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One can also directly fit a statistical law for D o p t ( C ) , N o p t ( C ) {\displaystyle D_{opt}(C),N_{opt}(C)} without going through the detour, for which one obtains:or as tabulated: In simpler terms, the Chinchilla scaling law for training Transformer language models suggests that when given an increased budget ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
A 2022 analysis found that many scaling behaviors of artificial neural networks follow a smoothly broken power law functional form: y = a + ( b x − c 0 ) ∏ i = 1 n ( 1 + ( x d i ) 1 / f i ) − c i ∗ f i {\displaystyle y=a+{\bigg (}bx^{-c_{0}}{\bigg )}\prod _{i=1}^{n}\left(1+\left({\frac {x}{d_{i}}}\right)^{1/f_{i}}\righ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
c n , d 1 . . . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
d n , f 1 . . . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
f n {\displaystyle a,b,c_{0},c_{1}...c_{n},d_{1}...d_{n},f_{1}...f_{n}} are found by statistical fitting. On a log–log plot, when f i {\displaystyle f_{i}} is not too large and a {\displaystyle a} is subtracted out from the y-axis, this functional form looks like a series of linear segments connected by arcs; the n {\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
Vision transformers, similar to language transformers, exhibit scaling laws. A 2022 research trained vision transformers, with parameter counts N ∈ {\displaystyle N\in } , on image sets of sizes D ∈ {\displaystyle D\in } , for computing C ∈ {\displaystyle C\in } (in units of TPUv3-core-days).After training the model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
Ghorbani, Behrooz et al. studied scaling laws for neural machine translation (specifically, English as source, and German as target) in encoder-decoder Transformer models, trained until convergence on the same datasets (thus they did not fit scaling laws for computing cost C {\displaystyle C} or dataset size D {\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
They found that N d / N ≈ 0.55 {\displaystyle N_{d}/N\approx 0.55} minimizes loss if N {\displaystyle N} is held fixed. L {\displaystyle L} "saturates" (that is, it reaches L ∞ {\displaystyle L_{\infty }} ) for smaller models when the training and testing datasets are "source-natural" than "target-natural". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
A "source-natural" data point means a pair of English-German sentences, and the model is asked to translate the English sentence into German, and the English sentence is written by a natural English writer, while the German sentence is translated from the English sentence by a machine translator. To construct the two k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
In contrast, models trained on target-original datasets achieve low loss and good BLEU score in tandem (Figure 10, 11 ).The authors hypothesize that source-natural datasets have uniform and dull target sentences, and so a model that is trained to predict the target sentences would quickly overfit. trained Transformers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
Hernandez, Danny et al. studied scaling laws for transfer learning in language models. They trained a family of Transformers in three ways: pretraining on English, finetuning on Python pretraining on an equal mix of English and Python, finetuning on Python training on PythonThe idea is that pretraining on English shoul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
We say that its "transferred token count" is D T {\displaystyle D_{T}} , if another model with the same N {\displaystyle N} achieves the same L {\displaystyle L} after training on D F + D T {\displaystyle D_{F}+D_{T}} Python tokens. They found D T = 1.9 e 4 ( D F ) .18 ( N ) .38 {\displaystyle D_{T}=1.9e4\left(D_{F}\ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
The Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB) was established in 2002 in the city of Iquitos, Peru by doctor Margaret Kosek, biologist Maribel Paredes Olortegui, and nurse Pablo Peñataro Yori, with the collaboration of the Dr. Robert Gilman working group in Lima, Peru and the US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory_(IQTLAB) |
The mission of IQTLAB is to improve understanding of health problems among vulnerable populations in order to identify sustainable solutions that improve their health, social and economic conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory_(IQTLAB) |
The IQTLAB team consists of experts from Asociación Benéfica Prisma, the University of Virginia, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, among other universities and research institutions worldwide. IQTLAB utilizes a multidisciplinary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory_(IQTLAB) |
The research center is approximately 4,000 square feet (370 m2) and is capable of conducting sophisticated laboratory diagnostics and experiments. In addition to the laboratory, IQTLAB provides a vast array of support for scientific data collection, including GPS/GIS data collection, survey data collection, satellite i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory_(IQTLAB) |
This is a list of articles holding galleries of maps of present-day countries and dependencies. The list includes all countries listed in the List of countries, the French overseas departments, the Spanish and Portuguese overseas regions and inhabited overseas dependencies. See List of extinct countries, empires, etc. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies |
EleutherAI () is a grass-roots non-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research group. The group, considered an open-source version of OpenAI, was formed in a Discord server in July 2020 to organize a replication of GPT-3. In early 2023, it formally incorporated as the EleutherAI Foundation, a non-profit research insti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
EleutherAI began as a Discord server on July 7, 2020 under the tentative name "LibreAI" before rebranding to "EleutherAI" later that month, in reference to eleutheria, an ancient greek term for liberty.On December 30, 2020, EleutherAI released The Pile, a curated dataset of diverse text for training large language mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
These language models were released under the Apache 2.0 free software license and are considered to have "fueled an entirely new wave of startups".While EleutherAI initially turned down funding offers, preferring to use Google's TPU Research Cloud Program to source their compute, by early 2021 they had accepted fundin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
According to their website, EleutherAI is a "decentralized grassroots collective of volunteer researchers, engineers, and developers focused on AI alignment, scaling, and open-source AI research". While they do not sell any of their technologies as products, they publish the results of their research in academic venues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
The Pile is an 886 GB dataset designed for training large language models. It was originally developed to train EleutherAI's GPT-Neo models but has become widely used to train other models, including Microsoft's Megatron-Turing Natural Language Generation, Meta AI's Open Pre-trained Transformers, LLaMA, and Galactica, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
EleutherAI's most prominent research relates to its work to train open-source large language models inspired by OpenAI's GPT-3. EleutherAI's "GPT-Neo" model series has released 125 million, 1.3 billion, 2.7 billion, 6 billion, and 20 billion parameter models. GPT-Neo (125M, 1.3B, 2.7B): released in March 2021, it was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
Following the release of DALL-E by OpenAI in January 2021, EleutherAI started working on text-to-image synthesis models. When OpenAI didn't release DALL-E publicly, EleutherAI's Katherine Crowson and digital artist Ryan Murdock developed a technique for using CLIP (another model developed by OpenAI) to convert regular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
EleutherAI's work to democratize GPT-3 won the UNESCO Netexplo Global Innovation Award in 2021, InfoWorld's Best of Open Source Software Award in 2021 and 2022, was nominated for VentureBeat's AI Innovation Award in 2021.Gary Marcus, a cognitive scientist and noted critic of deep learning companies such as OpenAI and D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
Technology journalist Kyle Wiggers has raised concerns about whether EleutherAI is as independent as it claims, or "whether the involvement of commercially motivated ventures like Stability AI and Hugging Face — both of which are backed by substantial venture capital — might influence EleutherAI's research." == Referen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EleutherAI |
A tray is a shallow platform designed for the carrying of items. It can be fashioned from numerous materials, including silver, brass, sheet iron, paperboard, wood, melamine, and molded pulp. Trays range in cost from inexpensive molded pulp trays which are disposable and inexpensive melamine trays used in cafeterias, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off them. They are made in a range of shapes but are commonly found in oval or rectangular forms, sometimes with cutout or attached handles with which to carry them. A more elaborate device is the tray table, which is designed to accommodate a tray, or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
There are two primary kinds of tray tables. The TV tray table is typically a small table, which may have legs that fold to allow it to be carried like a tray. The airplane tray table is a tray built into the back of an airline seat, which folds down so that the person sitting in the seat behind the one containing the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
A butler's tray often has a gallery, or deeper surround, handles on the long sides to facilitate carrying (usually cut into the surround), and a portable stand with folding legs. It is used for the service of drinks and generally serves as a convenient side table. A cafeteria tray is used for carrying items in a cafete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
A compartment tray or mess tray is a cafeteria tray designed to be used directly, without dishes - it incorporates shallow compartments in which different types of food are placed. A cargo tray, the rear of a ute, used to hold goods. A molded pulp tray is a disposable (or recyclable) tray provided by fast food restaura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
The tray is designed to hold four disposable cups. Surgical trays are used to carry surgical instruments, are rectangular and made of stainless steel to resist the heat of sterilization without corrosion. Seed trays are used for propagating vegetables and flowers and other plants from seed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
They are also used for taking plant cuttings. The trays for seedling production are made of expanded polystyrene or polythene. They come in many sizes; the most common are the Danish and the European sized trays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
Seed trays can also be stacked in seed tray racks to take up less space. A darkroom tray, also known as print developing tray, is used in photography. A dental impression tray is a receptacle or device that is used to carry impression material to the mouth, confine the material in apposition to the surfaces to be recor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
A baking tray or oven tray is used to cook a variety of foods in an oven, including vegetables and meats such as whole chickens. It allows food to be very exposed to the hot air inside the oven whilst preventing any fats of liquids from falling onto the oven floor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
See also Sheet pan. Food packaging trays A foam tray is used by the supermarkets and by the fruit shops to package meat and small fruits, vegetables and mushrooms. Patents for this product exist since 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
Aluminium foil take-out food tray used by the supermarkets for packaging processed food. Thin plastic trays used for both packaging shelf food and for take-out food A coin tray is used to store or collect coins. They are used in banks, restaurants, shops, casinos, and for coin collecting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray |
Mind-blindness, mindblindness or mind blindness is a theory initially proposed in 1990 that claims that all autistic people have a lack or developmental delay of theory of mind (ToM), meaning they are unable to attribute mental states to others. According to the theory, a lack of ToM is considered equivalent to a lack ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
Mind-blindness is defined as a state where the ToM has not been developed in an individual. According to the theory, neurotypical people can make automatic interpretations of events taking into consideration the mental states of people, their desires, and beliefs. Individuals lacking ToM would therefore perceive the wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
The theory was based on the assumption that biology is linked to autistic behavior, so it was expected that a delayed development or lack of ToM would lead to additional psychiatric complications. Research into a model with more than two categories was also considered.Mind-blindness, a lack of ToM, was later theorised ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
Since the frontal lobe is associated with executive function, it was predicted that the frontal lobe plays an important role in ToM; that executive function and ToM share the same functional regions in the brain. Damage to the frontal lobe is known to affect ToM, partially confirming this hypothesis. From a 2000 study,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
In an attempt to empirically explain the tendency of autistic people to avoid eye contact, a hypothesis was proposed in 1995 that autistic children fail to "read" the eyes of others. This hypothesis was tested with participant performance on false-belief tasks and detecting gaze shifts. In the moral blindness hypothesi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
In 2001, it was suggested that the mind-blindness hypothesis may explain more severe symptoms of autism, including social withdrawal and social skill deficiencies. With good robustness, it was found that a lower performance on mentalization tasks correlates with autism, suggesting mentalization theory as an effective e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
Recognising the hypothesis has lost popularity, Carruthers argues this is mainly due to the disregard of its proponents to consider the perspectives of autistic people. : 259 The latter view is shared by David Smukler in his 2005 analysis of the history of the ToM in autism research.The assumption that autism is a homo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
The double empathy problem, developed in 2012, is a theory in opposition of the mind-blindness hypothesis. It proposes that social and communication difficulties present in autistic people are due to a reciprocal lack of understanding and mutual differences in communication style between autistic people and neurotypica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-blindness |
Social influence comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. Typically social influence results from a specific action,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence. Compliance is when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately.Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of others. These include our need to be right (informational social influence) and our need to be liked (nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Informational influence comes into play when people are uncertain, either because stimuli are intrinsically ambiguous or because there is social disagreement. Normative influence is an influence to conform to the positive expectations of others. In terms of Kelman's typology, normative influence leads to public complia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Social influence is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena. Listed below are some major types of social influence that are being researched in the field of social psychology. For more information, follow the main article links provided. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in a 1958 paper published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution. The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity (behavior) from privat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request offered by others. Technically, compliance is a change in behavior but not necessarily in attitude; one can comply due to mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to social pressures. According to Kelman's 195... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this phenomenon. According to Kelman, the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding. It is congruent with the individual's value system, and according to Kelma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Researchers have been studying social influence and minority influence for over thirty years. The first publication covering these topics was written by social psychologist Serge Moscovici and published in 1976. Minority influence takes place when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs or behaviors of a minorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A prophecy declared as truth (when it is actually false) may sufficiently influence people, either through fear or logical confusion, so that their reactions ultimate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Social contagion involves the spontaneous spread of behaviors or emotions through a group, population or social network. Social contagion consists of two categories, behavioral contagion and emotional contagion. Unlike conformity, the emotion or behavior being adopted may not represent a social norm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Reactance is the adoption of a view contrary to the view that a person is being pressured to accept, perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms. This phenomenon has also been called anticonformity. While the results are the opposite of what the influencer intended, the reactive behavior is a result of soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Obedience is a form of social influence that derives from an authority figure, based on order or command. The Milgram experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and the Hofling hospital experiment are three particularly well-known experiments on obedience, and they all conclude that humans are surprisingly obed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Persuasion is the process of guiding oneself or another toward the adoption of an attitude by rational or symbolic means. US psychologist Robert Cialdini defined six "weapons of influence": reciprocity, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity to bring about conformity by directed means. Persuasion can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded mani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Controlling abusers use various tactics to exert power and control over their victims. Tactics may include coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and more. The goal of the abuser is to control and intimidate the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is prese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. Hard power contrasts with so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Many factors can affect the impact of social influence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Social impact theory was developed by Bibb Latané in 1981. This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person's likelihood to respond to social influence: Strength: The importance of the influencing group to the individual Immediacy: Physical (and temporal) proximity of the influencing group to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Robert Cialdini defines six "weapons of influence" that can contribute to an individual's propensity to be influenced by a persuader: Reciprocity: People tend to return a favor. Commitment and consistency: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
For example, seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well. Authority: People will tend to obey authority figures. Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like. Scarcity: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of obedience experiments, 65% of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer "maximum shocks"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Those perceived as experts may exert social influence as a result of their perceived expertise. This involves credibility, a tool of social influence from which one draws upon the notion of trust. People believe an individual to be credible for a variety of reasons, such as perceived experience, attractiveness, knowled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
This phenomenon is known as groupthink. Appeals to authority may especially effect norms of obedience. The compliance of normal humans to authority in the famous Milgram experiment demonstrate the power of perceived authority. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Those with access to the media may use this access in an attempt to influence the public. For example, a politician may use speeches to persuade the public to support issues that he or she does not have the power to impose on the public. This is often referred to as using the "bully pulpit." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Likewise, celebrities don't usually possess any political power, but they are familiar to many of the world's citizens and, therefore, possess social status. Power is one of the biggest reasons an individual feels the need to follow through with the suggestions of another. A person who possesses more authority (or is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Culture appears to play a role in the willingness of an individual to conform to the standards of a group. Stanley Milgram found that conformity was higher in Norway than in France. This has been attributed to Norway's longstanding tradition of social responsibility, compared to France's cultural focus on individualism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
However, a 1970 Asch-style study found that when alienated, Japanese students were more susceptible to anticonformity (giving answers that were incorrect even when the group had collaborated on correct answers) one third of the time, significantly higher than has been seen in Asch studies in the past.While gender does ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Studies thereafter found that the likelihood to conform almost equal between the genders. Furthermore, men conformed more often when faced with traditionally feminine topics, and women conformed more often when presented with masculine topics. In other words, ignorance about a subject can lead a person to defer to "soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
Emotion and disposition may affect an individual's likelihood of conformity or anticonformity. In 2009, a study concluded that fear increases the chance of agreeing with a group, while romance or lust increases the chance of going against the group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
A social network is a social structure made up of nodes (representing individuals or organizations) which are connected (through ties, also called edges, connections, or links) by one or more types of interdependency (such as friendship, common interests or beliefs, sexual relations, or kinship). Social network analysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
As described above, theoretical approaches are in the form of knowledge clusters. A global theory of Influence is missing for an easy understanding and an education to protect from manipulators.A first tentative was published in 2012. The first pages of "Influence & Systems" explain the reason why we need a global appr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence |
The Bechdel test ( BEK-dəl), also known as the Bechdel-Wallace test, is a measure of the representation of women in film and other fiction. The test asks whether a work features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man. The requirement that the two women be named is sometimes added.Pas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Media industry studies indicate that films that pass the test perform better financially than those that do not. The test is named after the American cartoonist Alison Bechdel, in whose 1985 comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For the test first appeared. Bechdel credited the idea to her friend Liz Wallace and the writings ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
In her 1929 essay A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf observed about the literature of her time what the Bechdel test would later highlight in more recent fiction: All these relationships between women, I thought, rapidly recalling the splendid gallery of fictitious women, are too simple. ... And I tried to remember an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
It was strange to think that all the great women of fiction were, until Jane Austen's day, not only seen by the other sex, but seen only in relation to the other sex. And how small a part of a woman's life is that ... In film, a study of gender portrayals in 855 of the most financially successful U.S. films from 1950 t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Female characters were portrayed as being involved in sex twice as often as male characters, and their proportion of scenes with explicit sexual content increased over time. Violence increased over time in male and female characters alike.According to a 2014 study by the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, in 120... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Another study looking at the 700 top‐grossing films from 2007 to 2014 found that only 30% of the speaking characters were female. In a 2016 analysis of screenplays of 2,005 commercially successful films, Hanah Anderson and Matt Daniels found that in 82% of the films, men had two of the top three speaking roles, while a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The rules now known as the Bechdel test first appeared in 1985, in Alison Bechdel's comic strip, Dykes to Watch Out For. In a strip titled "The Rule", two women, who resemble the future characters Mo and Ginger, discuss seeing a film and one woman explains that she only goes to a movie if it satisfies the following req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Bechdel credited the idea for the test to a friend and karate training partner, Liz Wallace, whose name appears in the marquee of the strip. She later wrote that she was pretty certain that Wallace was inspired by Virginia Woolf's essay A Room of One's Own. Several variants of the test have been proposed—for example, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The test has also attracted academic interest from a computational analysis approach. In June 2018, the term "Bechdel test" was added to the Oxford English Dictionary.According to Neda Ulaby, the test resonates because "it articulates something often missing in popular culture: not the number of women we see on screen,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Originally meant as "a little lesbian joke in an alternative feminist newspaper", according to Bechdel, the test moved into mainstream criticism in the 2010s and has been described as "the standard by which feminist critics judge television, movies, books, and other media". In 2013, Internet culture website The Daily D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
In 2013, four Swedish cinemas and the Scandinavian cable television channel Viasat Film incorporated the Bechdel test into some of their ratings, a move supported by the Swedish Film Institute.In 2014, the European cinema fund Eurimages incorporated the Bechdel test into its submission mechanism as part of an effort to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
In addition to films, the Bechdel test has been applied to other media such as television series, video games and comics. In theater, British actor Beth Watson launched a "Bechdel Theatre" campaign in 2015 that aims to highlight test-passing plays.In 2021, a TV provider from Israel called Partner TV endorsed the test i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The website bechdeltest.com is a user-edited database of some 6,500 films classified by whether they pass the test, with the added requirement that the women must be named characters. As of April 2015, it listed 58% of these films as passing all three of the test's requirements, 10% as failing one, 22% as failing two, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The television series Sex and the City highlights its own failure to pass the test by having one of the four female main characters ask: "How does it happen that four such smart women have nothing to talk about but boyfriends? It's like seventh grade with bank accounts! "Films set in alternative or future worlds, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Several analyses have indicated that passing the Bechdel test is associated with a film's financial success. Vocativ's authors found that the films from 2013 that passed the test earned a total of $4.22 billion in the United States, while those that failed earned $2.66 billion in total, leading them to conclude that a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
They concluded that female-led films financially outperformed other films, and that those that passed the Bechdel test (60% of the films studied) significantly outperformed the others. They noted that of films since 2012 which took in more than one billion dollars in revenue, all passed the test.A research study from 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
Explanations that have been offered as to why many films fail the Bechdel test include the relative lack of gender diversity among scriptwriters and other movie professionals, also called the "celluloid ceiling": In 2012, one in six of the directors, writers, and producers behind the 100 most commercially successful mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
The Bechdel test only indicates whether women are present in a work of fiction to a certain degree. A work may pass the test and still contain sexist content, and a work with prominent female characters may fail the test. A work may fail the test for reasons unrelated to gender bias, such as because its setting works a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
For example, the Sir Mix-a-Lot song "Baby Got Back" has been described as passing the Bechdel test, because it begins with a valley girl saying to another "oh my god, Becky, look at her butt".In an attempt at a quantitative analysis of works as to whether they pass the test, at least one researcher, Faith Lawrence, not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test |
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