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In response to its increasing ubiquity in film criticism, the Bechdel test has been criticized for not taking into account the quality of the works it tests ("bad" films may pass it, and "good" ones fail), or as a "nefarious plot to make all movies conform to feminist dogma". According to Andi Zeisler, this criticism i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Zeisler noted that the false assumption that a work that passes the test is "feminist" might lead to creators "gaming the system" by adding just enough women characters and dialogue to pass the test, while continuing to deny women substantial representation outside of formulaic plots. Similarly, the critic Alyssa Rosen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
She also wrote that it remained to be determined how often real life passes the Bechdel test, and what the influence of fiction on that might be.The Bechdel Test stirred a minor controversy in 2022 when writer Hanna Rosin evoked it in a tweet to criticize the gay romantic comedy Fire Island. Rosin's tweet was criticize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The Bechdel test has inspired others, notably feminist and antiracist critics and fans, to formulate criteria for evaluating works of fiction, in part because of the Bechdel test's limitations. In interviews conducted by FiveThirtyEight, women in the film and television industry proposed many other tests that included ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The "reverse Bechdel test" asks whether a work features men who talk to men about something other than a woman. A 2022 study that analyzed 341 popular films of the last 40 years showed that almost all (95%) passed the reverse Bechdel test, speaking to a much stronger representation of men than women.The "Mako Mori test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
It was conceived to "encourage theatremakers to think about how to write more and better roles for women", in reaction to research indicating that 37% of theater roles were written for women as of 2014.Johanson analysis, developed by film critic MaryAnn Johanson, provides a method to evaluate the representation of wome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The analysis evaluates media on criteria that include the basic representation of women, female agency, power and authority, the male gaze, and issues of gender and sexuality. Johanson's 2015 study compiled statistics for every film released in 2015, and all those nominated for Oscars in 2014 or 2015. She also drew con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The "Vito Russo test" created by the LGBT organization GLAAD tests for the representation of LGBT characters in films. It asks, "does the film contain a character that is identifiably LGBT, and is not solely or predominantly defined by their sexual orientation or gender identity, as well as tied into the plot in such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
A test proposed by TV critic Eric Deggans asks whether a film that is not about race has at least two non-white characters in the main cast, and similarly, writer Nikesh Shukla proposed a test about whether "two ethnic minorities talk to each other for more than five minutes about something other than race." A 2017 spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Are they not romantically involved with one another? Do they have any dialogue that isn't comforting or supporting a white character? Is one of them definitely not a magical negro?For Bella Caledonia, poet Raman Mundair contrasted Sandra Oh's character in Killing Eve lacking any reference to her Korean heritage until s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Following a controversy over misrepresentation of Orthodox Judaism in television, the nonprofit organization Jew in the City proposed the "Josephs test" for depictions of Orthodox Jews in fiction. The test includes four questions: Are there any Orthodox characters who are emotionally and psychologically stable? Are the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The Bechdel test has also inspired gender-related tests for nonfiction. Laurie Voss, at the time CTO of npm, proposed a Bechdel test for software: source code passes this test if it contains a function written by a woman developer which calls a function written by a different woman developer. Press notice was attracted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
It requires that scholarly nonfiction texts cite the scholarship of "at least two women and two nonwhite authors but also must mention it meaningfully in the body of the text." Like the Bechdel test, this was created as a "baseline test for establishing a bare minimum for responsible citation; it is not an aspiration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Jan Hajič is a Czech computational linguist and the former director of the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics at the Charles University in Prague, from which he also holds a PhD degree. He specializes in empirical NLP, machine translation, speech recognition and creating of treebanks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hajič |
Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD), otherwise known as hypersexual disorder, is a pattern of behavior involving intense preoccupation with sexual fantasies and behaviours that cause significant levels of psychological distress, are inappropriately used to cope with stress, cannot be voluntarily curtailed, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
Abnormal sexual behaviours such as chemsex and paraphilias are closely related with CSBD and frequently co-occur along with it. Psychological distress entirely related to moral judgments and disapproval about sexual impulses, urges, or behaviours is not sufficient to diagnose CSBD. A study conducted in 42 countries fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
ICD-11 includes a diagnosis for "Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder". CSBD is not an addiction. "Compulsive Sexual Behaviour Disorder" is defined as a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour. Symptoms may include repetitive sexual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR have no such diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
People with hypersexual disorder experience multiple, unsuccessful attempts to control or diminish the amount of time spent engaging in sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors. Individuals may engage in sexual behaviors that they experience as compulsive, despite knowledge of adverse medical, legal, and/or interpersonal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
As of end of 2019, FDA had approved no medicines for it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
Some treatment guides suggest shame at the core of CSBD mechanism. The shame is associated with the cognitive schema of self-defectiveness, a feeling of social pain and isolation and functions in two ways. Firstly, chronic shame derived from social stigma or early traumatic experiences augments the soothing function of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
Hypersexual disorder was recommended for inclusion in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) by the Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Workgroup (Emerging Measures and Models, Conditions for Further Study). It was ultimately not approved. The term hypersexual disorder was rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder |
Emotion work is understood as the art of trying to change in degree or quality an emotion or feeling.Emotion work may be defined as the management of one's own feelings, or work done in an effort to maintain a relationship; there is dispute as to whether emotion work is only work done regulating one’s own emotion, or e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work |
Arlie Russell Hochschild, who introduced the term in 1979, distinguished emotion work – unpaid emotional work that a person undertakes in private life – from emotional labor: emotional work done in a paid work setting. Emotion work has use value and occurs in situations in which people choose to regulate their emotions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work |
Examples of emotion work include showing affection, apologizing after an argument, bringing up problems that need to be addressed in an intimate relationship or any kind of interpersonal relationship, and making sure the household runs smoothly. Emotion work also involves the orientation of self/others to accord with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work |
The social theorist Victor Jeleniewski Seidler argues that women's emotion work is merely another demonstration of false consciousness under patriarchy, and that emotion work, as a concept, has been adopted, adapted or criticized to such an extent that it is in danger of becoming a "catch-all-cliché".More broadly, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work |
Rousseau in The New Heloise suggests that the attempt to master instrumentally one's affective life always results in a weakening and eventually the fragmentation of one's identity, even if the emotion work is performed at the demand of ethical principles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work |
In woodworking, hewing is the process of converting a log from its rounded natural form into lumber (timber) with more or less flat surfaces using primarily an axe. It is an ancient method, and before the advent of the industrial-era type of sawmills, it was a standard way of squaring up wooden beams for timber framing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Hew is a general term meaning to strike or blow with a tool such as an axe or sword; to chop or gash, and is used in warfare, stone and woodcutting, and coal and salt mining in this sense. Hewing wood is to shape the wood with a sharp instrument such as an axe, specifically flattening one or more sides of a log. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
As an ancient method of timber conversion, different methods of each step in hewing have developed in history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
After a tree is selected and felled, hewing can take place where the log landed or be skidded or twitched (skidded with a horse or oxen) out of the woods to a work site. The log is placed across two other smaller logs near the ground or up on trestles about waist height; stabilized either by notching the support logs, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
The next step is to chop notches every foot or two, almost as deep as the marked line using a chopping or scoring axe, called scoring. At least three methods are used in scoring. 1) Standing on the log and swinging an axe to chop the score; 2) In Germany a method of two carpenters standing on the ground with the log on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
The pieces of wood between the notches are knocked off with an axe, this process called juggling or joggling. This results in a rough surface pared down just shy of the marked line. Scoring and juggling remove a fair amount of wood, make hewing easier and prevent long shreds of wood being torn off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Hewing is the last step in this whole process, which is also collectively referred to as hewing. Hewing is done on the logs sides with a broadaxe. Hewing occurs from the bottom of the stem upwards towards what was the top of the standing tree, reducing the tendency of the broken fibers to migrate inwards towards the ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Shipbuilders frequently used adzes in shaping ship timbers, the choice of tool being made by the position of the surface being hewn, the sides best hewn with an axe and the face best hewn with an adze. Historic illustrations do show some Asian carpenters hewing building timbers with an adze. Further smoothing can then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Some 19th-century timber buildings in the U.S. have hewn long timbers in the same framing with vertically sawn and the later technology of circular sawn timbers. The reason for this is the long timbers were easier to hew with an axe than to take to a sawmill due to poor transportation routes. Hewn railroad ties are kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Although still used in niche modern building, salvaged hand-hewn beams are now commonly recycled as architectural details popular in new construction and renovation of homes. They are also popular as decor in commercial and restaurant spaces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewing |
Antecedent-contained deletion (ACD), also called antecedent-contained ellipsis, is a phenomenon whereby an elided verb phrase appears to be contained within its own antecedent. For instance, in the sentence "I read every book that you did", the verb phrase in the main clause appears to license ellipsis inside the relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
To understand the issue, it is necessary to understand how VP-ellipsis works. Consider the following examples, where the expected but elided VP is represented with a smaller font and subscripts and the antecedent to the ellipsis are in bold: John washed the dishes, and Mary did wash the dishes, too. John washed the dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
Assuming the missing VP must be essentially identical to an antecedent VP leads to a problem, first noticed by Bouton (1970): John read every book that Mary did read every book that Mary did read every book that Mary did read every book etc..Since the elided VP must be essentially identical to its antecedent, and assum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
The difficulty is further illustrated with the tree for the sentence: The light grey font indicates the elided constituent, i.e. the ellipsis, and the underline marks the antecedent constituent to the ellipsis. Since the antecedent constituent contains the ellipsis itself, resolution of the ellipsis necessitates an inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
An analysis of VP-ellipsis that takes the catena to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis (as opposed to the constituent) is not confronted with the antecedent containment problem. The ellipsis can correspond to a non-constituent catena, which means a movement analysis in terms of QR is not needed. The catena i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
The point is illustrated with the following further examples: Both the elided material (in light grey) and the antecedent (in bold) to the elided material qualify as catenae. As catenae, both are concrete units of syntactic analysis. The need for a movement-type analysis (in terms of QR or otherwise) does not occur. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion |
The Cision Media Contacts Database (formerly known as Bacon's Media Directories) gathers information on media contacts and outlets (currently over 1.6 million, updating daily). Though a commercial resource, it has often been exploited for academic research applications. The database is useful for marketing and public r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cision_Media_Contacts_Database |
It has also been recommended for use in academic research and has indeed been leveraged as a key data source in peer-reviewed studies. As summarized by professor Philip M. Napoli, these directories are "widely regarded as the best-available commercial database for identifying media outlets and media workers in the Unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cision_Media_Contacts_Database |
Critical ethnography applies a critical theory based approach to ethnography. It focuses on the implicit values expressed within ethnographic studies and, therefore, on the unacknowledged biases that may result from such implicit values. It has been called critical theory in practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
In the spirit of critical theory, this approach seeks to determine symbolic mechanisms, to extract ideology from action, and to understand the cognition and behaviour of research subjects within historical, cultural, and social frameworks. Critical ethnography incorporates reflexive inquiry into its methodology. Resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
In addition to speaking on behalf of subjects, critical ethnographers will also attempt to recognize and articulate their own perspective as a means of acknowledging the biases that their own limitations, histories, and institutional standpoints bear on their work. Further, critical ethnography is inherently political ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
Critical ethnography stems from both anthropology and the Chicago school of sociology. Following the movements for civil rights of the 1960s and 1970s some ethnographers became more politically active and experimented in various ways to incorporate emancipatory political projects into their research. For example, some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
‘Critical ethnographic respect’ is proposed by Appleton as a way to talk about how we can approach our ethnographic data and conversations - with respect for the narratives of interlocutors, without abdicating critical analysis of the spaces and materialities from wherein these narratives emerge. The concept draws on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
Phil Carspecken D. Soyini Madison Geoffrey Walford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ethnography |
The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention. It is named after the University ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Charta Universitatum was issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna (and European universities) in 1988. One year before the declaration, education ministers Claude Allègre (France), Jürgen Rüttgers (G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Signatories of the Bologna Accord, members of the European Higher Education Area, are: 1999: Austria, Belgium (Flemish Community and French Community of Belgium separately), Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Four countries, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, and the unrecognized Northern Cyprus and Kosovo, have applied to join but did not meet the membership criteria.Israel is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although it has observer status. Although Israel is not geographically part of Europe, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Kosovo is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe. Although Serbia is a party, Kosovo declared independence from it and has theoretically been a part of the Bologna Process since the Kosovo War. It was suggested that Kosovo could be associated with the process in a category appropriate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The basic framework is three cycles of higher-education qualifications. The framework adopted by the ministers at their meeting in Bergen in 2005 defines the qualifications in terms of learning outcomes, which are statements of what students know and can do on completing their degrees. In describing the cycles, the fra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
degree (used, for example, in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada) and sometimes enables graduates to begin doctoral studies without first obtaining a master's degree. Second cycle: typically 60–120 ECTS credits (a minimum of 60 credits per academic year), usually awarding a master's degree. Third cycle (doctora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
However, some countries have minimum credit weight requirements on doctoral degrees. Those country-level requirements typically require 120–420 ECTS of study.In most cases, it would take three to four years to earn a bachelor's degree and another one or two years for a master's degree. Doctoral degrees usually require ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
According to Chris Lorenz of the VU University Amsterdam, The basic idea behind all educational EU-plans is economic: the basic idea is the enlargement of scale of the European systems of higher education ... in order to enhance its 'competitiveness' by cutting down costs. Therefore a Europe-wide standardization of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The process, an intergovernmental agreement between EU and non-EU countries, does not have the status of EU legislation. Since the Bologna Declaration is not a treaty or convention, there are no legal obligations for the signatory states; participation and cooperation are voluntary. Although the declaration was created... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The process, which will result in bilateral agreements between countries and institutions which recognise each other's degrees, is moving from strict convergence in time spent on qualifications towards a competency-based system which will have an undergraduate and postgraduate division (with a bachelor's degree in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The situation is evolving as the Bologna Process is implemented. Some countries introduced the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and discussed their degree structures, qualifications, financing and management of higher education and mobility programmes. At the institutional level, the reform invol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In Andorra, degrees are awarded by the state in all three cycles (bachelor's, master's and doctoral). The University of Andorra has adapted its classroom studies to the European Higher Education Area in accordance with the Bologna Agreement. The degree workload is counted in European credits, with a European equivalent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Austria's situation is similar to Germany's, with the lowest undergraduate degrees the Magister (FH) and Diplom (FH) (designed to take three or four years). The lowest graduate degrees are Magister and Diplom, which typically fulfill a thesis requirement (including final examination and thesis defence) and can be obtai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Armenia ratified the Bologna Process in 2005 and is a member of the European Higher Education Area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Azerbaijan is a full member of the Bologna Process since 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Belarus became a member of the European Higher Education Area at a conference in Yerevan, Armenia, in May 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In Croatia, implementation of the Bologna Process began during the 2005–2006 academic year. Diploma degree became baccalaureate (bachelor's degree, Croatian: prvostupnik), and the programmes were shortened from four to about three years. Magisterij (master's degree) is achieved after two additional years of post-gradua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The typical length of study is three years for a bachelor's degree (baccalaureus), two years for a master's degree (magistar) and three years for a doctor of science (doktor znanosti). A local distinction is made between vocational and academic degrees at the baccalaureate level, and between engineering and other progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
There are several exceptions. The first degree in economics still takes four years, and the master's degree is obtained after an additional year at the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Economics and Zagreb School of Economics and Management. The four-plus-one-year system also applies to fine arts and music. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Medical and related studies replace the bachelor's degree with six-year first professional degrees and graduate Doctor of Medicine (doktor medicine) degrees. The old degrees are translated as follows: Diploma holders hold master's degrees (magistar inženjer for engineers and magistar for others). The old master's degre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Denmark introduced the 3+2+3 system in 1971 with an education-management working group of the Society of Danish Engineers and a 1984–85 group of the Federation of Danish Industries, both headed by Hans Bruno Lund. Before the adoption of international standards, the lowest degree normally awarded at universities in Denm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In the Finnish pre-Bologna system, higher education was divided between universities and polytechnics. In universities, degrees were divided in most fields into a three-year bachelor's degree (kandidaatti) and a two-year master's degree (maisteri). In these fields, the Bologna Process resulted in no change. In engineer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
This has been replaced by a three-year bachelor's degree (tekniikan kandidaatti) and a two-year master's degree (diplomi-insinööri), for which the English names are Bachelor of Science (Technology) and Master of Science (Technology). A corresponding change has been made in military higher education, where the officer's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Some Master of Engineering (insinööri (ylempi AMK)) programmes are taught in English.Only medicine and dentistry retain their non-standard degree structure, where the Licentiate (higher than a master's degree, but less extensive than Doctor of Medicine or Dentistry degrees) is the basic degree. A six-year program of at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Polytechnic degrees are considered bachelor's degrees in international use. In domestic use, bachelors transferring from polytechnics to universities may be required to amass a maximum of 60 ECTS credits of additional studies before beginning master's-level studies. In conjunction with the Bologna Process, polytechnics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In France the baccalauréat, awarded at the end of secondary education, allows students to enter university. Before the LMD reform amid the 2000s which implemented the Bologna Process, it was followed by a two-year Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG) and a third-year Licence (the equivalent of a UK bachelor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Students could then pursue a doctorat (PhD), which took at least three years. The DESS was created in 1975 for students who completed four-year degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Intended as a doctorate with a more practical approach than research, it included the production of a 120-page paper which was defended to a jury of three international specialists in the field. The mini-thesis was kept in the libraries of the university issuing the DESS, unlike a PhD dissertation (distributed by its a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The Diplôme d'ingénieur (engineering diploma) is awarded to students after five years of study in state-recognized Écoles d'ingénieurs, particularly the Grandes Écoles such as Mines, Centrale and ENAC. Although the baccalauréat and doctorat are unchanged in the Bologna system (known in France as LMD reform), the DEUG a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Although Georgia joined the Bologna Process in 2005 at the Bergen summit, steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed earlier. Since the end of the 1990s, many Georgian universities (mostly private) have introduced limited educational programs allowing students to graduate with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Greece joined the Bologna Process in 1999. Since 2007, more-intensive steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In Hungary, the Bologna system applies to those who began their university education in or after September 2006. One hundred and eight majors were available for selection (compared with over 400 in 2005), of which six are exempt from the bachelor's-master's division: law, human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In Iceland, bachelor's degrees are usually three years in duration; master's degrees are two years, and doctoral degrees range from three to six years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
In Ireland, bachelor's degrees are commonly three to four years in duration; master's and doctoral degrees are basically similar to those in the UK. Bachelor's degrees are first-cycle qualifications. Except for the MA at the Trinity College Dublin, a master's degree is always a postgraduate degree (teaching or research... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Italy fits the framework since its 1999 adoption of the 3+2 system. The first degree is the Laurea triennale, which may be obtained after three years of study. Selected students may then complete their studies with two additional years of specialization leading to the Laurea Magistrale. The Laurea corresponds to a bach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
A four-year degree, Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in law (Giurisprudenza). A five-year degree, Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in Architecture (Architettura), in Pharmacy (Farmacia) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Chimica e Tecnologia Fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The title for BA and BS undergraduate students is Dottore and for MA, MFA, MSc, MD and MEd graduate students Dottore magistrale (abbreviated Dott., Dott.ssa or Dr.). This should not be confused with PhD and post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca (Research Doctor). The Italian system has two types of postg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Kazakhstan has been a full member of the Bologna Process and European Higher Education Area since 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The Netherlands differentiates between HBO (university of applied sciences) and WO (scientific education or research universities). WO and HBO have adopted the bachelor's-master's system. It generally requires three (WO) or four (HBO) years of education to obtain a bachelor's degree; graduates may then apply for a mast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
There are also HBO master's studies, and HBOs are the only institutions offering associate degrees. A masters degree is the default (legal) requirement to enter a PhD program in the Netherlands. Dispensation can be granted on an individual base, judged by a special committee. With an HBO master's degree, it is also pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Due to the Bologna Process, in 2005 new licenciatura (licentiate) degrees were organized at university and polytechnic institutions of Portugal. Previously a four- to six-year programme, equivalent to 300 ECTS, it is now a three-year first cycle and the only requirement for the two-year second cycle which awards a mast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Master's degrees attained after five or six years of study correspond to the old undergraduate degrees known as licenciatura. The new licenciatura, obtained after three years of study, corresponds to the discontinued bacharelato awarded by polytechnics from the 1970s to the early 2000s (roughly equivalent to an extende... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The licenciatura degree (a four- to six-year course) was required for applicants who wished to undertake the old master's and doctoral programmes, but admission was reserved for those with a licenciatura degree with a grade above 14 (out of 20). After the changes introduced by the Bologna Process, the master's degree i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
The Russian higher education framework was basically incompatible with the process. The generic, lowest degree in all universities since the Soviet era is the Specialist, which can be obtained after five to six years of study. Since the mid-1990s, many universities have introduced limited programmes allowing students t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Universities inserted a BSc diploma in the middle of their standard specialist programmes, but the transition to MS qualification has not been completed. Although Specialists and masters are eligible for doctoral programmes (Aspirantura), bachelors are not; the Specialist degree is being discontinued. In most universit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
A bill proposing new regulations in the field of Higher Education was presented to Parliament in 2005, and the new system came into force in July 2007. The new system of degrees will have two degrees, of different lengths, in each cycle. Students may not always be offered all the combinations above to obtain a degree. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Most third-cycle programmes require at least a magisterexamen, although the legal minimal requirement is either a degree from the second cycle or four years of finished courses, where at least one year is second cycle. In July 2007 a new system of credits, compatible with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
Some Swedish universities have introduced the ECTS standard grading scale for all students, and others will use it only for international students. Since criterion-referenced grading is used instead of relative grading in the Swedish educational system, the 10-, 25-, 30-, 25- and 10-percent distribution of students amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process |
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