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Peasants typically made up the majority of the agricultural labour force in a pre-industrial society. The majority of the people—according to one estimate 85% of the population—in the Middle Ages were peasants.Though "peasant" is a word of loose application, once a market economy had taken root, the term peasant propri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
The open field system of agriculture dominated most of Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a manor presided over by a lord or a bishop of the church. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor. It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
The relative position of peasants in Western Europe improved greatly after the Black Death had reduced the population of medieval Europe in the mid-14th century, resulting in more land for the survivors and making labor more scarce. In the wake of this disruption to the established order, it became more productive for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
The trend toward individual ownership of land, typified in England by Enclosure, displaced many peasants from the land and compelled them, often unwillingly, to become urban factory-workers, who came to occupy the socio-economic stratum formerly the preserve of the medieval peasants. This process happened in an especia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861, and while many peasants would remain in areas where their family had farmed for generations, the changes did allow for the buying and selling of lands traditionally held by peasants, and for landless ex-peasants to move to the cities. Even before emancipation in 1861, serfdom wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
In Germany, peasants continued to center their lives in the village well into the 19th century. They belonged to a corporate body and helped to manage the community resources and to monitor community life. In the East they had the status of serfs bound permanently to parcels of land. A peasant is called a "Bauer" in Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the family the patriarch made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Information about the complexities of the French Revolution, especially the fast-changing scene in Paris, reached isolated areas through both official announcements and long-established oral networks. Peasants responded differently to different sources of information. The limits on political knowledge in these areas de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Historian Jill Maciak concludes that peasants "were neither subservient, reactionary, nor ignorant. "In his seminal book Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernization of Rural France, 1880–1914 (1976), historian Eugen Weber traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and iso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military-service documents and economic trends. Weber argued that until 1900 or so a sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces. Weber then looked at how the policies of the Third Republic created a sense of French nationality in rural areas. The bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Farmers in China have been sometimes referred to as "peasants" in English-language sources. However, the traditional term for farmer, nongfu (农夫), simply refers to "farmer" or "agricultural worker". In the 19th century, Japanese intellectuals reinvented the Chinese terms fengjian (封建) for "feudalism" and nongmin (农民), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Anthropologist Myron Cohen considers these terms to be neologisms that represented a cultural and political invention. He writes: This divide represented a radical departure from tradition: F. W. Mote and others have shown how especially during the later imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties), China was notable for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Likewise, with this development Westerners found it all the more "natural" to apply their own historically derived images of the peasant to what they observed or were told in China. The idea of the peasant remains powerfully entrenched in the Western perception of China to this very day. Modern Western writers often co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
In Latin America, the term "peasant" is translated to "Campesino" (from campo—country person), but the meaning has changed over time. While most Campesinos before the 20th century were in equivalent status to peasants—they usually did not own land and had to make payments to or were in an employment position towards a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
In medieval Europe society was theorized as being organized into three estates: those who work, those who pray, and those who fight. The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life—of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
In the 1960s, anthropologists and historians began to rethink the role of peasant revolt in world history and in their own disciplines. Peasant revolution was seen as a Third World response to capitalism and imperialism.The anthropologist Eric Wolf, for instance, drew on the work of earlier scholars in the Marxist trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
James C. Scott's field observations in Malaysia convinced him that villagers were active participants in their local politics even though they were forced to use indirect methods. Many of these activist scholars looked back to the peasant movement in India and to the theories of the revolution in China led by Mao Zedon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Aloer Boor Bracciante Campesino Churl Contadino Cotter Fellah Free tenant Honbyakushō Kulak Muzhik Pagesos de remença Pawn Peon Serf Sharecropper Smerd Șerb Tenant farmer Terrone Villein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Cohen, Myron L. (2005). Kinship, Contract, Community, and State Anthropological Perspectives on China. Basel/Berlin/Boston: Stanford University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
doi:10.1515/9781503624986. ISBN 978-1-5036-2498-6. S2CID 246207129. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, and Cristobal Kay, eds. Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, Rural Transformation and the Agrarian Question (2009) Barkin, David. "Who Are The Peasants?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
Latin American Research Review, 2004, Vol. 39 Issue 3, pp. 270–281 Brass, Tom. Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism (2000) Brass, Tom, ed. Latin American Peasants (2003) Scott, James C. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) == External links == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant |
The Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RAQoL) is a disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure which determines the effect rheumatoid arthritis has on a patient’s quality of life. The RAQoL has 30 items with a yes and no response format and takes about six minutes to complete.Scores on the RAQoL ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_Quality_of_Life_Questionnaire |
The RAQoL was developed by Galen Research, the University of Leeds and the Academic Hospital Maastricht, and was first published in 1997. It was the first patient completed quality of life questionnaire that focused on rheumatoid arthritis and is distinct from other questionnaires as it includes physical contact as a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_Quality_of_Life_Questionnaire |
Since its development, the RAQOL has been translated into 33 languages other than Dutch and UK English. Validation studies have been performed in countries such as Sweden, Argentina and Australia in order to confirm the responsiveness and validity of the language adaptations. The RAQoL has been used in clinical studies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_Quality_of_Life_Questionnaire |
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ ITCH), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The ITCZ was originally identified from the 1920s to the 1940s as the Intertropical Front (ITF), but after the recognition in the 1940s and the 1950s of the significance of wind field convergence in tropical weather production, the term Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) was then applied.The ITCZ appears as a band o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The ITCZ is formed by vertical motion largely appearing as convective activity of thunderstorms driven by solar heating, which effectively draw air in; these are the trade winds. The ITCZ is effectively a tracer of the ascending branch of the Hadley cell and is wet. The dry descending branch is the horse latitudes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The location of the ITCZ gradually varies with the seasons, roughly corresponding with the location of the thermal equator. As the heat capacity of the oceans is greater than air over land, migration is more prominent over land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
Over the oceans, where the convergence zone is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures. Sometimes, a double ITCZ forms, with one located north and another south of the Equator, one of which is usually stronger than the other. When thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The ITCZ is commonly defined as an equatorial zone where the trade winds converge. Rainfall seasonality is traditionally attributed to the north–south migration of the ITCZ, which follows the sun. Although this is largely valid over the equatorial oceans, the ITCZ and the region of maximum rainfall can be decoupled ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is a reverse-oriented, or west-northwest to east-southeast aligned, trough extending from the west Pacific warm pool southeastwards towards French Polynesia. It lies just south of the equator during the Southern Hemisphere warm season, but can be more extratropical in nature, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
Variation in the location of the intertropical convergence zone drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations, resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes. Longer term changes in the intertropical convergence zone can result in severe droughts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
Tropical cyclogenesis depends upon low-level vorticity as one of its six requirements, and the ITCZ fills this role as it is a zone of wind change and speed, otherwise known as horizontal wind shear. As the ITCZ migrates to tropical and subtropical latitudes and even beyond during the respective hemisphere's summer sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
In the Age of Sail, to find oneself becalmed in this region in a hot and muggy climate could mean death when wind was the only effective way to propel ships across the ocean. Calm periods within the doldrums could strand ships for days or weeks. Even today, leisure and competitive sailors attempt to cross the zone as q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
In 2009, thunderstorms along the Intertropical Convergence Zone played a role in the loss of Air France Flight 447, which left Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport on Sunday 31 May, at about 7:00 p.m. local time (6:00 p.m. EDT or 10:00 p.m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
UTC) and had been expected to land at Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris on Monday 1 June 2009, at 11:15 a.m. (5:15 a.m. EDT or 9:15 a.m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
UTC). The aircraft crashed with no survivors while flying through a series of large ITCZ thunderstorms, and ice forming rapidly on airspeed sensors was the precipitating cause for a cascade of human errors which ultimately doomed the flight. Most aircraft flying these routes are able to avoid the larger convective cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
Needs additional data in regards to global warming. No facts have been provided. Based on paleoclimate proxies, the position and intensity of the ITCZ varied in prehistoric times along with changes in global climate. During Heinrich events within the last 100 ka, a southward shift of the ITCZ coincided with the intensi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The ITCZ shifted north during the mid-Holocene but migrated south following changes in insolation during the late-Holocene towards its current position. The ITCZ has also undergone periods of contraction and expansion within the last millennium. A southward shift of the ITCZ commencing after the 1950s and continuing in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
These fluctuations in ITCZ positioning had robust effects on climate; for instance, displacement of the ITCZ may have led to drought in the Sahel in the 1980s.Atmospheric convection may become stronger and more concentrated at the center of the ITCZ in response to a globally warming climate, resulting in sharpened cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
This change in the ITCZ is also reflected by increasing salinity within the Atlantic and Pacific underlying the ITCZ fringes and decreasing salinity underlying central belt of the ITCZ. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report indicated "medium agreement" from studies regarding the strengthening and tightening of the ITCZ due ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
The doldrums are notably described in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) and also provide a metaphor for the initial state of boredom and indifference of Milo, the child hero of Norton Juster's classic children's novel The Phantom Tollbooth. It is also cited in the book Wind, Sand and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone |
Microsoft Academic Search was a research project and academic search engine retired in 2012. It relaunched in 2016 as Academic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search |
Microsoft launched a search tool called Windows Live Academic Search in 2006 to directly compete with Google Scholar. It was renamed Live Search Academic after its first year and then discontinued two years later. In 2009, Microsoft Research Asia Group launched a beta tool called Libra in 2009, which was for the purpos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search |
The service stopped being updated in 2012. The fact that this decline was not reported on earlier indicated to the authors that the service was largely ignored by academics and bibliometricians alike.In July 2014, Microsoft Research announced that Microsoft Academic was evolving from a research project to a production ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search |
Disaster preparedness in museums, galleries, libraries, archives and private collections, involves any actions taken to plan for, prevent, respond or recover from natural disasters and other events that can cause damage or loss to cultural property. 'Disasters' in this context may include large-scale natural events suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
For example, clearing building gutters reduces the chance of overflow and leaks during heavy rainfall; storing collection objects inside closed cabinets reduces the chance of water damage should water leaks still occur. However, disaster preparedness is generally recognised as an ongoing process of planning, preparatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
The professions most influenced by disaster preparedness in this context include conservator-restorers, curators, collection managers, and registrars. To plan for and prevent disasters from occurring, cultural heritage organisations will often perform a risk assessment to identify potential hazards and how they might b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Cultural property faces threats from a variety of sources on a daily basis, from thieves, vandals, and pests; to pollution, light, humidity, and temperature; to natural emergencies and physical forces. Effects stemming from these issues can be treated and sometimes reversed with interventive conservation after the dama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Disaster preparedness is considered an integral part of collections maintenance, and collections management and is related to museum integrated pest management and museum environments.Agents of deterioration are forces which act upon materials and cause them to change or deteriorate over time. There are commonly held t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
These are incorrect temperature, incorrect relative humidity, light, dust & pollutants (also called contaminants), pests, physical forces, theft & vandalism, fire, water, and dissociation or custodial neglect. It is important to recognize the type of damage each agent may present as well as ways to mitigate harmful eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
For example, earthquakes are a type of physical force that can cause widespread and severe damage to cultural heritage. A handling accident, where a single item is dropped and damaged, is also an example of physical forces but may not be considered a 'disaster' in the context of disaster planning as the incident likely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
The type of events included in an organisations disaster preparedness plan will depend on their risk appetite. Examples of disasters affecting cultural organisations and cultural heritage are given below using the 'agents of deterioration' category headings. Natural disasters are usually dictated by region and climate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
They may be predictable to a degree (in that some geographic locations are known to be more prone to earthquakes, hurricanes etc.) but the exact timing and intensity of natural disasters is uncertain. Examples of natural disasters include hurricanes, tornados, floods, blizzards, landslides, earthquakes and their afters... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Heatwaves are becoming more common and more extreme in many areas of the world due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change. As temperature is a major factor in the rate of chemical deterioration, higher average temperatures and fluctuations will cause cultural heritage to deteriorate at a faster rate. Biological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Relative Humidity (RH) can cause damage to cultural heritage when it is too high, too low or fluctuates to widely or frequently for specific materials. On its own it is not typically a cause of 'disasters', though high humidity is a major factor in mould (or mold) outbreaks. Mould (or mold) outbreaks are more often ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Dust storms and excessive dust deposition due to building works or building collapse have caused damage to cultural heritage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Physical forces that may result in collection disasters include earthquakes, structural collapse of buildings, and damage caused by civil unrest and war. Cultural heritage may be deliberately targeted during wartime due to their symbolic value. There are many high-profile examples of loss caused by such events. As well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
As examples, the Broadway Theatre Archive of 35,000 photographs was lost, as was one of the largest existing urban archaeological assemblages, that of the Five Points area in nineteenth century New York. These losses are detailed in the 2002 report by the Heritage Emergency National Task Force (HENTF), Cataclysm and Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
There are many examples of fire damaging cultural heritage. Fire can cause internal and external damage to singular exhibits or of whole building depending on the cause and speed of responsiveness.The National Museum of Brazil was destroyed by fire in 2018. In 1992 a fire broke out at Windsor Castle, damaging several r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Flooding in locations that experience extreme weather conditions (rainfall, storms) is one relatively common type of disaster affecting cultural collections. Extreme weather events are also becoming more common due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Water damage may also occur due to storm surges in coasta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Theft and vandalism may be planned acts or opportunistic. There have been many high-profile cases of planned thefts from cultural organisations worldwide, though not all such events come to public notice; other thefts have occurred when normal security controls are interrupted, such as during building works, civil prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Extreme forms of dissociation (separation of the physical item from the information that makes it significant) might include a critical loss of electronic data that cannot be retrieved, or the closure or sale of the collection (in parts or in its entirety) due to financial or political pressures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Not all risks to collections can be categorised according to the agents of deterioration. They may not result in direct damage or loss to collection material but instead affect the reputation or operation of the organisation. For example, serious issues can be created due to funding or sponsorship scandals; misuse of f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Museums develop disaster (or emergency) preparedness plans for natural and man-made events that may be expected to occur. These plans are collection-focussed and separate to or a sub-component of wider organisational operational risk management plans, which focus on human safety and business continuity (including proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
The primary objectives of emergency planning are to identify risks in order to anticipate and, if possible, to avoid emergencies; to retain control when an emergency occurs; and to mitigate potential damage as quickly as possible. Disaster preparedness plans are usually created and reviewed in consultation with various... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Training is an important part of a disaster preparedness plan, to ensure that staff are familiar with the contents of the plan and understand how to effectively carry out the established protocols. A variety of templates and guides have been published to assist cultural organisations prepare for disasters: Building an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
To prepare for disasters, cultural organisations may conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential dangers to the collection or related organisational activities. This assessment is used to prepare both preventive maintenance programs (to prevent disasters from occurring) and response plans for identified scen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
A detailed and flexible insurance policy is a useful preparation strategy. A policy may specify the replacement value of objects owned by the museum and those loaned by other organisations, and cover building repairs, temporary offsite storage, clean-up operations and other costs incurred. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Emergency preparedness should dovetail collections maintenance and preservation activities. Although many preventive measures are universal, certain measures are particularly useful in mitigating against collection disasters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
A variety of teams within a cultural organisation contribute to its upkeep and maintenance. Facilities management ensure gas, sewage, electricity and water services are well-maintained and compliant with local codes. They maintain any fire doors, fire detection and suppression systems and check the building regularly f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Emergency access routes are signposted and cleared of obstacles. Collection management teams ensure items are stored in a manner to prevent water, dust and pest ingress. Storage enclosures and furniture keeps collection objects at least 10 cm above the floor to reduce the risk from floodwaters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Regular monitoring of the temperature and relative humidity in collection spaces (storage and display) helps identify new trends or unusual occurrences - for example, if a sudden increase in relative humidity is detected early enough, it may be possible to correct the environment before mould growth occurs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Physical security systems deter potential intruders (e.g. warning signs, security lighting and perimeter markings), detect intrusions and monitor/record intruders (e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems) and trigger appropriate incident responses (e.g. by security guards and police). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Preparedness for personnel includes providing museum staff with emergency training and predetermined designated responsibilities. Trianing may take the form of 'desktop' walkthroughs of scenarios, quizzes, and hands-on salvage practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
In an attempt to maintain control of any emergency, the policies and procedures in the emergency plan outline the chain of command, prescribed team roles and responsibilities, documentation requirements, and salvage priorities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Periodically, museums will reevaluate their disaster preparedness plan to account for changes in contact numbers, locations or personnel, revised salvage priority lists, and other modifications impacting the institution's prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Immediate action taken within the first few hours or days to stabilize the environment, assess the damage, and report conditions and recommendations may be considered the 'response' phase of the disaster. Contingency and communication strategies in the disaster preparedness plan are put into action. The welfare of staf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Risk assessments are recommended to identify hazards to health and safety and to implement controls before recovery salvage work begins. For example, damaged structures may need to be stabilised before it is safe for salvage teams to enter. Collections and facilities may be contaminated with sewage, toxic chemicals or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
There may be electrical risks from damaged or exposed wiring. Salvage teams will also need safe, dry and warm rest areas and toilet facilities.Response activities may include: Liaising with first responders, such as fire Contacting the organisation's insurance company and agents with any available information and photo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Contacting museum emergency response teams to notify them to be on standby (if not required immediately). Contacting pre-approved engineers, disaster response and salvage organizations, and other service providers, to make them aware of the incident and potential requests for assistance (e.g. for transport, generators,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Documentation of the incident and any damage caused before commencing salvage activities is an important part of the response stage. This helps with planning, reduces recovery time, and provides a record for insurance purposes and other reporting. Photographs showing where dislodged objects have fallen can help to iden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
The recovery phase begins when the disaster situation is brought under control and work to retrieve and treat damaged collection objects can begin. Plans developed during the response phase are put into action, and regularly reviewed and revised for as long as salvage operations continue.Salvage activities are more eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
There are many online resources that specify how to stabilize and care for various object formats that have been damaged by material and condition. Activities may include protecting undamaged objects with plastic sheeting, packing damaged objects to move offsite (e.g. to a freezer, if they have become wet), isolating i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
Many disaster recovery activities are limited by a lack of available resources and funding. Strategies to raise funds have included approaches to existing donors, 'adopt an artefact' campaigns where groups or individuals sponsor the conservation of damaged objects or exhibits, and fundraising events. Social media has i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property) |
The National Leadership Grants for Libraries is a program of the Institute of Museum and Library Services. This program supports undertakings that tackle substantial challenges and opportunities facing the field of libraries and archives. The grant is awarded to projects that support new tools, research, and services t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Projects that develop the role of libraries as community anchors and encourage civic and cultural engagement, facilitate lifelong learning, promote digital inclusion, and support economic vitality through programming and services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Programs that develop open source software applications used by libraries and archives across the United States to provide digital content and services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Initiatives that have a noteworthy national influence on shared services for the preservation and management of digital library collections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Sparks Grants are relatively small awards for swift development and evaluation of improvements in library services resulting from innovation in tools, products, or organizational practices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Planning Grants provide the funding of initial organizational activities. These include actions such as needs analysis, feasibility studies, prototyping and pilot programs, or the establishment of partnerships. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
National Forum Grants support group efforts, such as collaborations or partnerships. These efforts typically assemble subject matter experts (SMEs) and other significant participants, including contributors from related fields, to discuss matters of current significance to libraries and archives on a nation-wide scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Project Grants provide funding for projects that have passed the planning stages, and for which all planning activities have been completed. All projects in this category must have an identified national impact that includes partners from across the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Research Grants support projects that address an area of concentration relating to libraries and archives. Projects that successfully apply for these grants are those that investigate significant questions or issues supplementing previously completed work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leadership_Grants_for_Libraries |
Varian, Inc. was one of the largest manufacturers of scientific instruments for the scientific industry. They had offerings over a broad range of chemical analysis equipment, with a particular focus on Information Rich Detection and Vacuum technology. Varian was spun off from Varian Associates in 1999 and was purchased... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian,_Inc. |
Varian Inc. contained the following manufacturing plants: Lake Forest, California USA Palo Alto, California USA Walnut Creek, California USA Lexington, Massachusetts, USA Cary, North Carolina, USA Mulgrave, Victoria Australia (the largest Varian Inc manufacturing and R&D plant) Middelburg, Netherlands Grenoble, France ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian,_Inc. |
Chromatography, including gas chromatography, GC/MS, high performance liquid chromatography, and LC/MS. Spectroscopy, including UV-Vis, CD, near infrared, and FT-IR Inductively coupled plasma, including mass spectroscopic and atomic emission spectroscopic detection. mass spectrometry, including FTMS Nuclear magnetic re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian,_Inc. |
In October 1967, Techtron Pty Ltd merged with Varian Associates. Techtron is a manufacturer of Atomic Absorption Spectrometers and Spectral lamps. In 1982 Varian transferred the Cary UV-Visible product line to Australia. In 1997 Varian bought Chemagnetics, a Colorado-based manufacturer of solid-state NMR spectrometers.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian,_Inc. |
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