built in the mid-19th century as a coal-fired twin-boiler power plant that fed the entire city. The city itself was founded by Colonel Park in 1844 and by 1850 he had built warehouses and a large stone hotel. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
Parkville itself did not become a Civil War battlefield, but there was still mass genocide as numerous slaves tried desperately to escape across the river into Kansas for freedom. These slaves were buried in three large but unmarked cemeteries in the present-day Misty Woods subdivision. After the Civil War, the port an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
During the Great Flood of 1993, the park and most of Downtown Parkville were submerged under more than 15 feet of water when the Missouri River overflowed its banks. In Kansas City, the Missouri River crested at 48.9 feet, nearly 7 feet above the flood stage of 32 feet.On May 4, 2003, English Landing Park narrowly miss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
That same year, the Power Plant Restaurant's neglected smokestack had to be torn down, eradicating an icon of the city's past. On March 17, 2019, The river flooded up over English Landing Park all the way to the train tracks before retreating a few days later. No buildings were damaged due to sandbagging but playground... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Landing_Park |
The Chicago Project on Security and Threats (CPOST) describes itself as an "international security affairs research institute based at the University of Chicago." Formerly known as the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism, and the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, it was founded in 2004 by Robert Pape, profess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Project_on_Security_and_Threats |
The work of CPOST has been covered in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, Foreign Policy, and ABC News.CPOST members have appeared on C-SPAN shows discussing terrorism as well as on CNN. CPOST recently released its first report titled "The American Face of ISIS" in partnership with the Australian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Project_on_Security_and_Threats |
Pape et al. reported major differences in the numbers of suicide terrorist incidents by year between CPOST and the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). For 2008 and 2013 they reported the following: Pape et al. quote GTD officials as claiming that their “researchers, past and present, have ensured that the entire database ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Project_on_Security_and_Threats |
Lahore Development Authority (LDA) is responsible for new planned development in Lahore, Pakistan. It also regulates and issues permits for new construction and housing projects, private houses, and commercial development. It also manages Lahore's parks and green areas. Its website states that it plans on making Lahore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Development_Authority |
The Provincial Assembly of Punjab established the Lahore Development Authority under the LDA Act of 1975. It had previously been called the "Lahore Improvement Trust". On 9 May 2013, five days after International Firefighters' Day, the LDA Plaza building in central Lahore caught fire, killing 25 people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Development_Authority |
The fire started on the seventh floor, and media coverage revealed people jumping out of the building to their death. The fire highlighted the irrelevance of fire safety regulations, considering the fact that the very agency whose responsibility it is to ensure compliance with fire safety regulation; the 35-year-old bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Development_Authority |
It has three main wings: Urban Development Wing Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Traffic Engineering Planning Agency (TEPA)The LDA Board of Governors is chaired by the Zila Nazim of the Lahore City District. Its members include the following: Director General of the Authority Town Nazims of all the Towns of Lahore Ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Development_Authority |
In Lahore Development Authority (U.D Wing), there are 1990 Employees in total out of which 567 have been declared as officers (Scale 16 & above) whereas 1423 fall under the category of officials (scale 1–15). There are 1622 pensioners in total. (As in November 2021). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Development_Authority |
The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation (Russian: Военно-промышленная комиссия Российской Федерации (acronym VPK)) was established by a presidential decree in March 2006. According to the decree, it is a permanently functioning body with vast responsibilities for supervising the distribution and im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia |
Until then, the defense industry was supervised by Russia's Ministry of Industry and Energy, as well as by the previous government consultative body with a similar name. The VPK of the Russian Federation shares the name of the former Soviet Military Industrial Commission, which served as a central management body for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia |
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces (Chairman of the commission) Deputy Prime Minister of Russia (Deputy Chairman of the commission, chairman of the Board of the commission) First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia First Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Aide to the President Minister o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia |
19 September marks Gunsmith Day (Russian: День оружейника), the professional holiday for the commission and the forces under its jurisdiction. It was celebrated for the first time in 2010, following a visit in May of that year to the hometown of Mikhail Kalashnikov by Vladimir Putin. 19 September was chosen for this ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia |
The magazine Oborona Rossii or Defence of Russia is the official printed organ of the Military-Industrial Commission and has been published since October 2008. The publication covers the activities of the commission and publishes materials related to the issues and activities of the military-industrial complex of Russi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia |
Fluoroether E-1 (known chemically as heptafluoropropyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, is a chemical compound that is among the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This synthetic perfluorinated petrochemical is also described as a multi-ether perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acid (PFECA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroether_E-1 |
The main production of Fluoroether E-1 is within the GenX process where FRD-903 (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid) is used to generate (FRD-902) ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate, and Fluoroether E-1 (heptafluoropropyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroether_E-1 |
Fluoroether E-1 is a colorless liquid that is practically insoluble in water. It is volatile and has a low boiling point. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroether_E-1 |
An argument is a series of sentences, statements or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion. The purpose of an argument is to give reasons for one's conclusion via justification, explanation, and/or persuasion. Arguments are intended to determine or show the degree of truth or acceptabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
This logical perspective on argument is relevant for scientific fields such as mathematics and computer science. Logic is the study of the forms of reasoning in arguments and the development of standards and criteria to evaluate arguments. Deductive arguments can be valid, and the valid ones can be sound: in a valid ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Inductive arguments, by contrast, can have different degrees of logical strength: the stronger or more cogent the argument, the greater the probability that the conclusion is true, the weaker the argument, the lesser that probability. The standards for evaluating non-deductive arguments may rest on different or additio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
From this perspective, the argument is evaluated not just by two parties (as in a dialectical approach) but also by an audience. In both dialectic and rhetoric, arguments are used not through a formal but through natural language. Since classical antiquity, philosophers and rhetoricians have developed lists of argument... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The Latin root arguere (to make bright, enlighten, make known, prove, etc.) is from Proto-Indo-European argu-yo-, suffixed form of arg- (to shine; white). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Informal arguments as studied in informal logic, are presented in ordinary language and are intended for everyday discourse. Formal arguments are studied in formal logic (historically called symbolic logic, more commonly referred to as mathematical logic today) and are expressed in a formal language. Informal logic emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
There are several kinds of arguments in logic, the best-known of which are "deductive" and "inductive." An argument has one or more premises but only one conclusion. Each premise and the conclusion are truth bearers or "truth-candidates", each capable of being either true or false (but not both). These truth values bea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
A deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. It would be self-contradictory to assert the premises and deny the conclusion, because negation of the conclusion is contradictory to the truth of the premises. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Given premises that A=B and B=C, then the conclusion follows necessarily that A=C. Deductive arguments are sometimes referred to as "truth-preserving" arguments. For example, consider the argument that because bats can fly (premise=true), and all flying creatures are birds (premise=false), therefore bats are birds (con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
In terms of validity, deductive arguments may be either valid or invalid. An argument is valid, if and only if (iff) it is impossible in all possible worlds for the premises to be true and the conclusion false; validity is about what is possible; it is concerned with how the premises and conclusion relate and what is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The validity of an argument is not a guarantee of the truth of its conclusion. A valid argument may have false premises that render it inconclusive: the conclusion of a valid argument with one or more false premises may be true or false. Logic seeks to discover the forms that make arguments valid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
A form of argument is valid if and only if the conclusion is true under all interpretations of that argument in which the premises are true. Since the validity of an argument depends on its form, an argument can be shown invalid by showing that its form is invalid. This can be done by a counter example of the same form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
In informal logic this is called a counter argument. The form of an argument can be shown by the use of symbols. For each argument form, there is a corresponding statement form, called a corresponding conditional, and an argument form is valid if and only if its corresponding conditional is a logical truth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
A statement form which is logically true is also said to be a valid statement form. A statement form is a logical truth if it is true under all interpretations. A statement form can be shown to be a logical truth by either (a) showing that it is a tautology or (b) by means of a proof procedure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The corresponding conditional of a valid argument is a necessary truth (true in all possible worlds) and so the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, or follows of logical necessity. The conclusion of a valid argument is not necessarily true, it depends on whether the premises are true. If the conclusion, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Some examples: All Greeks are human and all humans are mortal; therefore, all Greeks are mortal. : Valid argument; if the premises are true the conclusion must be true. Some Greeks are logicians and some logicians are tiresome; therefore, some Greeks are tiresome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Invalid argument: the tiresome logicians might all be Romans (for example). Either we are all doomed or we are all saved; we are not all saved; therefore, we are all doomed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Valid argument; the premises entail the conclusion. (This does not mean the conclusion has to be true; it is only true if the premises are true, which they may not be!) Some men are hawkers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Some hawkers are rich. Therefore, some men are rich. Invalid argument. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
This can be easier seen by giving a counter-example with the same argument form: Some people are herbivores. Some herbivores are zebras. Therefore, some people are zebras. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Invalid argument, as it is possible that the premises be true and the conclusion false.In the above second to last case (Some men are hawkers ...), the counter-example follows the same logical form as the previous argument, (Premise 1: "Some X are Y." Premise 2: "Some Y are Z." Conclusion: "Some X are Z.") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
in order to demonstrate that whatever hawkers may be, they may or may not be rich, in consideration of the premises as such. (See also: Existential import). The forms of argument that render deductions valid are well-established, however some invalid arguments can also be persuasive depending on their construction (ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
An argument is sound when the argument is valid and argument's premise(s) is/are true, therefore the conclusion is true. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
An inductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is supported by the probability of the premises. For example, given that the military budget of the United States is the largest in the world (premise=true), then it is probable that it will remain so for the next 10 years (conclusion=true). Arguments that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
If the premises of an inductive argument are assumed true, is it probable the conclusion is also true? If yes, the argument is strong. If no, it is weak. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
A strong argument is said to be cogent if it has all true premises. Otherwise, the argument is uncogent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The military budget argument example is a strong, cogent argument. Non-deductive logic is reasoning using arguments in which the premises support the conclusion but do not entail it. Forms of non-deductive logic include the statistical syllogism, which argues from generalizations true for the most part, and induction, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
An inductive argument is said to be cogent if and only if the truth of the argument's premises would render the truth of the conclusion probable (i.e., the argument is strong), and the argument's premises are, in fact, true. Cogency can be considered inductive logic's analogue to deductive logic's "soundness". Despite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
In modern argumentation theories, arguments are regarded as defeasible passages from premises to a conclusion. Defeasibility means that when additional information (new evidence or contrary arguments) is provided, the premises may be no longer lead to the conclusion (non-monotonic reasoning). This type of reasoning is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Birds generally fly. Therefore, Tweety (probably) flies.This argument is reasonable and the premises support the conclusion unless additional information indicating that the case is an exception comes in. If Tweety is a penguin, the inference is no longer justified by the premise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Defeasible arguments are based on generalizations that hold only in the majority of cases, but are subject to exceptions and defaults. In order to represent and assess defeasible reasoning, it is necessary to combine the logical rules (governing the acceptance of a conclusion based on the acceptance of its premises) wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Argumentation schemes are stereotypical patterns of inference, combining semantic-ontological relations with types of reasoning and logical axioms and representing the abstract structure of the most common types of natural arguments. A typical example is the argument from expert opinion, shown below, which has two prem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Argument by analogy may be thought of as argument from the particular to particular. An argument by analogy may use a particular truth in a premise to argue towards a similar particular truth in the conclusion. For example, if A. Plato was mortal, and B. Socrates was like Plato in other respects, then asserting that C.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Other kinds of arguments may have different or additional standards of validity or justification. For example, philosopher Charles Taylor said that so-called transcendental arguments are made up of a "chain of indispensability claims" that attempt to show why something is necessarily true based on its connection to our... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
World-disclosing arguments are a group of philosophical arguments that according to Nikolas Kompridis employ a disclosive approach, to reveal features of a wider ontological or cultural-linguistic understanding—a "world", in a specifically ontological sense—in order to clarify or transform the background of meaning (ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
While arguments attempt to show that something was, is, will be, or should be the case, explanations try to show why or how something is or will be. If Fred and Joe address the issue of whether or not Fred's cat has fleas, Joe may state: "Fred, your cat has fleas. Observe, the cat is scratching right now." Joe has made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
However, if Joe asks Fred, "Why is your cat scratching itself?" the explanation, "... because it has fleas." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
provides understanding. Both the above argument and explanation require knowing the generalities that a) fleas often cause itching, and b) that one often scratches to relieve itching. The difference is in the intent: an argument attempts to settle whether or not some claim is true, and an explanation attempts to provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Note, that by subsuming the specific event (of Fred's cat scratching) as an instance of the general rule that "animals scratch themselves when they have fleas", Joe will no longer wonder why Fred's cat is scratching itself. Arguments address problems of belief, explanations address problems of understanding. In the arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
This is the cause of much difficulty in thinking critically about claims. There are several reasons for this difficulty. People often are not themselves clear on whether they are arguing for or explaining something. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The same types of words and phrases are used in presenting explanations and arguments. The terms 'explain' or 'explanation,' et cetera are frequently used in arguments. Explanations are often used within arguments and presented so as to serve as arguments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Likewise, "... arguments are essential to the process of justifying the validity of any explanation as there are often multiple explanations for any given phenomenon. "Explanations and arguments are often studied in the field of information systems to help explain user acceptance of knowledge-based systems. Certain arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Fallacies are types of argument or expressions which are held to be of an invalid form or contain errors in reasoning. One type of fallacy occurs when a word frequently used to indicate a conclusion is used as a transition (conjunctive adverb) between independent clauses. In English the words therefore, so, because and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
However, I was thirsty and therefore I drank is not an argument, despite its appearance. It is not being claimed that I drank is logically entailed by I was thirsty. The therefore in this sentence indicates for that reason not it follows that. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Often an argument is invalid or weak because there is a missing premise—the supply of which would make it valid or strong. This is referred to as an elliptical or enthymematic argument (see also Enthymeme § Syllogism with an unstated premise). Speakers and writers will often leave out a necessary premise in their reaso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Example: All metals expand when heated, therefore iron will expand when heated. The missing premise is: Iron is a metal. On the other hand, a seemingly valid argument may be found to lack a premise—a "hidden assumption"—which, if highlighted, can show a fault in reasoning. Example: A witness reasoned: Nobody came out t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
The goal of argument mining is the automatic extraction and identification of argumentative structures from natural language text with the aid of computer programs. Such argumentative structures include the premise, conclusions, the argument scheme and the relationship between the main and subsidiary argument, or the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument |
Legal bibliography is the bibliography of law. The term has been applied to "the kinds and functions of legal materials" and to "lists of law books and related materials".Percy Winfield said that a "perfect legal bibliography" would be "a critical and historical account of every known source of the law of the state wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_bibliography |
In 1835, David Hoffman said that the legal bibliography of France and Germany, especially in the separate treatises on various branches of the law, was, by that date, "extensive, exact and learned". He also said that in England "in jurisprudence (beyond a naked catalogue) we have scarce another name than Bridgman".Marv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_bibliography |
The Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) is the pan-European association representing the forest fibre and paper industry. Through its 18 national associations, CEPI gathers 495 companies operating more than 900 pulp and paper mills across Europe producing paper, cardboard, pulp and other bio-based product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
In 1992 CEPI was founded by a merger of CEPAC (Confédération Européenne de l’Industrie des pâtes, papiers et cartons) and EPI (European Paper Institute). List of chairmen: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
Through its 18 member countries (17 European Union members plus Norway), CEPI represents 505 pulp, paper and board producing companies across Europe, ranging from small and medium-sized companies to multi-nationals, and 920 pulp and paper mills. Austria AUSTROPAPIER (Vereiningug der Oesterreichischen Papierindustrie Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
Based in Brussels, CEPI represents its members towards the European institutions in the following areas: Bioeconomy Circular Economy Energy & Climate Change Environment Sustainability Competitiveness & Trade Recycling Resource Efficiency Forestry Innovation Transport Skills & employment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
Paper for recycling is a major source of the paper industry's raw material, which is why the industry pushes for new heights for the European recycling rate. The recycling rate reached 71.5% in 2015 - exceeding the voluntary target of 70% that was set by the industries declaration in 2011 - along the paper value chain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
European Paper Week is the annual event that unites representatives globally from the European paper industry. It normally takes place at the event of the year in Brussels, Belgium. The High-Level session is the key event at European Paper Week presenting high-level speakers not only from the industry, but also from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
It focuses on the big issues shaping the European industry's future and discusses the future of the pulp and paper industry in the context of EU policy and the effects of globalisation. A number of other key meetings and seminars are organised in the course of European Paper Week by industry sectors and organisations a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_European_Paper_Industries |
Aphantasia ( ay-fan-TAY-zhə, a-fan-TAY-zhə) is the inability to create mental imagery.The phenomenon was first described by Francis Galton in 1880, but has remained relatively unstudied. Interest in the phenomenon renewed after the publication of a study in 2015 conducted by a team led by Professor Adam Zeman of the Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Some research has investigated subtypes of aphantasia. One subtype is spatial aphantasia, the inability to create mental imagery in the visuo-spatial aspect. Another is object aphantasia, the inability to create mental images of single items or events. Hyperphantasia, the condition of having extremely vivid mental imag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
The phenomenon was first described by Francis Galton in 1880 in a statistical study about mental imagery. Galton found it was a common phenomenon among his peers. He wrote: To my astonishment, I found that the great majority of the men of science to whom I first applied, protested that mental imagery was unknown to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
They had no more notion of its true nature than a colour-blind man who has not discerned his defect has of the nature of colour. In 1897, Théodule-Armand Ribot reported a kind of "typographic visual type" imagination, consisting in mentally seeing ideas in the form of corresponding printed words. As paraphrased by Jacq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
For that man, even the words "dog, animal" (while he was living among dogs and experimenting on them daily) were not accompanied by any image, but were seen by him as being printed. Similarly, when he heard the name of an intimate friend, he saw it printed and had to make an effort to see the image of this friend... Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Zeman's 2015 paper used the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), developed by David Marks in 1973, to evaluate the quality of the mental image of 21 self-diagnosed and self-selected participants. He identified that aphantasics lack voluntary visualizations only; they are still able to have involuntary visu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
A 2021 study concluded that while those with aphantasia reported fewer objects in drawing recall, they showed high spatial memory concerning controls in drawings, with these differences only appearing during the recall stage of the study.In 2018, a study analyzing the visual working memory of a person with aphantasia f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
But both groups saw a similar reduction in reaction time when primed with the color of the target compared to if primed with the color of the distractor or a third color, suggesting that aphantasics and non-aphantasics were primed in the same way. The researchers hypothesized that this may be because the color of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
At the same time, both aphantasiacs and non-aphantasics were faster in the image task than the word task. A 2023 study explored more natural scenarios and found that aphantasics are slower at solving hidden object pictures.In 2021, a study focusing on the strategies people with aphantasia use found significant differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Those with aphantasia were also found to have "significantly elevated" IQ levels in addition to the elevated levels of autistic traits.In addition to congenital aphantasia, there have been cases reported of acquired aphantasia, due either to brain injury or psychological causes. In 2021, a study reported on acquired ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Sitek and Konieczna have shown that its progressive form may be a harbinger of dementia. A group of authors interviewed aphantasics about their lives and found that they generated fewer episodic details than controls for both past and future events, indicating that visual imagery is an important cognitive tool for dyna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Blomkvist has suggested that aphantasia is best explained as a malfunction of processes in the episodic system and sees it as an episodic system condition. Aphantasia also has been studied from philosophical perspectives. Šekrst proposed that a gradual range of perceptions and mental images, from aphantasia to hyperpha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar and former president of Walt Disney Animation Studios. Catmull surveyed 540 colleagues from Pixar about their mental visualization and found that the production managers tended to have stronger visualizations than the artists. Gordon Clark, 20th-century American Presbyterian theologian a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantasia |
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