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Several Bologna Process seminars have been held. The first devoted to a single academic discipline, Chemistry Studies in the European Higher Education Area (which approved Eurobachelor), was held in June 2004 in Dresden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Rounded shoulder posture (RSP), also known as “mom posture”, is a common postural problem in which the resting position of the shoulders leans forward from the body’s ideal alignment. Patients usually feel slouched and hunched, with the situation deteriorating if left untreated. A 2022 study concluded that 73% of worke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Symptoms of RSP will lead to upper back stiffness, neck stiffness and shoulder stiffness. It can be diagnosed by several tests, including physical tests and imaging tests. To prevent RSP from worsening, maintaining a proper posture, doing regular exercise, and undergoing therapeutic treatments could be effective. If th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Poor posture can cause rounded shoulders because of the muscle imbalance and uneven weight distribution in our upper body. Long periods of time spent in positions that put undue strain on the shoulders and neck may wear out some of the muscles while weakening others. For instance, if an individual spends a long period ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The development of RSP is often influenced by genetics, as certain inherited traits could possibly have an impact on bone structure, muscular strength, and connective tissue elasticity. For instance, some people naturally have a rounded upper back because of the way their spinal vertebrae are arranged. Others may natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
When the brain detects a threat, whether it is physical or psychological, the body will prepare itself to react against the threat (also known as the “fight or flight response”). Common responses include tensing one’s jaw, contracting the abdominal muscles, holding one’s breath and hunching one’s shoulders. Persistent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
RSP could be a symptom of some medical conditions, such as kyphosis, scoliosis or ankylosing spondylitis. Kyphosis is a spinal disorder that contributes to excessive curvature of the upper back, leading to a hunched posture and RSP. Scoliosis refers to a condition where there is a sideways curve in a person's spine, ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Symptoms of RSP include forward head posture, chronic shoulder and neck pain, as well as reduced mobility and flexibility in the shoulder; hindering the ability to perform daily activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The diagnosis of rounded shoulders involves a physical examination. Healthcare professionals will assess the patient’s posture, range of motion and strength during the examination. The following tests may be carried out: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Patients are instructed to stand normally with their hands by their sides. Their coracoid process (CP), sternal notch (SN), posterolateral angle of acromion (PLA), and adjacent thoracic vertebral spine (TS) are found and marked. The distance between the CP and SN, and the distance between the PLA and TS are measured wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The ability of the patient to move their shoulders and upper back through their complete range of motion will be assessed by the medical professionals to check if there are any restrictions or limitations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Muscle strength testing are also utilised to evaluate RSP. The following tests can assess the strength of muscles: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
With this test, the strength of external rotators of the shoulders are examined, including the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Patients are instructed to keep their forearms bent at right angles while holding their arms at their sides. Resistance will be applied on patients while the patient rotates their should... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The middle and lower trapezius, which are responsible for retracting the scapula, are evaluated in this test. Patients are instructed to pose with their arms at the sides. Resistance is applied as the patients try to pinch their shoulder blades together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Deltoid muscle strength is measured by this test. Patients are instructed to lift the arm away from the body. Resistance is applied when the patients attempt to raise the arm during the test. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The examiner will feel the patient’s upper back and neck muscles with their hands to check the tightness, tension or abnormalities of muscles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans are used to determine the cause and extent of RSP. The examiner will be able to identify areas of weakness, and provide patients with a targeted exercise regime for treatment to improve RSP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Although the cause of RSP is multifactorial, two major contributors to RSP are the tightness of the pectoralis minor muscle and the weakening of lower trapezius muscle. As the only scapulothoracic muscle anteriorly originating and inserting to the scapula, the pectoralis minor’s function in favoring the internal and do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
A randomized, blinded and controlled experimental study concluded that physical therapy treatment targeting the pectoralis minor soft tissue combined with self-stretching significantly improved rounded shoulder posture. Commonly applied regimens include the McKenzie exercise– a self therapy exercise consisting of repet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Chiropractic adjustments, decompression therapy as well as therapeutic massages have also been known to unlock tight shoulders by strengthening the chest muscles. By applying controlled forces to spinal joints, creating space between vertebrae and kneading soft tissues of the body respectively; these therapeutic treatm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
The prevalence of rounded shoulders is often linked to modern lifestyles, such as spending long hours sitting in front of a computer or hunching over a mobile device. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
One of the most direct preventive measure for rounded shoulders is consistently maintaining a good posture. Sitting up straight and engaging the core muscles to keep the shoulders back and down can help maintain proper alignment and prevent the shoulders from rounding forward. Additionally, stretching the chest muscles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Rounded shoulders can also be prevented by taking frequent breaks from prolonged sitting to engage in regular physical activity. Activities that require arm and shoulder motion, such as swimming, walking, and other sports, can help to strengthen and stretch the associated muscles, improving posture and reducing the lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
However, if left undiagnosed, rounded shoulders can lead to several prolonged complications. The extent of postural abnormality may result in a significantly increased incidence of pain and discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and upper back, which then possibly affects overall health and well-being. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Chronic pain and discomfort brought on by the persistent tension in the muscles of the upper body may have a negative influence on everyday life. This discomfort leads to reduced agility and range of motion, making it harder to accomplish regular chores. A patient's quality of life may also be significantly impacted by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Lung capacity reduction is another issue associated with rounded shoulders. The chest cavity might become constrained when the shoulders are positioned forward, making it more difficult to take deep breaths due to a lowered total lung capacity. Furthermore, secondary muscles of inspiration, such as the serratus anterio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Rounded shoulders can also affect psychosocial and mental health Depression and anxiety are two prevalent psychological side effects of chronic pain. Individuals with chronic pain may have anxiety about the future and their capacity to manage the pain, as well as depressive symptoms owing to the negative effects the pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Additional reported complications of rounded shoulders include poor balance, jaw pain, migraines and other issues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
RSP is an issue that should be addressed, as many serious complications, such as chronic pain, headaches, or breathing difficulties will result if left untreated. RSP may also lower one’s self-esteem and confidence because of its atypical appearance. To prevent or correct RSP, individuals should maintain good posture w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Postural alignment, pain and discomfort will be reduced to improve our overall health and wellbeing. Prolonged pain or discomfort as a result of rounded shoulders should be reported to medical practitioners. Seeking the counsel of a physician or physical therapist could help create a specific strategy for avoiding and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded_shoulder_posture |
Speech codes theory refers to a framework for communication in a given speech community. As an academic discipline, it explores the manner in which groups communicate based on societal, cultural, gender, occupational or other factors. A speech code can also be defined as "a historically enacted socially constructed sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Work by Gerry Philipsen has been influential in the development of speech codes theory. Work in the 1960s influences the theory as it stands today in the field of communication. Before speech codes theory got its name Philipsen first referred to this theory as the Ethnography of Communication. He decided to change it b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
He was considered a naturalist who watched, listened and recorded communicative conduct in a cultures natural setting. Em Griffin stated that, "Many people can't get past the idea of ethnography as simply a research method." With that being said, Philipsen moved from description to explanation, resulting in him labelin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Philipsen's ultimate goal was to develop a theory that would capture the relationship between communication and culture. "The Speech Codes theory was created for ultimately two purposes. The first was to distill some of what might be learned from a large body of fieldwork research on culturally distinctive ways of spea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
The second was to provide a focus for further research and discussion. The theory was first published in prototypical form with an introduction to the concept of speech codes and a presentation of four empirically grounded principles about speech codes. It was presented as a formal theoretical statements with five empi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
(Philipsen, Coutu and Covarrubias).There were four questions that Philipsen sought to answer through his research on the Speech Code Theory: the existence of distinctive speech codes the substance of the speech codes (whether they contained a vocabulary or way of speaking that held meanings for social constructs and wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
(Philipsen and Albrecht 119-156) Works by Basil Bernstein heavily influenced Philipsen. Bernstein used the term "speech codes" in sociology and further elaborated on speech codes and their contexts. He stated that, "within the same society, there can exist different social groups or social classes whose communicative p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Bernstein argues that people have different ways of speaking, which shapes and reinforces their understanding of themselves, other people, and social life. Bernstein believes that a coding principle is, "a rule governing what to say and how to say it in a particular context. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
"Lisa Coutu, an ethnographer, helped to formulate the second proposition of Speech Codes Theory. This proposition states that within any given speech community, there are multiple speech codes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Her evidence comes from a large body of research surrounding Robert McNamara's book, "In Retrospect." Another important influence is the work of anthropologist and linguist Dell Hymes. His focus was on local speech practices in various cultural and social situations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Dell Hymes constructed the S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. model to aid in the search for speech codes in specific speech communities. The letters stand for the following (as reported by Miller): Situation (setting or scene) Participants (analysis of personalities and social positions or relationships) Ends (goals and outcomes) Acts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
An often cited study, the "Teamsterville" study, was conducted by Philipsen in Chicago. The study took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s. According to Miller, the "Teamsterville" nickname was given to the area of Chicago studied because the primary job of the area's men was truck driving. For three years, Philips... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Although the people all spoke English, Philipsen could recognize the differences between their speech codes and his. As a follow-up, another study, the "Nacirema" (American spelled backwards) study was conducted that contrasted the speech of Teamsterville with that of the average American. The typical Nacirema speech i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Using these two studies above, Philipsen outlined statements that summarize the work within speech code theory. The statements are reported by Em Griffin as follows: 1. The distinctiveness of speech codes (In any given culture, there is a speech code.) Each distinctive culture (community) has its own speech codes that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Two distinctive questions can be asked through Proposition 1. The first being: Does every culture include symbols, meanings, premises, and rules about communicative conduct? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
The second is: Do such codes differ in terms of the particular words, meanings, premises, and rules about communicative conduct that they include? 2. The multiplicity of speech codes (Multiple speech codes exist in any given speech community.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
People are affected all the time by other speech codes and may even be involved with multiple codes at the same time.3. The substance of speech codes (A speech code has a distinctive psychology, sociology and rhetoric.) Psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
According to Philipsen, "every speech code "thematizes" the nature of individuals in a particular way." Sociology. Philipsen states that, "a speech code provides a system of answers about what linkages between self and others can properly be sought, and what symbolic resources can properly and efficaciously be employed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Rhetoric. The discovery of truth and persuasive appeal. Speech codes reveal structures of self, society, and strategic action, no matter the culture.4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
The meaning of speech codes (The speech community assesses the meanings of speech.) We must listen to the way people talk within a culture and also how they respond. People within that culture decide what they feel is mere communication, small talk or normal chitchat.5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
The site of speech codes (The terms, premises, and rules of a speech code are inextricably woven into the speech itself). In order to understand our own speech codes and even another's we must first analyze the speech of native speakers.6. The discursive force of speech codes (Speech Codes impact life.) Obtaining share... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
According to Philipsen there are three defining characteristics of the speech codes theory and he illustrated these by referencing Carbaugh's previous study. The first characteristic being that speech codes are, "grounded in the observation of communication conduct in particular times and places" (Gudykunst, 2005). Spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Different meanings are interpreted in multiple ways depending on that community's discursive life. The last characteristic is that this theory, "provides a general understanding of communicative conduct." Philipsen characterizes the Speech Code Theory by stating that, "It is general in 3 ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
It presents a characterization of the nature of all speech codes. It contains a general answer to the question of how an observer might systematically try to learn about the particularities of particulars, local ways of speaking. It presents a general answer to the question of how speech codes relate to communicative c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
"According to Gerry Philipsen, the Speech Codes Theory is a historically enacted, socially constructed system of terms, meanings, premises, and rules, pertaining to communicative conduct. One of his six general propositions is that wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is to be found a distinctive speech code. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
For example, when we are immersed in a new community with a culture that is unfamiliar to us, we often find certain patterns of speech to be strange. Because we are an outsider, we pick up on these differences initially. Yet over time, we grow accustomed to these patterns and no longer notice a difference in pronunciat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Philipsen addresses the criticisms of Speech Code Theory by saying that: 1. "Speech Codes Theory does not account for manifestations of power in discourse. This is a matter of omission in the theoretical assumptions, methodological framework, and examination of fieldwork materials. 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Speech Codes Theory treats culture as overly deterministic. A corollary to this is that it reifies culture as a static entity. "This is a strong force of conduct within communication. It has a social perspective that directly addresses the issue of "a universal possibility in any body of discourse of manifestations of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
Within cultures In workplaces (note that workplaces often also have official speech codes in the legal sense) Within social groups such as special-interest clubs and organizations. Bilingual speech codes Between country culture Certain geographic subcultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory |
The meridian 153° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 153rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 27th meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 153rd meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd_meridian_west |
Anticipate, recognize, evaluate, control, and confirm (ARECC) is a decision-making framework and process used in the field of industrial hygiene (IH) to anticipate and recognize hazards, evaluate exposures, and control and confirm protection from risks (Figure 1). ARECC supports exposure- and population-informed hazard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
The anticipate, recognize, evaluate, control, and confirm (ARECC) decision-making framework began as recognize, evaluate, and control. In 1994 then-president of the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Harry Ettinger added the anticipate step to formally convey the duty and opportunity of the worker protectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
The implementation of ARECC (Figure 1) involves conducting risk assessment and applying risk management. The ARECC graphic appears as the first illustration in the authoritative industrial hygiene reference book A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures. The Occupational Exposure Assessment Body of K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
During the risk assessment phase, the details of existing or potential hazards and exposures to populations of workers and members of their communities are assessed to characterize risks. The hazard identification/dose-response/exposure assessment/risk assessment approach mirrors the process that was formulated by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
Exposure- and population-informed hazard assessment ensures that realistic information about actual workplace exposure compositions, concentrations, and conditions are factored into any laboratory-based studies of health effects that are conducted. Hazard- and population-informed exposure assessment ensures that the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
The risk management portion of the ARECC framework and process emphasizes leadership commitment to the safety and health mission and application of the hierarchy of controls. Commitment includes confirming that all ARECC process steps are being followed and that protection of safety, health, well-being, and productivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
Figure 2 depicts an alternative depiction of the hierarchy as a pyramid of interactive control elements. The components of hazard and exposure control depicted in the pyramid formulation of the hierarchy of control are Elimination of the presence or magnitude of the hazard (not always possible if the material or condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
Recent examples of regrettable substitution are the substitution of bisphenol S for bisphenol A in plastics, and the substitution of alpha-diketone for diacetyl in butter flavorings. Modification of the material or procedure to reduce hazards or exposures (sometimes considered a subset of the substitution option but ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
For example, elimination of a hazard is considered to be a highly sustainable strategy, and if a hazard was or is thought to have been eliminated from a process, then initial evaluations can focus on confirmation of material inventories and process knowledge. Similarly, control situations that rely heavily on engineere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
The ARECC framework recognizes the essential contributions of leaders, cultures, and systems to achieving success (Figure 4). When failures to protect people and the environment from risks have occurred, root causes of those failures can be traced to shortcomings or breakdowns in one or more aspects of the prevailing l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipate,_recognize,_evaluate,_control,_and_confirm |
The meridian 60° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The mean solar time of this meridian is the base for the Atlantic Time Zone (UTC-4 during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 60th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_west |
A contagious shooting is a sociological phenomenon observed in military and police personnel, in which one person firing on a target can induce others to begin shooting. Often the subsequent shooters will not know why they are firing, unless they are infantrymen, in which case they are expected to do so. For instance, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
"Consistently, in every class, officers would shoot at their target upon hearing others shoot, even when their particular target board did not contain the called target." He suggests that one reason it occurs is because of muscle memory: "he targets turn, or the whistle blows, and all the officers shoot together until ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
2013: In California, officers involved in the search for Christopher Dorner mistakenly fired at least 100 rounds at a truck occupied by three people, none of whom had any connection to the suspect. Each of the two women injured received $2.1 million in a settlement with the city of Los Angeles. 2012: NYPD officers resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
2011: On Memorial Day in Miami Beach, several police officers fired until their magazines were empty on a stopped car after the driver smashed into other cars, killing the driver and injuring seven bystanders. 2010: A bystander was injured in Harlem when a man "open fire on responding officers, who fired 46 times in re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
So, Professor O'Donnell said, in the Harlem case, 'there really is a shot,' and not just the threat of gunfire." 2009: A man threatening officers with a rifle was shot 59 times in what was ruled a "suicide-by-cop" in Chattanooga, Tennessee. 2006: Five officers fired 50 shots at Sean Bell in Queens, New York, including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
2006: Three officers fired 26 shots at a pit bull that had bitten a chunk out of an officer's leg in the Bronx, New York, in July. 2006: Police in Lakeland, Florida, fired 110 rounds at a suspect, Angilo Freeland, who had killed an officer earlier, hitting him 68 times. Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd told the Orlando S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
2005: Eight officers fired 43 shots at Brian Allen, an armed man in Queens, New York, killing him. 2005: June, six Los Angeles County, California sheriff's deputies fired more than 50 shots into the car in which drunken driving suspect Carl Williams was driving after his car rammed a police vehicle following a chase. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
2004: "When 44-year-old drug suspect Winston Hayes' SUV lurched forward, he hit a police car, deputies unloaded their weapons, firing 120 shots. Four bullets ended up hitting Hayes, who survived, one hit a deputy sheriff, 11 hit patrol cars, and 11 hit five homes in the neighborhood (one of them ended up tearing a hole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
1999: Four officers fired 41 shots at Amadou Diallo, an unarmed man in the Bronx, New York, on February 4, 1999. 1998: New Jersey State Police fired 11 shots at Daniel Reyes and three other basketball players in their car in April. 1970: May 4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
Kent State shootings: At 12:24 pm, according to eyewitnesses, a Sgt. Myron Pryor turned and began firing at the students with his .45 pistol. A number of guardsmen nearest the students also turned and fired their rifles at the students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
In all, 29 of the 77 guardsmen claimed to have fired their weapons, using a final total of 67 rounds of ammunition. The shooting was determined to have lasted only 13 seconds, killing 4 students and wounding 9, although John Kifner reported in The New York Times that "it appeared to go on, as a solid volley, for perhap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
The New York Times; August 12, 2010; Defined as "officers firing because others are doing so… The simplest culturally accepted definition … is that 'cops shoot because other cops shoot.'" United Press International; November 27, 2006; Police experts had suggested "contagious shooting" may have played a role in a deadly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
"People start shooting; they don't even know why." The New York Times; March 26, 1999; "Some law enforcement officials said that it was possible that only one or two of the officers perceived a danger, and that the others opened fire simply because their comrades had begun firing—a phenomenon known in law enforcement c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_shooting |
Graphic medicine connotes use of comics in medical education and patient care. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
The phrase graphic medicine was coined by Dr. Ian Williams, founder of GraphicMedicine.org, to denote "the intersection between the medium of comics and the discourse of healthcare". Comics offer an engaging, powerful, and accessible method of delivering illness narratives. The academic appraisal of graphic fiction is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
Comic books centered around public health originated in the 1940s; the earliest examples averaged around twelve pages and were aimed at preventive instruction for children. Early newsstand comics that focused on medical topics included EC's Psychoanalysis (1955) and Archie's Adventures of Young Dr. Masters (1964). Othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
The genre has evolved and such graphic novels are now commonly at least 150 pages long and focus more on adult struggles with physical or mental illness.In 2007, while writing a master's dissertation on medical narratives in comics and graphic novels, Ian Williams set up the Graphic Medicine website. During this period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
Scholars from around the world who were interested in comics and healthcare began to get in touch, notably Professor Michael Green, who had recently set up a graphic narratives course at Hershey Medical School at Penn State University, and MK Czerwiec, a.k.a. "Comic Nurse", who had, for many years, been recording her e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
In 2014, the first American Library Association Will Eisner Graphic Novel Growth Grant was awarded to Ypsilanti District Library, (Ypsilanti, Michigan) for its proposal to build a collection of graphic medicine narratives. (Author MK Czerwiec lectured in the fall of 2014 at Ypsilanti's St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
To date, the Ypsilanti District Library collection contains over 200 graphic medicine titles.Penn State University Press published The Graphic Medicine Manifesto in 2015, which was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Academic/Scholarly Work in 2016. The Graphic Medicine Manifesto was the inaugural volume in the ong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
", curated by Ellen Forney, which included a special display, traveling banner exhibition, and online exhibition.In 2020, Technical Communications Quarterly published a special issue on comics and graphic storytelling. This issue included a category of research articles examining graphic health communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
In 2021, Menopause: A Comic Treatment, published as part of the Graphic Medicine/Penn State University Press series, and edited by MK Czerwiec, won the Eisner Award for Best Anthology. In addition, Mimi Pond won the Eisner Award for Best Short Story for her contribution to the book, "When the Menopausal Carnival Comes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
SourceBell, Cece (September 4, 2014). El Deafo. Abrams. ISBN 9781419712173. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
Brosh, Allie (October 29, 2013). Hyperbole and a Half: Unfortunate Situations, Flawed Coping Mechanisms, Mayhem, and Other Things That Happened. Gallery Books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
ISBN 9781451666175. Chast, Roz (May 6, 2014). Can't We Talk About Something More Pleasant? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
: A Memoir. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781608198061. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
Engelberg, Miriam (July 6, 2006). Cancer Made Me a Shallower Person: A Memoir in Comics. HarperCollins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_medicine |
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