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matrix 1. The physical material in which finds and other cultural remains are found, e.g. soil or rock. 2. Harris matrix; a diagram showing the stratigraphic relations between contexts. megasite mega-site A site that is anomalously large in comparison to others from the same period and region, e.g. PPNB megasites, Tryp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
negative geoglyph See geoglyph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
occupation earth set of deposits believed to represent in-situ settlement at an archaeological site, containing pottery sherds, ashes, animal remains, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
palaeoethnobotany paleoethnobotany See archaeobotany. pollen diagram pollen profile pollen spectrum A series of side-by-side graphs, produced by archaeobotanists and palynologists, showing the frequency of different types (species) of pollen in a soil sample by depth. Usually presented vertically, with the shallowest s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
Used to visualise the environmental history of the place where the sample was taken. positive geoglyph See geoglyph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
potassium–argon dating See K–Ar dating. potsherd A fragment of pottery. In specialised usage sherd is preferred over the more common spelling shard, where sherd refers to ceramics and shard to glass. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
quarter sectioning Sometimes called digging by quadrant, it is a procedure for excavating discrete features (especially those circular or ovoid in shape) where two diagonally opposite quadrants are removed, resulting in two complete cross-sections of a feature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
radiocarbon dating absolute dating technique used to determine the age of organic materials less than 50,000 years old. Age is determined by examining the loss of the unstable carbon-14 isotope, which is absorbed by all living organisms during their lifespan. The rate of decay of this unstable isotope after the organis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
screening See sieving season A period of time spent working on a particular site or field project. Section A section is a view of the archaeological sequence showing it in the vertical plane, as a cross section, showing the stratigraphy. sherd See potsherd shovel test pit test holes, usually dug out by a shovel, in ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
sieving The use of sieves, screens, and meshes to improve the recovery rate of artefacts from excavated sediments (spoil). Can be divided into dry sieving and wet sieving. spoil Loose sediment excavated from a trench. spoil heap A pile of sediment from an excavation, usually located next to a trench. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
trial trenching A method of archaeological evaluation used to estimate the archaeological potential of a site. typology The classification of objects according to their physical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
underwater archaeology Subdiscipline devoted to the study of archaeological remains submerged under seas, lakes, or rivers. unenclosed See enclosure. uniface Stone tool or other artefact that has only been worked on one side, cf. biface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
unit 1. In stratigraphic excavation, a context. 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
In British commercial archaeology, a company providing archaeological services, e.g. the Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit. univallate Hillfort or other enclosed settlement surrounded by a single line of walls or ramparts, cf. multivallate. unurned Cremation burial where the remains were not placed in a cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
updraught kiln updraft kiln Type of ceramic kiln which works by drawing hot air from a fire placed adjacent to or below the material to be fired. urban archaeology Subdiscipline devoted to the study of archaeology in major cities and towns. urn Pottery vessel in which cremated remains were placed for interment; sometim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
urnfield Cemetery containing cremation burials in urns. Typical of Late Bronze Age Europe and the eponymous Urnfield culture. use-wear Microscopic traces of wear, damage or residue left on the surface of an artefact from use. Use-wear analysis involves studying these traces to discern the function of a tool. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
watching brief A formal programme of observation and investigation conducted during any operation carried out for non-archaeological reasons. wet sieving The use of flowing water to force excavated sediment through a screen or mesh and recover small artefacts. It is more effective than dry sieving in heavier soils and,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
zooarchaeology Subdiscipline devoted to the analysis of animal remains in the archaeological record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
The meridian 132° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 132nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 48th meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 132nd meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_meridian_west |
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state; and from the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
Maurice Duverger's original definition of semi-presidentialism stated that the president had to be elected, possess significant power, and serve for a fixed term. Modern definitions merely declare that the head of state has to be elected, and that a separate prime minister that is dependent on parliamentary confidence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
There are two distinct subtypes of semi-presidentialism: premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism. Under the premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to parliament. The president may choose the prime minister and cabinet, but only the parliament may approve th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
This subtype is used in: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, East Timor, France, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Niger, Georgia (2013–2018), Poland (de facto, however, according to the Constitution, Poland is a parliamentary republic), Portugal, Romania, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sri Lanka, Turkey (de facto between 2014-2018... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
This form of semi-presidentialism is much closer to pure presidentialism. It is used in: Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Russia, and Taiwan. It was also used in Ukraine (first between 1996 and 2005; then from 2010 to 2014), Georgia (from 2004 to 2013), South Korea under the Fourth and Fifth republics, and in Germany during ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
In a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister may sometimes be from different political parties. This is called "cohabitation", a term which originated in France after the situation first arose in the 1980s. Cohabitation can create either an effective system of checks and balances, or a period of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
The distribution of power between the president and the prime minister can vary greatly between countries. In France, for example, in the case of cohabitation, the president oversees foreign policy and defense policy (these are generally called les prérogatives présidentielles, presidential prerogatives) and the prime ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
However, it is up to the president to decide how much autonomy is left to said prime minister. In most cases, cohabitation results from a system in which the two executives are not elected at the same time or for the same term. For example, in 1981, France elected both a Socialist president and legislature, which yield... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
But while the president's term of office was for seven years, the National Assembly only served for five. When, in the 1986 legislative election, the French people elected a right-of-centre assembly, Socialist president François Mitterrand was forced into cohabitation with right-wing premier Jacques Chirac.However, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
The incorporation of elements from both presidential and parliamentary republics can bring certain advantageous elements; however, it also creates disadvantages, often related to the confusion produced by mixed authority patterns.Advantages Parliament has the ability to remove an unpopular prime minister, therefore mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
Italics indicate states with limited recognition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
The president has the authority to choose the prime minister and the cabinet, but only the parliament may remove them from office through a vote of no confidence. However, even though the president does not have the power to directly dismiss the prime minister or the cabinet, they can dissolve parliament. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
The president chooses the prime minister without a confidence vote from the parliament. In order to remove a prime minister, or the whole cabinet, from power, the president can either dismiss them, or the parliament can remove them through a vote of no confidence. The president also has the authority to dissolve the pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic |
The National Museum of Ras Al Khaimah (Arabic: متحف رأس الخيمة) is a museum located in the emirate of Ras al-Khaimah, in the north of the United Arab Emirates. The museum contains archaeological collections and historical artifacts of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
The fort was built in the 16th century, this fort was attacked by the British in 1819 due to allegations of pirate attacks. The fort was used as a ruler's residence until 1964, then the fort was used as a police station and later as a prison. In 1984, work began on converting the building into a museum, the project was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
The museum opened for the first time in 1987. During the first year of opening, Merschel Schenkel donated a collection of shells to the museum. The museum's fossils were donated by the Ecology Group of Dubai, which were collected between 1984 and 1986. Based on historical sources as well as information from the Emirati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
The museum's collections were partially donated by city residents and the Quwasim family. The museum contains collections of pottery, archaeological illustrations, site reconstructions, and typologies dating from the Iron Age, the Sassanian period and the early Islamic period. The museum also has a collection of fishin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
In addition, the museum contains a madbasa, an artifact used syrup 2000 years ago, a 12th-century gold coin, and 4000-year-old palm seed found at the Shamal Bronze Age settlement site. The museum contains cylindrical seals from Wadi al-Qawr. The museum contains a gravestone with an inscription referring to David, son o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
In October 2020, the museum launched the Tamra exhibition, about the importance and history of the date palm tree in cultural practices and heritage in the region. The museum contains antique weapons and antiquities found in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, in addition the museum has a special room dedicated to silverwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere (NSFO; "National Socialist Leadership Officers") were officers of the German Wehrmacht in World War II tasked with teaching Nazi ideology to soldiers. It was regarded as important that some officers should have the responsibility of both military command and political instructio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
His officers had to bring Wehrmacht soldiers closer to the Nazi worldview through lectures and discussion. The goal was to instill ideological conviction in order to reinforce combat morale and turn the tide of the war. NSFO were regular Wehrmacht officers, but they had to be approved by a commission created by the hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
This commission, presided by Wilhelm Ruder, had to check whether the men were "flawless" in the Nazi sense. Hauptbereichsleiter Ruder explained in a speech that, in the opinion of the Party Chancellery, the instruction of "political soldiers" and of the management had been neglected and correcting this would stabilize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
Wehrmacht, Party, Volkssturm: all of them are the national-socialist revolution. The German soldier thus fights as an armed national-socialist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
Waging war in a purely military fashion is not enough." By the end of the year 1944, about 47,000 secondary NSFO and 1,100 primary NSFO participated in central training courses. In regiments and battalions, officers took NSFO-functions as side duties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
Up to the Division level, NSFO were provided to commanders and placed under their authority. At the Company level, unit commanders took up the function of NSFO. NSFO teaching courses indoctrinated hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of men drafted in the Wehrmacht with antisemitic propaganda: for example, the idea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
Waldemar Besson: Zur Geschichte des nationalsozialistischen Führungsoffiziers. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 9 (1961), H. 1, p. 76–116. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
ifz-Archiv (PDF) Andreas Kunz: Wehrmacht und Niederlage. Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944–1945. Schriftenreihe des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes, Bd. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
64, München 2005, ISBN 3-486-57673-9, p. 240–248. Peter Joachim Lapp: Hitlers NS-Führungsoffiziere 1944/45. Die letzten Propagandisten des Endsiegs, Helios, Aachen 2019, ISBN 978-3-86933-238-3. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistischer_Führungsoffizier |
Real Estate Elevated (formerly known as Success Path) is an educational program that provides real estate investment training and aims to help students find and flip houses in the United States. Following the premiere of the HGTV’s ‘Flip or Flop’ in 2013, the show’s hosts, Tarek and Christina El-Moussa, launched Real E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
Tarek and Christina El-Moussa became involved in the real estate flipping business shortly after the 2008 recession. They downsized their lifestyle so that they could begin investing in this new venture and they honed their skills over the years that followed.When they were approached by HGTV in 2013, house flipping wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
Tarek and Christina El Moussa, like many in the U.S., suffered a significant financial crisis back in 2008. Their income dried up, and they were forced to downsize their home, their car, and their job. They struggled to regain the financial freedom they had previously enjoyed for a few years. Then they discovered house... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
They flipped their first property in 2010, and never looked back.By 2012, they had been signed by HGTV to film a new reality show: Flip or Flop. The added publicity shed light on their growing expertise, and they started sharing their hard-won industry knowledge with other real estate investors. Their desire to share t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
In the last few decades, flipping houses has become a popular way to earn money, both as supplemental income, and as a primary occupation. Unlike many sources of income, however, there’s significant risk involved in the process. An inexperienced flipper stands to suffer significant losses on their investment if they ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
Real estate industry experts teach methods and tactics pioneered and refined by Tarek and Christina El Moussa, sharing their secrets for success to up-and-coming entrepreneurs.The training is provided in several different formats. It starts with a free two-and-a-half hour renovation training event that discusses the ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
After the Houston flooding in 2016, Real Estate Elevated donated $150,000 to Habitat for Humanity, an organization that helps people in need buy or repair homes. So far, the money has helped rebuild three homes that were damaged during the storm in the Houston, Texas area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Elevated |
Heritage marketing is a form of marketing that uses a medium that leverages the heritage of nations, companies and sports clubs. The concept and objects of cultural heritage, among UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, are defined as anything from physical objects themselves to their associated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_marketing |
Museums, such as BMW Museum Heritage edition goods, including Coca-Cola Anniversary goods such as foundation 100th anniversary jersey or throwback jersey == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_marketing |
A medicinal jar, drug jar, or apothecary jar is a jar used to contain medicines. Ceramic medicinal jars originated in the Islamic world and were brought to Europe where the production of jars flourished from the Middle Ages onward. Potteries were established throughout Europe and many were commissioned to produce jars ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
Earthenware storage jars for drugs have been found on archaeological sites in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Greece and Rome. The technology appears to have originated in Mesopotamia in 600–400 B.C. A number of innovations occurred in Western Asia regarding pottery decoration, particularly the development of tin glazes to enable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
By the 12th to 13th centuries jars were lustreware which gave a sheen to the surface of the jars.Jars from Syria and Persia were taken to Spain from the 13th to 14th centuries after which Spanish and Italian potters began to manufacture jars. The tin glaze technique which allowed decoration of the jars was known in Eur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
The albarello is cylindrical in shape usually with a narrow waist; it has a flange at the open end. A parchment cover could be tied over the flange to seal the contents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
Other jars were ovoid or globular in shape. Syrup jars had spouts and handles. Other items used by apothecaries were dispensing and ointment pots, pill tiles and mortars.Potteries producing jars were located in Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, and Britain.Jars were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
Animal, mineral and vegetable ingredients were stored in the jars.Vegetable ingredients included culinary herbs, fruits, roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, wood, oils, gums and resins. Spices used for medicinal purposes included cassia bark, tamarind, nux vomica, senna, sandalwood, cloves and nutmeg. These came from the Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
Medicinal jars are collected in the Wellcome Museum, Royal College of Surgeons and Royal Pharmaceutical Society in London, the Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds, Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, the Esteve Pharmacy in Llívia, Spain, the Pharmacy Museum at the University of Basel in Switzerland and the Pharmacy Mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_jar |
Metaphone is a phonetic algorithm, published by Lawrence Philips in 1990, for indexing words by their English pronunciation. It fundamentally improves on the Soundex algorithm by using information about variations and inconsistencies in English spelling and pronunciation to produce a more accurate encoding, which does ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Metaphone is available as a built-in operator in a number of systems. Philips later produced a new version of the algorithm, which he named Double Metaphone. Contrary to the original algorithm whose application is limited to English only, this version takes into account spelling peculiarities of a number of other langu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Original Metaphone codes use the 16 consonant symbols 0BFHJKLMNPRSTWXY. The '0' represents "th" (as an ASCII approximation of Θ), 'X' represents "sh" or "ch", and the others represent their usual English pronunciations. The vowels AEIOU are also used, but only at the beginning of the code. This table summarizes most of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Drop 'B' if after 'M' at the end of the word. 'C' transforms to 'X' if followed by 'IA' or 'H' (unless in latter case, it is part of '-SCH-', in which case it transforms to 'K'). 'C' transforms to 'S' if followed by 'I', 'E', or 'Y'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Otherwise, 'C' transforms to 'K'. 'D' transforms to 'J' if followed by 'GE', 'GY', or 'GI'. Otherwise, 'D' transforms to 'T'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Drop 'G' if followed by 'H' and 'H' is not at the end or before a vowel. Drop 'G' if followed by 'N' or 'NED' and is at the end. 'G' transforms to 'J' if before 'I', 'E', or 'Y', and it is not in 'GG'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Otherwise, 'G' transforms to 'K'. Drop 'H' if after vowel and not before a vowel. 'CK' transforms to 'K'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
'PH' transforms to 'F'. 'Q' transforms to 'K'. 'S' transforms to 'X' if followed by 'H', 'IO', or 'IA'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
'T' transforms to 'X' if followed by 'IA' or 'IO'. 'TH' transforms to '0'. Drop 'T' if followed by 'CH'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
'V' transforms to 'F'. 'WH' transforms to 'W' if at the beginning. Drop 'W' if not followed by a vowel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
'X' transforms to 'S' if at the beginning. Otherwise, 'X' transforms to 'KS'. Drop 'Y' if not followed by a vowel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
'Z' transforms to 'S'. Drop all vowels unless it is the beginning.This table does not constitute a complete description of the original Metaphone algorithm, and the algorithm cannot be coded correctly from it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Original Metaphone contained many errors and was superseded by Double Metaphone, and in turn Double Metaphone and original Metaphone were superseded by Metaphone 3, which corrects thousands of miscodings that will be produced by the first two versions. To implement Metaphone without purchasing a (source code) copy of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
The Double Metaphone phonetic encoding algorithm is the second generation of this algorithm. Its implementation was described in the June 2000 issue of C/C++ Users Journal. It makes a number of fundamental design improvements over the original Metaphone algorithm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
It is called "Double" because it can return both a primary and a secondary code for a string; this accounts for some ambiguous cases as well as for multiple variants of surnames with common ancestry. For example, encoding the name "Smith" yields a primary code of SM0 and a secondary code of XMT, while the name "Schmidt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
A professional version was released in October 2009, developed by the same author, Lawrence Philips. It is a commercial product sold as source code. Metaphone 3 further improves phonetic encoding of words in the English language, non-English words familiar to Americans, and first names and family names commonly found i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
The author claims that in general it improves accuracy for all words from the approximately 89% of Double Metaphone to 98%. Developers can also now set switches in code to cause the algorithm to encode Metaphone keys 1) taking non-initial vowels into account, as well as 2) encoding voiced and unvoiced consonants differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Metaphone 3 is sold as C++, Java, C#, PHP, Perl, and PL/SQL source, Ruby and Python wrappers accessing a Java jar, and also Metaphone 3 for Spanish and German pronunciation available as Java and C# source. The latest revision of the Metaphone 3 algorithm is v2.5.4, released March 2015. The Metaphone3 Java source code f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
There are some misconceptions about the Metaphone algorithms that should be addressed. The following statements are true: All of them are designed to address regular, "dictionary" words, not just names, and Metaphone algorithms do not produce phonetic representations of the input words and names; rather, the output is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Metaphone is useful for English variants and other languages, having been preferred to Soundex in several Indo-European languages. On the other hand, rough phonetic encoding causes language dependency — or, in a language variant, average language-speaker dependency — mainly for non-English variants. Perhaps the first e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
Brazilian Portuguese in C Metaphone for Brazilian Portuguese, in C with PHP and PostgreSQL port. Brazilian Portuguese in Java Metaphone for Brazilian Portuguese, in Java. Spanish Metaphone in Python Double Metaphone algorithm for Bangla Double Metaphone algorithm for Amharic Russian Metaphone in Ruby. Double Metaphone ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphone |
A breviograph or brevigraph (from Latin: brevis, short, and Greek grapho, to write) is a type of scribal abbreviation in the form of an easily written symbol, character, flourish or stroke, based on a modified letter form to take the place of a common letter combination, especially those occurring at the beginning or e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviograph |
Examples of breviographs: & — et (e.g. &c = etc) ⋅i⋅ — id est ꝑ — per-, pre-, or par- (e.g. ꝑson = person) ß — ser-, sur-, or sir- (e.g. ßuaunt = seruaunt = servant) X — Christ- (e.g. Xian = Christian) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviograph |
The Product Life Cycle Theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand (in developed countries) expands; the US now exports the product to other developed countries. In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
Raymond Vernon divided products into three categories based on their stage in the product life cycle and how they behave in the international trade market: New Product Maturing Product Standardized ProductThere are five stages in a product's life cycle in respect to the Product Life Cycle Theory: Introduction Growth Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
This is where the new product is introduced to the market, the customers are unaware about the product. To create demand, producers promote the new product to stimulate sales. At this stage, profits are low but starts increasing and there are few competitors. As more units of the product sell, it enters the next stage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
For example, a new product invented in the United States for local consumers is first produced in the United States because that is where the demand is, and producers want to stay close to the market to detect consumer response. Characteristics of the product and the production process are in a state of change during t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
In this stage, demand for the product increases sales. As a result, production costs decrease and profits are high. The product becomes widely known and competitors enter the market with their own version of the product. To attract as many consumers as possible, the company that developed the original product increases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
In the maturity stage of the Product life cycle, the product is widely known and many consumers own it. In the maturity phase of the product life cycle, demand levels off and sales volume increases at a slower rate. There are several competitors by this stage and the original supplier may reduce prices to maintain mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
In addition, foreign demand for the product grows, but it is associated particularly with other developed countries, since the product is catering to high-income demands. For instance, in the case of the newly invented product, this rise in foreign demand (assisted by economies of scale) leads to a trade pattern whereb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
Once the American firm is selling to other high-income countries, it may begin to assess the possibilities of producing abroad in addition to producing in the United States. With a plant in France, for example, not only France but other European countries can be supplied from the French facility rather than from the U.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
Thus, an initial export surge by the United States is followed by a fall in U.S. exports and a likely fall in U.S. production of the goods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
It is a stage in which there is neither increase nor decrease in the volume of sale. Through modification in the attribute of the product is needed to attract new consumers. Competitors product at this stage would have started gaining its market share | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
By this time in the product’s life cycle, the characteristics of the product itself and of the production process are well known; the product is familiar to consumers and the production process to producers. This occurs when the product peaks in the maturity stage and then begins a downward slide in sales. Eventually, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory |
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