text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
"However, Berntzen holds that "other scholars have criticized the focus on agency and contingency as key causal factors of institutional path selection during critical junctures" and "argue that a focus on antecedent conditions of critical junctures is analytically more useful." For example, Dan Slater and Erica Simmon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
On the other hand, Kathleen Thelen and other criticize the idea of path dependence determinism, and Jörg Sydow, Georg Schreyögg, and Jochen Koch question the idea of reactive sequences as a kind of path dependence.Institutional and behavioral path dependence The study of critical junctures has commonly been seen as inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
A critical juncture approach has been used in the study of many fields of research: state formation, political regimes, regime change and democracy, party system, public policy, government performance, and economic development.In addition, many processes and events have been identified as critical junctures. Pre-1760 p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The Industrial Revolution. Political and social revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the French Revolution of 1789, and the Russian Revolution of 1917. Wars, such as World War I and World War II Colonialism and decolonization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The end of slavery. Transitions to mass politics. Transitions to democracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The Trente Glorieuses - the 30 years from 1945 to 1975 in Europe. The transition to neoliberalism in the 1980s and 1990s. The end of the Cold War in 1989.Considerable discussion has focused on the possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic will be a critical juncture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Barrington Moore Jr. 's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966) argues that revolutions (the critical junctures) occurred in different ways (bourgeois revolutions, revolutions from above, and revolutions from below) and this difference led to contrasting p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The way in which state actors incorporated labor movements was conditioned by the political strength of the oligarchy, the antecedent condition in their analysis. Different policies towards labor led to four specific types of labor incorporation: state incorporation (Brazil and Chile), radical populism (Mexico and Vene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Eventually, through a complex set of intermediate steps, relatively enduring party system regimes were established in all eight countries: multiparty polarizing systems (Brazil and Chile), integrative party systems (Mexico and Venezuela), stalemated party systems (Peru and Argentina), and systems marked by electoral st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
In essence, peace conferences and settlement agreements put in place "institutions and arrangements for postwar order." Ikenberry also shows that "the actual character of international order has varied across eras and order building moments" and that "variations have been manifest along multiple dimensions: geographic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
He holds that the reason is that the initial patterns of colonization, the subsequent process of economic incorporation of the new colonies, and the wars of independence varies. The divergent histories of Britain and Iberia are seen as creating different cultural legacies that affected the prospects of democracy.Daron ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Critical juncture research typically contrasts an argument about the historical origins of some outcome to an explanation based in temporally proximate factors. However, researchers have engaged in debates about what historical event should be considered a critical juncture. The rise of the West A key debate in researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Michael Mitterauer, in Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of its Special Path (2010) traces the rise of the West to developments in the Middle Ages. Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, in Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012) and The Narrow Corridor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty (2019) argue that a critical juncture during the early modern age is what set the West on its distinctive path.Historical sources of economic development (with a focus on Latin America) Another key debate concerns the historical roots of economic development, a debate that has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastián Edwards (1991) see the emergence of mass politics in the mid-20th century as the key turning point that explains the economic performance of Latin America.Historical origins of the Asian developmental state Research on Asia includes a debate about the historical roots of developmental st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Research on critical junctures is generally seen as an important contribution to the social sciences. Within political science, Berntzen argues that research on critical junctures "has played an important role in comparative historical and other macro-comparative scholarship." Some of the most notable works in the fiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966) is broadly recognized as a foundational study in the study of democratization.Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier's Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and the Regime Dynamics in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Arthur, W. Brian, "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events." Economic Journal 99(394)(1989): 116–31. Berntzen, Einar, "Historical and Longitudinal Analyses," pp. 390–405, in Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Bertrand Badie, and Leonardo Morlino (eds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
), The SAGE Handbook of Political Science. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2020. Capoccia, Giovanni, and R. Daniel Kelemen, "The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
World Politics 59(3)(2007): 341–69. Collier, David, and Gerardo L. Munck, "Building Blocks and Methodological Challenges: A Framework for Studying Critical Junctures." Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 15(1)(2017): 2–9. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Collier, David, and Gerardo L. Munck (eds. ), Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies: Insights and Methods for Comparative Social Science (2022). Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and the Regime Dynamics in Latin America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; Ch. 1: "Framework: Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies." David, Paul A., "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
American Economic Review 75(2)(1985): 332–37. Gerschewski, Johannes, "Explanations of Institutional Change. Reflecting on a ‘Missing Diagonal’." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
American Political Science Review 115(1)(2021): 218–33. Krasner, Stephen D., "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics." Comparative Politics 16(2)(1984): 223–46. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Krasner, Stephen D., "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective." Comparative Political Studies 21(1)(1988): 66–94. Mahoney, James, "Path Dependence in Historical Sociology." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Theory and Society 29(4)(2000): 507–48. Pierson, Paul, "Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics." American Political Science Review 94(2)(2000): 251–67. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Slater, Dan, and Erica Simmons, "Informative Regress: Critical Antecedents in Comparative Politics." Comparative Political Studies 43(7)(2010): 886–917. Soifer, Hillel David, "The Causal Logic of Critical Junctures." Comparative Political Studies 45(12)(2012): 1572–1597. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: Origins of Power, Poverty and Prosperity (2012). Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson, The Narrow Corridor. States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty (2019). Acharya, Avidit, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen, Deep Roots: How Slavery Still Shapes Southern Polit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Bartolini, Stefano, The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage (2000). Bartolini, Stefano, Restructuring Europe. Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union (2007). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics, 2nd ed. (2009). Calder, Kent, and Min Ye, The Making of Northeast Asia (2010). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Caramani, Daniele, The Europeanization of Politics: The Formation of a European Electorate and Party System in Historical Perspective (2015). della Porta, Donatella et al., Discursive Turns and Critical Junctures: Debating Citizenship after the Charlie Hebdo Attacks (2020). Chibber, Vivek, Locked in Place: State-buildi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, Economic Development in the Americas since 1500: Endowments and Institutions (2012). Ertman, Thomas, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1997). Fishman, Robert M., Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Gould, Andrew C., Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1999). Grzymała-Busse, Anna M., Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe (2002). Ikenberry, G. John, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuildi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Karvonen, Lauri, and Stein Kuhnle (eds. ), Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited (2000). Kurtz, Marcus, Latin American State Building in Comparative Perspective: Social Foundations of Institutional Order (2013). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Lange, Matthew, Lineages of Despotism and Development. British Colonialism and State Power (2009). Lieberman, Evan S., Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa (2003). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Lipset, Seymour M., and Stein Rokkan (eds. ), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (1967). López-Alves, Fernando, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810–1900 (2000). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Gregory M. Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe (1991). Mahoney, James, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America (2001). Møller, Jørgen, "Medieval Origins of the Rule of Law: The Gregorian R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 9(2)(2017): 265–82. Moore, Jr., Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (1966). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Putnam, Robert D., with Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Nanetti, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993). Riedl, Rachel Beatty, Authoritarian Origins of Democratic Party Systems in Africa (2014). Roberts, Kenneth M., Changing Course in Latin America: Party Systems in the Neoliberal Era (2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Rokkan, Stein, with Angus Campbell, Per Torsvik, and Henry Valen, Citizens, Elections, and Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development (1970). Scully, Timothy R., Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Chile (1992). Silva, Eduardo, and Federico M. Ros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
), Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America (2018). Tudor, Maya, The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan (2013). Yashar, Deborah, Demanding Democracy: Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (1997). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Uncertain inference was first described by C. J. van Rijsbergen as a way to formally define a query and document relationship in Information retrieval. This formalization is a logical implication with an attached measure of uncertainty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
Rijsbergen proposes that the measure of uncertainty of a document d to a query q be the probability of its logical implication, i.e.: P ( d → q ) {\displaystyle P(d\to q)} A user's query can be interpreted as a set of assertions about the desired document. It is the system's task to infer, given a particular document, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
A knowledge base of facts and rules is needed, but some of them may be uncertain because there may be a probability associated to using them for inference. Therefore, we can also refer to this as plausible inference. The plausibility of an inference d → q {\displaystyle d\to q} is a function of the plausibility of each... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
Rather than retrieving a document that exactly matches the query we should rank the documents based on their plausibility in regards to that query. Since d and q are both generated by users, they are error prone; thus d → q {\displaystyle d\to q} is uncertain. This will affect the plausibility of a given query. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
By doing this it accomplishes two things: Separate the processes of revising probabilities from the logic Separate the treatment of relevance from the treatment of requestsMultimedia documents, like images or videos, have different inference properties for each datatype. They are also different from text document prope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
If we have a query of the form: q = A ∧ B ∧ C {\displaystyle q=A\wedge B\wedge C} where A, B and C are query assertions, then for a document D we want the probability: P ( D → ( A ∧ B ∧ C ) ) {\displaystyle P(D\to (A\wedge B\wedge C))} If we transform this into the conditional probability P ( ( A ∧ B ∧ C ) | D ) {\disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
Croft and Krovetz applied uncertain inference to an information retrieval system for office documents they called OFFICER. In office documents the independence assumption is valid since the query will focus on their individual attributes. Besides analysing the content of documents one can also query about the author, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
They devised methods to compare document and query attributes, infer their plausibility and combine it into an overall rating for each document. Besides that uncertainty of document and query contents also had to be addressed. Probabilistic logic networks is a system for performing uncertain inference; crisp true/false... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertain_inference |
Shinobu Kitayama (born March 9, 1957) is a Japanese social psychologist and the Robert B. Zajonc Collegiate Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan. He is also the Social Psychology Area Chair and Director of the Culture & Cognition Program at the University of Michigan. He is the editor-in-chief of the A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobu_Kitayama |
Together with Mayumi Karasawa, he discovered the birthday-number effect, the subconscious tendency of people to prefer the numbers in the date of their birthday over other numbers. Prof. Kitayama is best known for his work on the social psychology of culture as it relates to the self. He and Hazel Rose Markus have argu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobu_Kitayama |
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxism seeks to explain social phenomena within any given society by analysing the material conditions and economic activities required to fulfill human material needs. It assumes that the form of economic organisation, or mode of production, influences all other social phenomena, including broader social relations, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Karl Marx wrote: "At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or—this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms—with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
"These inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in society which are, in turn, fought out at the level of class struggle. Under the capitalist mode of production, this struggle materialises between the minority who own the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the vast majority of the population ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
In a socialist society, private property—as the means of production—would be replaced by cooperative ownership. A socialist economy would not base production on the creation of private profits but on the criteria of satisfying human needs—that is, production for use. Friedrich Engels explained that "the capitalist mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
"Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the population's living standards due to its need to compensate for the falling rate of profit by cutting employees' wages and social benefits while pursuing military aggression. The socialist mode of producti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The term Marxism was popularised by Karl Kautsky, who considered himself an orthodox Marxist during the dispute between Marx's orthodox and revisionist followers. Kautsky's revisionist rival Eduard Bernstein also later adopted the term.Engels did not support using Marxism to describe either Marx's or his views. He clai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand. Marxism uses a materialist methodology, referred to by Marx and Engels as the materialist conception of history and later better known as historical materialism, to analyse the underlyin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The base and superstructure metaphor describes the totality of social relations by which humans produce and re-produce their social existence. According to Marx, the "sum total of the forces of production accessible to men determines the condition of society" and forms a society's economic base.The base includes the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Conflicts between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production provoke social revolutions, whereby changes to the economic base lead to the superstructure's social transformation.This relationship is reflexive in that the base initially gives rise to the superstructure and remains the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production: Primitive communism: cooperative tribal societies. Slave society: development of tribal to city-state in which aristocracy is born. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Feudalism: aristocrats are the ruling class, while merchants evolve into the bourgeoisie. Capitalism: capitalists are the ruling class who create and employ the proletariat.While historical materialism has been referred to as a materialist theory of history, Marx did not claim to have produced a master key to history a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
According to the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary socialist Vladimir Lenin, "the principal content of Marxism" was "Marx's economic doctrine." Marx demonstrated how the capitalist bourgeoisie and their economists were promoting what he saw as the lie that "the interests of the capitalist and of the worker are ...... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The power of one social class to control the means of production enables its exploitation of other classes. Under capitalism, the labour theory of value is the operative concern, whereby the value of a commodity equals the socially necessary labour time required to produce it. Under such conditions, surplus value—the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Under the capitalist mode of production, workers do not own the means of production and must "voluntarily" enter into an exploitative work relationship with a capitalist to earn the necessities of life. The worker's entry into such employment is voluntary because they choose which capitalist to work for. However, the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Thus exploitation is inevitable, and the voluntary nature of a worker participating in a capitalist society is illusory; it is production, not circulation, that causes exploitation. Marx emphasised that capitalism per se does not cheat the worker.Alienation (German: Entfremdung) is the estrangement of people from their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marx distinguishes social classes based on two criteria, i.e. ownership of means of production and control over the labour power of others. Following this criterion of class based on property relations, Marx identified the social stratification of the capitalist mode of production with the following social groups: Prol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Having no interest in national, let alone international, economic affairs, Marx claimed that this specific sub-division of the proletariat would play no part in the eventual social revolution. Bourgeoisie: those who "own the means of production" and buy labour power from the proletariat, thus exploiting the proletariat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Petite bourgeoisie: those who work and can afford to buy little labour power (i.e. small business owners, peasants, landlords and trade workers). Marxism predicts that the continual reinvention of the means of production eventually would destroy the petite bourgeoisie, degrading them from the middle class to the prolet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Peasantry and farmers: a scattered class incapable of organizing and effecting socioeconomic change, most of whom would enter the proletariat while some would become landlords.Class consciousness denotes the awareness—of itself and the social world—that a social class possesses and its capacity to act rationally in its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Without defining ideology, Marx used the term to describe the production of images of social reality. According to Engels, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces. "Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society (i.e. the ruling social ideas) is determined by the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
In The German Ideology, Marx says that "he ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is, at the same time, its ruling intellectual force." The term political economy initially referred to the study of the material conditions of economic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
This new way of thinking was invented because socialists believed that common ownership of the means of production (i.e. the industries, land, wealth of nature, trade apparatus and wealth of the society) would abolish the exploitative working conditions experienced under capitalism. Through working class revolution, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Capitalism, in which the product of the worker's labour is taken from them and sold at the market rather than being part of the worker's life, is therefore alienating to the worker. Additionally, the worker is compelled by various means (some nicer than others) to work harder, faster, and longer. While this is happenin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
This allows the employer to extract the largest amount of work and, therefore, potential wealth from their workers. The fundamental nature of capitalist society is no different from that of a slave society in that one small group of society exploits the larger group.Through common ownership of the means of production, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society—positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxists argue that a socialist society is far better for most of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Prior to the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "The socialization of production is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society. ... This conversion will dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As Ernest Mandel remarked, "Marxism is always open, always critical, always self-critical." Classical Marxism distinguishes Marxism as broadly perceived from "what Marx believed." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
In 1883, Marx wrote to his son-in-law Paul Lafargue and French labour leader Jules Guesde—both of whom claimed to represent Marxist principles—accusing them of "revolutionary phrase-mongering" and denying the value of reformist struggle. From Marx's letter derives Marx's famous remark that, if their politics represente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Libertarian Marxism emphasizes the anti-authoritarian and libertarian aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, such as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism–Leninism.Libertarian Marxism is often critical of reformist positions such as those held by social democrats. Libertarian Marxist curr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Along with anarchism, libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism.Libertarian Marxism includes currents such as autonomism, council communism, De Leonism, Lettrism, parts of the New Left, Situationism, Freudo-Marxism (a form of psychoanalysis), Socialisme ou Barbarie and workerism. Libertar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist humanism was born in 1932 with the publication of Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and reached a degree of prominence in the 1950s and 1960s. Marxist humanists contend that there is continuity between the early philosophical writings of Marx, in which he develops his theory of alienation, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
According to a 2007 survey of American professors by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons, 17.6% of social science professors and 5.0% of humanities professors identify as Marxists, while between 0 and 2% of professors in all other disciplines identify as Marxists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The theoretical development of Marxist archaeology was first developed in the Soviet Union in 1929, when a young archaeologist named Vladislav I. Ravdonikas published a report entitled "For a Soviet history of material culture"; within this work, the very discipline of archaeology as it then stood was criticised as bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist sociology, as the study of sociology from a Marxist perspective, is "a form of conflict theory associated with ... Marxism's objective of developing a positive (empirical) science of capitalist society as part of the mobilization of a revolutionary working class." The American Sociological Association has a sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
The first Marxist school of sociology was known as Austro-Marxism, of which Carl Grünberg and Antonio Labriola were among its most notable members. During the 1940s, the Western Marxist school became accepted within Western academia, subsequently fracturing into several different perspectives, such as the Frankfurt Sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxian economics is a school of economic thought tracing its foundations to the critique of classical political economy first expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxian economics concerns itself with the analysis of crisis in capitalism, the role and distribution of the surplus product and surplus value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist education develops Marx's works and those of the movements he influenced in various ways. In addition to the educational psychology of Lev Vygotsky and the pedagogy of Paulo Freire, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis' Schooling in Capitalist America is a study of educational reform in the U.S. and its relationshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Other Marxists have analyzed the forms and pedagogical processes of capitalist and communist education, such as Tyson E. Lewis, Noah De Lissovoy, Gregory Bourassa, and Derek R. Ford. Curry Malott has developed a Marxist history of education in the U.S., and Marvin Gettleman examined the history of communist education. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist historiography is a school of historiography influenced by Marxism, the chief tenets of which are the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. Marxist historiography has contributed to the history of the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marx's most important works on social and political history include The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, The Communist Manifesto, The German Ideology, and those chapters of Das Kapital dealing with the historical emergence of capitalists and proletarians from pre-industrial English society. Marxist historiography... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946.While some members of the group, most notably Christopher Hill and E. P. Thompson, left the CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. Thompson's The Maki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
C. L. R. James was also a great pioneer of the 'history from below' approach. Living in Britain when he wrote his most notable work, The Black Jacobins (1938), he was an anti-Stalinist Marxist and so outside of the CPGB. In India, B. N. Datta and D. D. Kosambi are the founding fathers of Marxist historiography. Today, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories. Marxist criticism views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from which they originate. According to Marxists, even literature is a social institution with a specific ideological funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marxist aesthetics is a theory of aesthetics based on or derived from the theories of Karl Marx. It involves a dialectical and materialist, or dialectical materialist, approach to the application of Marxism to the cultural sphere, specifically areas related to taste, such as art and beauty, among others. Marxists belie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marx addressed the alienation and exploitation of the working class, the capitalist mode of production and historical materialism. He is famous for analysing history in terms of class struggle, summarised in the initial line introducing The Communist Manifesto (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Marx and Engels first met in September 1844. Discovering that they had similar views of philosophy and socialism, they collaborated and wrote works such as Die heilige Familie (The Holy Family). After Marx was deported from France in January 1845, they moved to Belgium, which permitted greater freedom of expression tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.