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The offer to use the airport was officially accepted by Civil Air Patrol Major General John F. Curry in February 1942. Civilian flying, however, was banned by the federal government during World War II and Gordon abandoned the airport at this time. In early 1944, the airport was leased by the United States Coast Guard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Alta was an Army Air Force pilot in the China Burma India Theater of the war. Fuhr was a Navy test pilot. Alta had previously operated a flight school at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn. Beginning on January 6, 1947, the airport was used as the receiving point for a helicopter mail service originating at LaGuardia Airp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On January 11, 1946, new Sanitation Commissioner William J. Powell announced that the city would abandon the landfill system favored by his predecessor Carey and instead utilize incinerators, with half of the Borough of Queens' waste to be disposed of via incinerator immediately. On January 17, 1949, the Department of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The Howard Beach dump would operate until the completion of the South Shore Incinerator in Spring Creek, Brooklyn. Afterwards, the reclaimed land would become part of the planned Spring Creek Park.In November 1952 and again in January 1953, Parks Commissioner Moses proposed to the New York City Board of Estimate that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The plans included an adjoining park on the site of the Edgemere Landfill, which had been in operation for nearly twenty years at this time. The New York City Board of Estimate approved the park project on April 29, 1955. On October 4, 1955 the City of New York began condemnation proceedings in order to acquire the Edg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The park was to be named "Edgemere Park". At the time, the property was still owned by the New York City Waterfront Corporation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Plans for the park included eight tennis courts, along with a boat basin and ice skating rink. By this time, the site occupied 264 acres (107 ha). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Many of the small islands that once existed in Little Bay were now joined together and connected to the main Rockaway peninsula by landfilling. However, much of the future park site was still underwater. It was referred to as "the largest remaining undeveloped area in the Rockaways". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Moses developed several public housing projects on the Rockaway peninsula during this time, all of which included an adjoining park.Construction on the other adjoining infrastructure for the Edgemere Housing Project, Public School 105 and Rockaway Beach Hospital (the future Peninsula Hospital), began in 1957. The landf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The city paid $1.5 million for the site following an evaluation by city real estate appraiser James C. Sheridan. However, the city tax rolls assessed the site at $150,000, exactly one tenth of its purchase price. Crisona noted that Sheridan's appraisal was based on the land's potential for industrial development, but c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
He also compared the price of Edgemere Park to that of other properties in the area, which were appraised at much lower prices. Crisona criticized Sheridan, Corporation Council Peter Campbell Brown, and Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. for their roles in the purchase. Sheridan proceeded to file a $1 million defamation suit a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By July 1958, the Rockaway Airport was closed and demolished to make way for the housing project. On October 16, 1958, ground was broken on the Edgemere Houses project, with Robert Moses, Borough President James Crisona, and Governor W. Averell Harriman in attendance. During the ceremony, Moses spoke about his plans fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The plans for the remainder of the park, which would be the "largest park on the Rockaway peninsula," included an 18-hole golf course and a marina. Moses planned to create several parks on wetlands by filling the land with municipal waste before developing the land into parkland. These included the future Edgemere Park... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 8 In December 1959, the Board of Estimate allocated $144,650 to add an additional 160,000 cubic yards of sand to the Edgemere Landfill, which would extend the site up to 2,000 feet (610 m) north into Jamaica Bay. The Board also planned to lay out Almeda Avenue between Conch Place (Conch Basin) and Beach 58th Street (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In July 1960, the Board of Estimate approved of plans to begin developing 12 acres (4.9 ha) of Edgemere Park on the north side of Almeda Avenue across from the Edgemere Houses. The park would include baseball fields and eight clay tennis courts along with landscaping and paths. Conch Playground, then known as P.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
105 Playground, was opened in August 1960. On October 17, 1960, Parks Commissioner Newbold Morris (successor to Robert Moses) announced plans for improvements to Edgemere Park, including baseball fields, tennis courts, and a park trail. The first building of the Edgemere Houses was opened on November 27, 1960. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By 1962, plans remained to develop a marina at Edgemere Park. The next year, tennis courts were completed at Edgemere Park, with a playground planned.In 1965, it was claimed that the Edgemere Landfill contained more American herring gulls feeding and residing at the landfill than Cape Ann, Massachusetts, a known nestin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 37 That year, the Department of Sanitation opened the landfill for public use on a trial basis, accepting large items such as appliances, furniture, plumbing, and automobiles. In July 1966 in response to complaints from residents, the Parks Department began pesticide spraying at Edgemere Park in order to combat mosqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
It was suggested that physically uprooting the phragmites would be a better solution, but the equipment necessary to harvest the plants could not be used in the park as much of it still consisted of marshland. The rats, meanwhile, were said to have been brought by the dumping of trash at the landfill. That month, $29,2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
During the fall of 1966, Edgemere Park was used as a practice field for the Far Rockaway High School football team, as their own home field was not usable during the season. On July 1, 1967, the Department of Sanitation again allowed local residents to drop off bulk refuse such as furniture or appliances at the landfil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By July 17, 1,000 tons of waste were deposited through this program at Edgemere, and at 20th Avenue in College Point. On March 24, 1968, the playground at Edgemere Park was opened, with a basketball tournament taking place.In May 1970, the Rockaway Cultural, Educational, Recreational, and Historical Society proposed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Park, Tackapouscha Indian Historical Park, and William F. Brunner Sr. Park. On October 9, 1970, a fire broke out at the Edgemere Landfill, lasting six days before it was brought under control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The bill renaming the park was signed into law in 1971. The park was dedicated as Rockaway Community Park on June 17, 1973. While portions of the park including basketball courts and beach land were available for use at the time, most of the site had yet to be developed. Jamaica Bay Council president Jerome Hipscher de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In September 1973, the Edgemere Landfill was described as "the highest land area on the entire Rockaway Peninsula. It is a hugh mound of sand-covered garbage and waste material which has obliterated the marshy shoreline where marine life thrived for many years." On August 29, 1974 the bodies of three boys from the Edge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Their deaths were suspected to have been caused by drowning or a lightning strike. In late 1975, the city began experimenting with methods to discourage birds from feeding off the Edgemere Landfill, in order to prevent them from interfering with planes at John F. Kennedy International Airport. The experiments included ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
This was in addition to the existing shotgun patrols at the airport who would discharge firearms or set off fireworks to scare the birds away. The shredding method had already been tested on landfills in the Midwest and in Charleston, South Carolina. The initiatives were motivated by an incident in November 1975, when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
On May 18, 1976 the Sanitation Department informed officials from Queens Community Board 14 and the Gateway National Recreation Area that the Edgemere Landfill would remain in operation until 1985. At the time, the DSNY refuted the assertion that the dump contributed to the bird hazard of JFK Airport. Mosquitoes and fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In 1977 the Parks Department and Department of Sanitation garnered controversy over the closure of the Edgemere Landfill on weekends between Saturday afternoon and Monday morning. As opposed to traveling to the Fountain Avenue Landfill in Brooklyn, Parks Department garbage trucks collecting waste from Rockaway Beach wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
FAA Regional Director Murray Smith had previously met with Mayor Ed Koch on October 5 of that year to discuss the correlation of the bird hazard with the presence of the landfills.During the 1970s, the landfill was said to have received hazardous waste on a daily basis. Meanwhile, waste oil was added to the garbage at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
1972–1974, DSNY supervisors were paid $100 per truck to allow the dumping of liquid toxic waste at five of the city's landfills including the Edgemere Landfill, and into the sewer system. The other sites were the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue Landfills in Brooklyn; the Tallapoosa Point Landfill at Pelham Bay ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The waste had originated from plants owned by Ford Motor Company, Exxon, Chrysler, Ingersoll Rand, Alcan Aluminum, and others, including the Ford stamping plant in Buffalo, New York. In March 1982 Kenneth Mansfield, a plant manager and truck driver for an oil refining and disposal company operating in the metropolitan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Mahler also pled guilty to disposing of waste oil in the abandoned Butler Mine Tunnel in Butler Township, Pennsylvania, which in 1979 overflowed into the Susquehanna River. He was sentenced to one year in prison for the crime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The mine would later become a Superfund site. Mahler's firm had also received contracts to clean up some of the sites that it had previously contaminated with oil, including one in College Point. In 1982, New York City spent $2.5 million to clean up the company's Long Island City plant, located near the Greenpoint Aven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In 1985, the city filed suit under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (a.k.a. the Federal Superfund Act) against the 14 companies who originally generated the toxic waste later dumped in the city landfills.In February 1983, nearly 3,000 55-gallon metal drums of waste were discover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
While most of the drums were empty, many contained lead-based paint and resin. The drums were said to have been buried beginning in 1968, around 15 years prior, when there were fewer regulations concerning the disposal of chemicals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Following the discovery, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection began testing the air, soil, and ground water of the local area for runoff from the drums. That month, the landfill was designated a Superfund site. : 50 On May 18, 1983, the Toxics Project of the New York Public Interest Research Group r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The year-long study covered the Edgemere Landfill in Queens, the Pennsylvania and Fountain Landfills in Brooklyn, the Tallapoosa/Pelham Bay Landfill in the Bronx, and the Fresh Kills and Brookfield Avenue Landfills in Staten Island, based on unreleased DSNY internal records. It concluded that "hundreds of tons" of chem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
This oil was contaminated waste product. The study further concluded that the landfills were not designed to contain chemical wastes, and violated state and federal regulations.In 1984, the Edgemere Landfill was listed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) among 895 hazardous-waste sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By December, however, the Department of Sanitation began negotiating with the NYSDEC to obtain a permit in order to keep the landfill open. In February 1986, the Department of Sanitation announced that the Edgemere Landfill would operate for an additional 21 years until 2007, pending the approval of the NYSDEC. The DSN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In July 1987, the city reached an agreement with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to close the landfill by 1991, unless a permit could be awarded to the landfill. Under the agreement, landfill operations could continue until July 1991 while the state conducted an investigation of the site. Du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By comparison, Fresh Kills Landfill received 23,500 tons daily. With the eventual closure of Edgemere and Fresh Kills imminent, the city planned to replace the landfills with several "resource recovery facilities" in the future. This included waste-to-energy incinerators, one of which would be located at the Brooklyn N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In addition, gas recovery plants to extract methane would be created at several inactive landfills including Fresh Kills and Pelham Bay. In December 1987, local community groups and politicians filed suit to have the landfill shut down, citing the fact that the landfill was operating without a permit. At the time, it w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
It was also stated that 167,000 gallons of toxic liquid seeped from the landfill on a daily basis. It was compared to the Love Canal landfill, another Superfund site located in Niagara Falls. In 1989, Edgemere handled over 1,500 tons of city garbage on a daily basis, making up 7.6 percent of the city's waste. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In comparison, 4.4 percent of the city's waste was burned in city-owned incinerators, 8.1 percent was disposed of in apartment incinerators, and 73.4 percent (14,000 tons per day) was taken to Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island.In March 1990, the city and state began removing 7,000 drums of toxic waste from the Edge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
This left Fresh Kills Landfill as the city's only landfill, joined by six municipal incinerators and the city's growing recycling program. By this time, the president of the Bayswater Civic Association had nicknamed the landfill "Mount Edgemere". This was similar to the "Mount Corona" nickname given to a 90-foot (27 m)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Following its closure, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection assumed responsibility for the cleanup of the site and other former landfills. 75 percent of cleanup costs would be covered by the New York State Superfund program. The closure of the Edgemere Landfill, and the previous decommissioning of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 5: i−xi The plan urged the DSNY and Department of Environmental Protection to develop a containment plan for the Edgemere Landfill, which should include "innovative bio-technology approaches". : 39 (PDF p. 57) It also sought to create additional parkland in Edgemere, and preserve the wetlands along the Sommerville an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
: 39−40, 224−225 (PDF p. 57−58, 242−243) In July 1992, a $30.4 million settlement with over 100 corporations and public entities was reached in the 1985 Superfund lawsuit over dumping at Edgemere Landfill and four other city landfills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
It was the fourth settlement reached under that suit.Capping of the Edgemere Landfill began in September 1995, which would permanently seal the site. The landfill was covered with a 6-inch base of topsoil, an impermeable geomembrane used to contain gasses emitted from the landfill, a layer of clay, and a second layer o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The landfill was graded with a 4 percent slope to allow optimal storm runoff. 700,000 cubic yards (540,000 m3) of topsoil for the capping project were brought to the site by barges, as officials from Queens Community Board 14 requested the use of the barges instead of trucks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
A pier was constructed in the Sommerville Basin to accept the topsoil; this was later converted into the fishing piers. Rock-covered channels were created circumscribing the landfill to prevent erosion. A gas extraction and flaring system was constructed in order to collect the gas emitted from the landfill, which woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The flaring system was used to control odor, the first such system for a landfill in the city. It had been estimated in 1991 that the methane produced by the landfill could provide heat for over 100,000 homes. In the neck area of the site where the drums were discovered, a groundwater "pump and treat" well system was i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
By March 2000, the NYSDEC declassified the landfill as a Class 2 Site ("significant threat to the public health or environment") and reclassified it as a Class 4 site ("site properly closed-requires continued management"). It was expected at this time that the site would need 10 to 15 years of monitoring and management... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
At the time it was one of two Superfund Sites in the Rockaways, along with a former Long Island Lighting Company coal gasification plant at Beach 108th Street in Rockaway Park. : 50 In May 2007, the Parks Department designated Rockaway Community Park, Bayswater Park, and Beach Channel West park in Belle Harbor as parks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The proposal was suggested to the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), which provides electricity to the Rockaways. It was supported by New York State Assemblywoman Audrey Pheffer.On October 19, 2013, twenty thousand trees and five thousand shrubs were planted at Rockaway Community Park by volunteers as part of the Park... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The project was supported by the NY/NJ Super Bowl Host Committee for Super Bowl XLVIII, which was to be played in February 2014, along with the National Football League themselves and Verizon. The project replaced invasive species with trees native to coastal environments. : 32 In 2016, interns with the Rockaway Waterf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
In May 2014, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation released the Rockaway Parks Conceptual Plan, which proposed several upgrades to parks on and around the peninsula following Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The plan included a major renovation of Rockaway Community Park. : 32 The existing recreational facilitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Additional handball courts would be erected on a portion of the current tennis courts at the far east end of the park. The open grass areas at the far south end of the park would be converted into picnic and barbecuing areas. : 32−34 The three natural areas on the outskirts of the park would be developed, with a contin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The portion of the pathway on the Sommerville Basin in the west natural area would be paved, and extend south to Beach Channel Drive to improve access to the park. North of Almeda Avenue, a wetland boardwalk would be created on the Sommerville Basin. An additional fishing pier would be built on the Sommerville Basin ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The wetlands and upland forest in this area would be restored. : 32−34 The triangular east natural area would be developed into a skatepark, with an additional picnic area to be established. : 32−34 In addition, the Conch Playground would be developed as part of Rockaway Community Park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
An artificial turf field would be constructed, while the existing playground would be renovated. : 32−34 Numerous additional mosquito magnets would be installed around the park. : 32−34 As part of the Conceptual Plan, a Bayside Nature Trail would be established through the Rockaway Peninsula, running east along the Jam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The trail would cross Rockaway Community Park via the new pathways on the west and east ends of the park, and the existing pathway in the northern natural area, with a second pathway to be established parallel to Almeda Avenue. : 17−19, 32−34 In December 2014, the Regional Plan Association proposed a Jamaica Bay Water ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
A primary launch point and kayak rental site for the trail would be located at the base of the park in the Conch Basin, with additional access points at Marina 59 in the Sommerville Basin to the west, and at Bayswater Park in the Norton Basin to the east. Both Marina 59 and Bayswater Park are preexisting access points.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
The microgrid system would involve installing solar panels on the Edgemere Landfill, at the parking lot of Jacob Riis Park in western Rockaway, and at Green Acres Mall in South Valley Stream, Nassau County. The solar panels would then feed into the cable system.On October 29, 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced $145 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
Literary Research Guide is a reference work that annotates and evaluates important research materials related to English literature and English literary studies. The first edition appeared in 1989 and the fifth edition was published in 2008. These editions were printed books and the work was digitalized into an electro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Research_Guide |
Root carving is a traditional Chinese art form. It consists of carving and polishing tree roots into various artistic creations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_carving |
Carving of roots has been practiced since very early times; like many other artistic crafts, root carvings were originally produced in a primitive manner. The earliest root carvings are “辟邪” and “角形器”, showing up in the Warring States period. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, root carving works not only prevailed in folk,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_carving |
Root carving is widely said to preserve natural beauties present in the roots already. Ancient and modern artists alike create lifelike, vivid works with a special technique using expression based on the roots' natural forms. Root carving is different from engraving, as it combines peculiarity with ingeniousness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_carving |
Although its aesthetic principals share common ground with engraving, at the same time they are applied uniquely. The common ground is that they share expressive techniques of wood carving, sculpture, stone carving and so on, overcoming weaknesses by acquiring other's strong points. The difference lies in the natural s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_carving |
Creative effect achieved from the same material can vary from artist to artist. Within the field, three factors are generally considered of major importance. Uniqueness of the root - To some degree, root carving is an act of discovery. Finding and working with a unique root is half of the task and requires experience a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_carving |
The Return of the Druses is a tragedy in blank verse by Robert Browning. It was originally published as the fourth number (No. IV) of Bells and Pomegranates in 1843. The manuscript was first named Mansoor the Hierophant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Druses |
The Grand-Master's Prefect The Patriarch's Nuncio The Republic's Admiral Loys de Dreux, Knight-Novice Initiated Druses—Djabal, Khalil, Anael, Maani, Karshook, Raghib, Ayoob, and others Uninitiated Druses, Prefect's Guard, Nuncio's Attendants, Admiral's ForceTime, 14— | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Druses |
Impressions, souvenirs, pensées et paysages pendant un voyage en Orient, 1832–1833, ou Notes d'un voyageur, shortened to Voyage en Orient, is a travel journal written by Alphonse de Lamartine. This book narrates Lamartine's journey to several Middle Eastern regions now known as Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, and Syria but al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
In the early nineteenth century, Romanticism was the leading literary movement in France and Lamartine was one of its prominent figures. The French romantic literature fostered a growing curiosity about foreign cultures, particularly the Eastern ones. During Lamartine's time, romantic authors and artists travelled in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
This Orientalist desire laid the focus on both on personal experience and the need to find meaning through traveling.Lamartine's travel to the Orient was also politically motivated. Before embarking on his Oriental journey, Lamartine rallied to the July Monarchy and faced a political failure, as he was not elected as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
While traveling, Lamartine's political convictions shifted as he progressively distanced himself from being a conservative to become a well-known liberal adhering to French republicanism. Another incentive for leaving his country was religion and this quest for faith sprung after the death of his mother in 1829 who rai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
Voyage en Orient is presented as a travel diary in which Lamartine provides descriptions of landscapes, his impressions and feelings while traveling to the Orient. His trip lasted for 18 months and he was accompanied by his wife and daughter. In the preface, Lamartine claims that Voyage en Orient is neither a book nor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
In each of the 4 volumes, the chapters are divided either by regions ("Jérusalem") or by themes ("Visite à Lady Esther Stanhope"). The first volume of Voyage en Orient reports Lamartine's travels through modern day Lebanon. His journey began on 11 July 1832 when he left Marseilles with his wife and daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
They arrived in Beirut on 6 September of the same year. During this trip, Lamartine wrote extensively about his encounter with Lady Hester Stanhope and Bashir Shihab II.In the second volume, Lamartine is still in Lebanon. On 1 October 1832, he goes to the Holy Land and comes back to Lebanon in November. When he came ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
Impressions, souvenirs, pensées et paysages pendant un voyage en Orient, 1832-1833, ou Notes d'un voyageur was first published in 1835 by Charles Gosselin in Paris. Lamartine's travel account was very popular during the mid-nineteenth and twentieth century. The book was translated in many European languages (e.g. Engli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
After its publication in 1835, Voyage en Orient attracted several criticisms. Lamartine was blamed for his tolerance towards Islam and his writing was judged as unpleasant, as well as redundant, because of his constant notes on how appealing is the Orient in his opinion. Lamartine has also been accused of lying due to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
Moussa supports his arguments by comparing Lamartine with different figures such as the Romantic travel writer Chateaubriand or with one of Lamartine's friends, the doctor Jean-Vaast Delaroière. His comparison shows that Lamartine's vision of the Orient diverged from the century's mainstreamed representations of the Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
For the postcolonial author, the French poet contributed to the Western gaze because, through the prism of Lamartine's writing, the representation of the Orient remained guided by an imperial and colonial aesthetic that aimed to produced interest for the reader. Said shows that Lamartine asserted in Voyage en Orient th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient_(Lamartine) |
The Journal of Formalized Reasoning is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal established in 2009. It publishes formalization efforts in any area, including classical mathematics, constructive mathematics, formal algorithms, and program verifications. It is maintained by AlmaDL, the digital library of the Univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Formalized_Reasoning |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, MathSciNet, and Zentralblatt MATH. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Formalized_Reasoning |
An optokinetic drum—also called catford drum—is a rotating instrument to test vision in which individuals are seated facing the wall of the drum. The interior surface of the drum is normally striped; thus, as the drum rotates, the subject's eyes are subject to a moving visual field while the subject remains stationary,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optokinetic_drum |
Control groups are placed in a drum without stripes or rotation. After exposure to the rotating drum, subjects are surveyed to determine their susceptibility to motion sickness. A study in which the optokinetic drum was used to test the symptoms of the sopite syndrome showed increased mood changes in response to the vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optokinetic_drum |
A state diagram is a type of diagram used in computer science and related fields to describe the behavior of systems. State diagrams require that the system described is composed of a finite number of states; sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonable abstraction. Many forms of state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
State diagrams are used to give an abstract description of the behavior of a system. This behavior is analyzed and represented by a series of events that can occur in one or more possible states. Hereby "each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and track the different states of its objects through the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
This was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in their 1949 book The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Another source is Taylor Booth in his 1967 book Sequential Machines and Automata Theory. Another possible representation is the state-transition table. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
A classic form of state diagram for a finite automaton (FA) is a directed graph with the following elements (Q, Σ, Z, δ, q0, F): Vertices Q: a finite set of states, normally represented by circles and labeled with unique designator symbols or words written inside them Input symbols Σ: a finite collection of input symbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
Item δ(q, a) = p in the definition of the FA means that from the state named q under input symbol a, the transition to the state p occurs in this machine. In the diagram representing this FA, this is represented by an edge labeled by a pointing from the vertex labeled by q to the vertex labeled by p. Start state q0: (n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
In older texts, the start state is not shown and must be inferred from the text. Accepting state(s) F: If used, for example for accepting automata, F ∈ Q is the accepting state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
It is usually drawn as a double circle. Sometimes the accept state(s) function as "Final" (halt, trapped) states.For a deterministic finite automaton (DFA), nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA), generalized nondeterministic finite automaton (GNFA), or Moore machine, the input is denoted on each edge. For a Mealy mac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
For a Moore machine the state's output is usually written inside the state's circle, also separated from the state's designator with a slash "/". There are also variants that combine these two notations. For example, if a state has a number of outputs (e.g. "a= motor counter-clockwise=1, b= caution light inactive=0") t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
S1 and S2 are states and S1 is an accepting state or a final state. Each edge is labeled with the input. This example shows an acceptor for binary numbers that contain an even number of zeros. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
S0, S1, and S2 are states. Each edge is labeled with "j / k" where j is the input and k is the output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
Harel statecharts, invented by computer scientist David Harel, are gaining widespread usage since a variant has become part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The diagram type allows the modeling of superstates, orthogonal regions, and activities as part of a state. Classic state diagrams require the creation of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
This complexity reduces the readability of the state diagram. With Harel statecharts it is possible to model multiple cross-functional state diagrams within the statechart. Each of these cross-functional state machines can transition internally without affecting the other state machines in the statechart. The current s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
There are other sets of semantics available to represent state diagrams. For example, there are tools for modeling and designing logic for embedded controllers. These diagrams, like Harel's original state machines, support hierarchically nested states, orthogonal regions, state actions, and transition actions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_diagram |
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