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After this period, a steady decline in anthropology opportunity is the continued trend. The drastic growth of students in Ph.D. and M.A. programs, decline in university funding, downward shift in birth rates and decreased government funding are contributors to anthropologies current state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Traditional methodologies used to study sociocultural anthropology have changed with the shift in culture in modernised society. Individuals undergo daily routines differing to that of previous decades. Individuals participate in minority groups within which only certain aspects relate to the broader national culture. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Impacts of globalisation, neoliberalism, and capitalism have contributed to the decline in anthropology field work.The job market of the 2000s is centralised around those occupations that are income generating, reducing the number of university students in the social science fields. In accordance, universities have red... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Decreased spending in the anthropological sector in combination with an increasing trend of anthropology university students has results in decreasing job opportunities.Sociocultural anthropological study of the 21st century, produces facts created by an intersection of cultural classification systems and heterogenous ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Sociocultural anthropology divides into a broader national level and minority of subcultural groups to ethnographically study societies and cultures. The national culture is emitted through formally organised institutions including those of government forms and legal systems, economic institution, religious organisatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Human migration is a topic of anthropology which produced a macro and micro impact on society and its culture. Human migration is ‘the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence, either across an international boarder or within a state’. An interplay of social, political, economic, demographic, cultur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
The discipline of linguistics is interrelated with the study of society and culture. Both fields share a common intellectual origin in 19th Century scholarship as archaeologists and early folklorists looked for origins of culture in folktales and shared memory. These early anthropologists narrowly focused on the influe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
The comparison of societies prompted early linguistic enquiries. In the 20th century, there became a distinction between linguistic anthropology and formal linguistics, with greater focus placed on the cultural and behaviour lens of language. Formal linguistics remains to be studied through a cognitive viewpoint. Lingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Sociocultural integration studies the interaction of the spheres and draws comparisons with alternate societies and cultures. Sociocultural anthropology is closely aligned with sociology sharing theoretical generalisation for social science and reflection of human lives. The 20th Century saw the separation of the two a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Commonly, sociocultural anthropology centralises study of broader political, ethical, and economic subjects within small-scale societies whereas sociology looks at societies as a whole. Sociologically trained ethnographers have less regard for anthropological theory and place greater emphasis on empirical data. Recentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
The traditional anthropological research method is to gather what people say and do through initial observations. Participant observation hinges on a synthesis of subjective insider and outsider elements. Insider elements rely on the fieldworker to learn what behaviour means to the people. Outsider elements are gathere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
These observations are transferred into a monograph of elements sorted by importance and studied in relation to anthropological theories or questions. The process is controlled, and a hypothesis is tested reporting results after every return. Alternatively, the process may be more fortuitous if unique or unexpected eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
The reflections provide a better understanding for readers of ethnographic texts and anthropologists in practicing with awareness of their own biases and emotions when writing. This has led to advancements in the field of sociocultural anthropology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
The Marxist and Structuralist theories are methods for gathering anthropological information are being challenged. Marxism validifies the necessity for conventional field work, exploring the intersection between empirical observation and theoretical frameworks with the aim of improving each. Lévi-Straussian structurali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_anthropology |
Thomas B. Sheridan (born December 23, 1929) is American professor of mechanical engineering and Applied Psychology Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a pioneer of robotics and remote control technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
Sheridan was born Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1951, he received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University, a M.S. Eng. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
degree from University of California, Los Angeles in 1954, and a Sc.D. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1959. He has also received an honorary doctorate from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
For most of his professional career he remained at MIT. He was assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1959 to 1964. Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1964 to 1970. Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1970 to 1984. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
Professor of Engineering and Applied Psychology since 1984, and Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics since 1993. In 1995-96 he was Ford Professor. He is currently Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
He has also served as a visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley, Stanford, Delft University, Kassel University, Germany, and Ben Gurion University, Israel.He was co-editor of the MIT Press journal Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments and served on several editorial boards; and was editor of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
He was also President of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society. He was President of HFES, and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.Sheridan received their Norbert Wiener and Joseph Wohl awards, the IEEE Centennial Medal (1984) and Third Millennium Medal. He is also a Fellow of the Human Factors a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
His research interests are in experimentation, modeling, and design of human-machine systems in air, highway and rail transportation, space and undersea robotics, process control, arms control, telemedicine, and virtual reality. Working at MIT, Sheridan developed important concepts concerning human–robot interaction, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
Robotics and telepresence is just one manifestation of his interest the boundary between human and automatic control. His book Humans and Automation is a concise summary of the history, issues, and progress in the role of the human and technology in automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Sheridan |
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those which are not (indefinite noun phrases). The prototypical definite noun phrase picks out a unique, familiar, specific referent such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
There are times when a grammatically marked definite NP is not in fact identifiable. For example, the polar bear's habitat is the arctic does not refer to a unique, familiar, specific bear, in an example of a form-meaning mismatch. "The theoretical distinction between grammatical definiteness and cognitive identifiabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
In English, definiteness is usually marked by the selection of determiner. Certain determiners, such as a, an, many, and some, along with numbers (e.g., four items), typically mark a noun phrase as indefinite. Others, including the, that, and genitive noun phrases (e.g., my brother) typically mark the noun phrase as de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
However, it is not clear that any of them corresponds cleanly to formal categories." If a noun phrase can be put into an existential clause such as there is noun phrase at the door (e.g., there are two wolves at the door), it is likely indefinite. "The concept of identifiability expressed by the definite article is bes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
In Basque, definiteness is marked by a phrasal clitic article. : 76 emakume ("woman"), emakume-a (woman-ART: "the woman"), emakume ederr-a (woman beautiful-ART: "the beautiful woman") In Danish, definiteness is marked morphologically. In Romanian: om ("man"), om-ul (man-ART: "the man"), om-ul bun (man-ART good: "the go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
: 91 الكتاب الكبير (al-kitāb al-kabīr) with two instances of al- (DEF-book-DEF-big, literally, "the book the big") in Hungarian, verbs show agreement with the definiteness of their object:: 86 olvasok egy könyvet (read-1sg.pres.INDEF a book-ACC.sg: "I read a book") versus olvasom a könyvet (read-1sg.pres.DEF the book-A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
When necessary, languages of this kind may indicate definiteness by other means such as demonstratives.It is common for definiteness to interact with the marking of case in certain syntactic contexts. In many languages, a direct object receives distinctive marking only if it is definite. For example, in Turkish, the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
: 204 The absence of the suffix on a direct object in Turkish means that it is indefinite and, in the absence of the indefinite article bir, no longer explicitly singular: adam gördüm ("I saw a man/I saw men"). In Serbo-Croatian, in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian, and, to a lesser extent in Slovene, defini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
In the absence of peculiar specificity marking, it also tends to affect the telicity of mono-occasional predications. In some Scandinavian languages, such as Swedish, definite nouns inflect with a dedicated set of suffixes. This is known in Swedish as the grammatical category of Species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness |
In the arts, Idealism encourages imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection. Juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_(arts) |
Delmadinone acetate (DMA), sold under the brand name Tardak among others, is a progestin and antiandrogen which is used in veterinary medicine to treat androgen-dependent conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. It must be used with care as it has the potential to cause adrenal insufficiency via inhibition of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA is used to treat androgen-dependent conditions in animals. It is most commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, it can also be used to treat hypersexuality in male dogs and cats, perianal gland tumors in dogs, and hormone-driven aggression in dogs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA is a progestogen with antigonadotropic and hence antiandrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. In addition, DMA binds to the androgen receptor, and likely acts as an antagonist of this receptor similarly to related drugs like chlormadinone acetate and osaterone acetate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA, also known as 1-dehydrochlormadinone acetate, as well as 1,6-didehydro-6-chloro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone or '6-chloro-17α-hydroxypregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone. It is specifically a derivative of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone with a chlorine atom at the C6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA was first described in the literature in 1959 and has been marketed since at least 1972. It was marketed by this year in Europe and the United Kingdom under the brand names Tardak and Zenadrex. It was under development for use in the United States as well but does not seem to have ultimately been marketed in this c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
Delmadinone acetate is the generic name of the drug and its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name and BANMTooltip British Approved Name. Delmadinone is the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BANTooltip British Approved Name of the unesterified free alcohol form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA is most commonly sold as Tardak, but has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Delmate, Estrex, Tardastren, Tardastrex, Vetadinon, and Zenadrex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
DMA is available in Europe and Oceania. It is specifically marketed in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate |
Paperpile is a web-based commercial reference management software, with special emphasis on integration with Google Docs and Google Scholar. Parts of Paperpile are implemented as a Google Chrome browser extension. It was founded in 2012, and is produced by Paperpile LLC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperpile |
Paperpile imports data from academic publisher websites and from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Google Books, and arXiv. Paperpile can retrieve and store publication PDF files to the user's Google Drive account. It formats citations and bibliographies in Google Docs, which allows collaborative editing of aca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperpile |
Paperpile is a web application combined with a browser extension for Google Chrome making it accessible to users on Windows, Linux, macOS, as well as ChromeOS platforms. It is built using HTML5 and JavaScript as well as several JavaScript libraries such as jQuery and Ext JS. Paperpile is available for install at the Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperpile |
The Epigram of Amazaspos (Georgian: ამაზასპის ეპიგრამა) is a poetic funerary epigram written in Ancient Greek on an inscription found at the Villa Medici in Rome. It memorialises the death of the Pharnavazid royal prince Amazaspos, brother of kings Mihrdat I and Rhadamistus, son of king Pharasmanes I of Iberia, who die... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram_of_Amazaspos |
Presumably the prince's remains had also been transferred by Hadrian to Rome. The inscription is dated 114-117 AD. Amazaspos is also mentioned in Stele of Vespasian, though according to Cyril Toumanoff that Amazaspos is King Amazasp I of Iberia. Inscription is currently missing and is deemed to be lost. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram_of_Amazaspos |
ὁ κλεινὸς ἶνις βασιλέως Ἀμάζασπος, ὁ Μιθριδάτου βασιλέως κασίγνητος, ᾧ γαῖα πατρὶς Κασπίας παρὰ κλῄθρας Ἴβηρ Ἴβηρος ἐνθαδὶ τετάρχυται πόλιν παρ’ ἱρήν, ἣν ἔδειμε Νικάτωρ ἐλαιόθηλον ἀμφὶ Μυγδόνος νᾶμα. θάνεν δ’ ὀπαδὸς Αὐσόνων ἁγητῆρι μολὼν ἄνακτι Παρθικὴν ἐφ’ ὑσμίνην, πρίν περ παλάξαι χεῖρα δηίῳ λύθρωι, ἴφθιμον αἰαῖ χεῖρ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram_of_Amazaspos |
Edgemere Landfill is a former municipal landfill located in Edgemere on the Rockaway peninsula in Queens, New York City. It is located on a man-made peninsula on the Jamaica Bay shoreline, at the eastern end of the Rockaway peninsula. A portion of the site is currently open to the public as Rockaway Community Park (for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The landfill began operations in June 1938, merging several islands in the Jamaica Bay marshland and connecting them to the main Rockaway Peninsula. Shortly afterward, a portion of the site was used as the Rockaway Airport. Edgemere Park was conceived for the landfill site in the 1950s by New York City Parks Commission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The site, along with several other planned parks in the city, continued operations as a landfill in order to fill the marshland for park development. The small portion of Rockaway Community Park adjacent to the Edgemere Houses was developed in the 1960s. During its operation, the landfill was a dumping site for toxic c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Following the discovery of toxic waste drums in the landfill in 1983, the landfill was declared a Superfund site. It was closed in 1991 and capped afterwards. The peak of the landfill is the tallest point in the Rockaways, measuring 70 feet (21 m) high. : 5 The landfill is claimed to be "the longest continuously operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The Edgemere Landfill is located on the north side of the Rockaway Peninsula in the Edgemere neighborhood near Arverne at the east end of the Rockaways. The landfill site consists of a smaller peninsula, which extends northward into Jamaica Bay at the east end of the bay. Smaller bodies of water within the bay form the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
To the east is the Norton Basin which runs between the landfill and Bayswater to the east. At the south end of Norton Basin are two smaller water bodies, Conch Basin (formerly Little Bay) to the west at the base of the landfill site, and a smaller Norton Basin to the east next to Bayswater Park. All three water bodies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 9, 17, 50−51: 32: 16−17, 19 The landfill site can be described as a large "head" section, which contains the main landfill mound and extends into Jamaica Bay, and a "neck" section which connects the peninsula to the Rockaways. According to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the combined park and la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Its shoreline extends 2 miles (3.2 km). The landfill is covered by grassland, with several roads circumscribing the site, and running across the landfill. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 32 The grass is mowed once a year, allowing for the inspection of the landfill to search for gas leaks. The peak of the landfill measures 70 feet (21 m) high, the highest point on the Rockaway Peninsula. Because of this, it is one of the only sites in the area not in a flood-prone zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 5, 27−31, 50 The peak is still lower than the highest point of the former Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, which is 170 feet (52 m).During its operation, the Edgemere Landfill received a total of 9 million cubic yards (6.9 million cubic metres) of waste. : 36 The landfill is one of the three major landfills loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Located directly across the landfill to the north are the ends of Runways 4L and 4R of John F. Kennedy International Airport. During the landfill's operation, the presence of gulls feeding off the garbage at the site posed a hazard to planes operating to and from the airport. : 37−39 Bird species found at the landfill ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
At the base of the main landfill is the only open portion of Rockaway Community Park, located on the north side of Almeda Avenue across from the Ocean Bay Apartments housing project, formerly known as the Edgemere Houses. : 9, 17, 50 The developed park occupies approximately 15 acres (6.1 ha) of land. An additional 25 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The westernmost parcel is a rectangular plot between Beach 58th Street and Somerville Basin. The easternmost parcel is triangular in shape, on the Conch Basin coastline between Beach 51st Street and Elizabeth Avenue. : 9, 17, 50: 32 These two plots are also considered the "West" and "East" natural areas of the park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The southernmost portion of the western plot is used as the Rockaway Youth Task Force Community Garden. : 32 Just south of the eastern parcel is Conch Playground, located adjacent to Public School 105 between Beach Channel Drive and Elizabeth Avenue. : 32−34 The developed portion of the park near the housing complex fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The cricket pitch is the only one on the Rockaway Peninsula. A second baseball diamond previously existed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The park also contains basketball, handball, and tennis courts and a playground. : 22 Two fishing piers are located on the Sommerville Basin coast at the west end of the northern natural area. : 32 A walking trail runs through the northern natural area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 16−19, 32−34 The main landfill itself is used as a birdwatching site, due to its proximity to the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge.One of the major issues afflicting the park is the large presence of mosquitoes, leading the park to be underutilized. : 16−17, 32 The presence of the mosquitoes in the park and at nearby Dubo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Mosquito magnets are also present in the park to help control the population. : 32 The park is also afflicted by the presence of invasive plant species such as phragmites. : 32 In addition many of the park facilities are in disrepair, including the playing fields and courts which have overgrown with vegetation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 32 Meanwhile, the north side of Almeda Avenue adjacent to the park lacks a sidewalk, making it difficult to access the park. : 32 There are also noise disturbances from nearby JFK Airport. The issues with mosquitoes and phragmites have affected the park since the 1960s when the park was created.The original park plan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
A portion of the site on the Conch Basin continues to be operated by the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY). Part of the site is used as a gas extraction facility to collect gases emitted from the landfill. The site also contains the DSNY Queens East District 14 Garage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The garage opened in 2009. On December 14, 2010, the DSNY renamed the garage the "Stephen Dixon Garage" after Stephen Dixon, a worker from the garage who died on duty in March 2009. The previous garage was located at Beach 72nd Street and Amstel Boulevard in Arverne, now used as an Access-A-Ride depot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The park and landfill are served by the Q22 and Q52 SBS bus routes, which operate on Beach Channel Drive at the south end of the Edgmere Houses. The Q22 operates across the Rockaway Peninsula between Far Rockaway to the east and Roxbury to the west. The Q52, which terminates at Beach 54th Street, travels north via Wood... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The name Edgemere is derived from an Anglo-Saxon term, meaning "edge of the sea". The term Rockaway is derived from a word in the Algonquin Native American languages. Several meanings have been given, including "sandy place", "the place of laughing waters", "the place of our own people", or "neck of the land". : 6: 9: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Prior to the creation of the landfill, the site of Edgemere Park consisted of numerous separate islands within a much larger Little Bay between Dubos Point to the west and Bayswater Point to the east. It was originally known as "Little Bay Marsh". Norton Basin (also called Norton's Creek) originally was connected to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 83 As late as 1872, the neighborhoods of Edgemere and Arverne were populated by cedar trees. : 32 The area around Jamaica Bay including the Rockaway Peninsula was initially inhabited by the Canarsie and Rockaway Native American groups, who were often referred to erroneously as the "Metoac" or "Mantinecocks". : 7−12: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 7−12: 9−10 In 1685, the Rockaway Peninsula was sold to English Captain John Palmer by two tribal chiefs, Tackapausha and Paman. Palmer was said to have purchased the land for "31 pounds, 2 shillings". : 9−10 The land was considered to be "barren", consisting of meadow and marsh used for grazing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
At the time, the peninsula stretched from the modern Rockaway Turnpike west to the modern Wavecrest neighborhood, making up the greater Far Rockaway area of Queens and what is now Five Towns, Nassau County (then called "Rockaway Neck"). : 6: 9−10: 146−149 The peninsula would later be extended west to Rockaway Point by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In return, Palmer received land in "Madnan's Neck", now Little Neck, Queens and Great Neck, Nassau County. Cornell had previously purchased what would become Flushing, Queens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Cornell constructed a house overlooking the Atlantic Ocean known as the "Cornell house" or "Cornell homestead", said to be the first permanent structure in the area. : 6: 9−12: 146−147 The house was located in the vicinity of Central Avenue (Beach 20th Street), Beach 19th Street, and Empire Avenue in modern Far Rockawa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The family also created a nearby burial ground on Caffrey Avenue and New Haven Avenue.After the partition of the Cornell property in 1809, in 1830 John Leake Norton purchased land from the Cornell family, consisting of Edgemere and Far Rockaway. Norton formed the Rockaway Association with several prominent New Yorkers,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Although it burned down on June 25, 1864,: 84 the hotel catalyzed the development of the Rockaways into a resort town. : 6: 20−21, 83−85 The Far Rockaway Branch Railroad of the South Side Railroad of Long Island was opened in 1869 between Valley Stream and Far Rockaway, and was extended to the Seaside House in Rockaway... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The Arverne Hotel was erected in 1888. A rail station in the neighborhood at Gaston Avenue was opened in 1888, and a second at Straiton Avenue in 1892.: 21, 95−99 The Wave Crest Inlet, also called Wave Crest Lake, was filled in during 1911 in order to further develop the Edgemere neighborhood. : 83, 95−96 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In 1916, the New York City Waterfront Company acquired 359 acres (145 ha) of land on the north shore of the Rockaway Peninsula in Arverne and Edgemere, including the area around Little Bay. The land was located north of the former Amstel Canal, now Amstel Boulevard and Beach Channel Drive. The property was previously o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In 1920, the New York City Board of Estimate planned to create Amstel Boulevard on the former canal right-of-way between Beach 35th Street and Beach 71st Street, where it would connect with Hammels Avenue and eventually feed in Beach Channel Drive. The route would cut across the New York City Waterfront property. All t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The landfill replaced an incinerator in nearby Arverne. By this time, garbage incineration was considered "obsolete". The property continued to be owned by the New York City Waterfront Company. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Borrow pits with depths of 64 feet (20 m) and 51 feet (16 m) were dug into the Norton Basin and Little Bay respectively, with the dirt extracted used to create a base for the landfill. Around 2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cubic metres) of dirt were dredged from underwater for the landfill. The alterations to the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 1, 12, 17, 32−33, 36−37 The Edgemere Landfill was one of several landfills created under then-Sanitation Commissioner William F. Carey. In addition to replacing incinerators, the landfill replaced the practice of dumping city garbage in the ocean. This practice was banned by a United States Supreme Court ruling in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Kenny was the president of the Rockaway Chamber of Commerce and the Queens sewer superintendent. That same day, Sanitation Commissioner Carey was confronted by local residents while inspecting the landfill site. One of the complaints was that paint on the side of houses had either peeled or became discolored due to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The fumes were thought to either come from the mud from the bay used to cover the garbage, or the disinfectants used on the waste. The next day on July 15, dumping was halted at the landfill. According to Commissioner Carey, the odors at the site were caused by the use of mud to cover the garbage, and clean sand would ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Operations resumed on October 10, 1938. Meanwhile, residents continued to oppose dumping at Edgemere, citing fires and rat infestations. During a tour of the Edgemere Dump on February 11, 1939, Commissioner Carey claimed that it was "four and a half times more expensive" to dispose of waste through incinerators than to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
He also spoke of the benefits of landfilling, including reclaiming marshland and eliminating mosquitoes.On March 28, 1939, Sanitation Commissioner William F. Carey and Health Commissioner Dr. John L. Rice were indicted on charges of violating the New York City Penal and Sanitary Codes, specifically of "unlawfully dumpi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The owners of the Edgemere and Lefferts landfills were also named in the indictment. Carey and Rice, both cabinet members under Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, surrendered to the Long Island City Courthouse and were released without bail.A change of venue was granted on May 18, 1939 and the trial was moved to the Bronx. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Around this time, dumping was resumed at the Edgemere Landfill. On June 19, 1939, the indictments were dismissed by Justice Isidor Wasservogel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
As a consolation, a board of four health experts and a sanitary engineer was appointed by U.S. Surgeon General Thomas Parran Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
to arbitrate the conflict and to investigate the operations of the five landfills. The board included Eugene Lindsay Bishop and Kenneth F. Maxcy. In addition, Carey announced that dumping at Edgemere would end on June 25 and cease until the fall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The charges were dropped by District Attorney Charles P. Sullivan due to a lack of individuals to testify in the trial.On September 21, 1939, the arbitration board conducted a "secret tour" of the five landfills. At this time, the Department of Sanitation anticipated resuming landfilling at Edgemere that fall, which wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On June 22, 1940, the New York City Council passed a bill mandating the Department of Sanitation to begin using the available incinerators in the city. The bill was introduced by Councilman James A. Burke representing Hollis, Queens. Burke then proceeded to submit the bill to Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia in an attempt to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On July 16, 1939, the Edgemere Airport (also called Rockaway Airport) was opened on the New York City Waterfront Company land between Beach 46th Street and Beach 54th Street. The airport was operated by Lawrence resident and commercial pilot Harry Gordon, and was said to be the first privately owned airfield in the Roc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On July 8, 1940 after 15 months of operation, McKenzie issued a letter informing Gordon that the airport would be closed in 30 days due to not meeting facility requirements for airports in the city. Specifically, the airport failed to meet the requirements for 1,800-foot (550 m)-long and 300-foot (91 m)-wide runways, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The pilots training at the airport included members of the Women Flyers Of America. The airport would later become the headquarters of Women's Flyers Association of America.In October 1940, the Rockaway Chamber of Commerce petitioned the federal Civil Aeronautics Administration to create a civilian pilot school at Rock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Several wealthy residents of Bayside protested his plan, including actor and movie producer John Golden. As an alternative, Golden suggested to Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia that the Edgemere Dump be used for the airfield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On January 15, 1941, Mayor LaGuardia publicly rejected both the Bayside and Edgemere proposals, due to costs and potential hazards to Bayside residents. Meyer's farm would later become the Bay Terrace neighborhood, while John Golden's estate would become John Golden Park.On July 26, 1941 the Civil Aeronautics Administr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Meanwhile, Idlewild Airport (today's JFK Airport) was ordered to cease training of pilots. Upon the onset of World War II, in 1941 Gordon offered use of the airport and a supply of planes and pilots to the United States military in order to monitor and patrol the coast of Long Island during the war. In October 1941, so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
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