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The second opening theme is "Anima" by ReoNa, and the second ending theme is "I will..." by Eir Aoi. The song "Yuke" (往け) by LiSA was used as the theme song to Sword Art Online Progressive: Aria of a Starless Night, while the song "Shinzō" (心臓, Heart) by Eir Aoi was used as the theme song to Sword Art Online Progressiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
An animated film titled Sword Art Online the Movie: Ordinal Scale, featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of Sword Art Online II, premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017.After the finale of Sword Art Online: Alicization - W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
The film was scheduled for September 10, 2022, but was later delayed due to production issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is premiered on October 22, 2022.During the commemorative event "Sword Art Online: Full Dive", a new film project was announced. The project is described as an original work with stories not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations. The first Sword Art Online adaptation, titled Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment (ソードアート・オンライン -インフィニティ・モーメント-, Sōdo Āto Onrain: Infiniti Mōmento), was published by Namco Bandai Games for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment takes place in the same alternative storyline as Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment, and it includes all content of "Floor Clearing" from that previous game with the addition of new unexplored "Hollow Area" of Aincrad. The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles. A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014. A third video game developed by Artdink and titled Sword Art Online: Lost Song was released in Japan on March 26, 2015 on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly. The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled Sword Art Online: Code Register launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game. Another game called Sword Art Online: Progress Link designed for the Mobage browser game platform on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015. The game was terminate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Kirito, Asuna, Leafa, Yuuki and SAO Alternative: Gun Gale Online protagonist LLENN appear in Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax, a fighting game by Sega featuring various characters from works published under the Dengeki Bunko imprint. A browser game titled Sword Art Quest and its sequel smartphone game, Sword Art Quest II... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
An action role-playing game titled Accel World vs. Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with Accel World, published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows via Steam, and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017.The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
The game is being distributed and is operating under Bandai Namco Shanghai, Bandai Namco Entertainment and Qihoo 360 on Chinese platforms. The game was launched on Android on May 26, 2016 and on iOS on June 9, 2016 after a brief period of closed beta, though it is officially still in an "open beta" phase.Bandai Namco r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Featuring content from the anime series, Ordinal Scale, and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials. Common events include ranked challenges against other players, fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress. However, the game was discontinued in August 30, 2021. While Memory Defrag is delisted from the app stores, the game is still available to play via offline version of the app if the person downloaded the game before the termination date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Bandai Namco released the Sword Art Online: Integral Factor free-to-play MMORPG for Android and iOS in December 2017, created in conjunction with prolific mobile MMO developer Asobimo. The English version was released in March 2018. It adapts the Aincrad arc starting from Floor 1 and gradually exploring every floor one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
It allows playing as a player-created avatar. A game based on Gun Gale Online, Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet, was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on February 23, 2018.Bandai Namco Entertainment released the Sword Art Online VR: Lovely Honey Days mobile game for iOS and Android devices in Japan in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
It is an exploration action RPG that supports up to three players in online co-op and it is the first arcade game in the Sword Art Online series.A video game based in the Underworld of Project Alicization, Sword Art Online: Alicization Lycoris, was announced by Bandai Namco for release on the PS4, Xbox One, and Windows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Originally, the game was going to be released in May 2020, but it was delayed to July 10, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.A China-exclusive mobile MMO, Sword Art Online: Black Swordsman Ace, was released in 2021. In 2022, the mobile game Sword Art Online: Variant Showdown was released to coincide with the anime's 10t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Skydance Television announced on August 2, 2016 that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Sword Art Online light novel series. Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
According to Oricon, Sword Art Online was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels. It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi! rankings, as well as top five placement in 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and top 10 in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
It was also the second best selling light novel series in the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies. Sword Art Online: Progressive sold 321,535 copies in the same time period. As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in print worldwide. As of 2021, the series has 26 million copies in prin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku hails Sword Art Online as the smartest series in recent years, praising its deep insight on the psychological aspects of virtual reality on the human psyche, its sociological views on creating a realistic economy and society in a massively multiplayer online game setting, and the writing sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
However, he felt that some of the initial positive aspects of the series were lost in the second half, such as the focus on psychological repercussions and social interactions that could be realistically seen in an online game. Criticism was also levied towards the aspect of turning Asuna into a damsel in distress, sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
"Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems, logical gaps and "sloppy writing". Theron Martin of the same website criticized the story as struggling "to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life-or-death danger should have", while calling it unwilling to commi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
It also praised Sword Art Online for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming.While the anime received criticism in western media, the later light novel arcs, such as Mother's Rosario and Alicization, received praise. Anime News Network reviewer Theron Martin praised many of the volumes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Kirito makes a cameo appearance in the eighth episode of the anime series Eromanga Sensei, with Yoshitsugu Matsuoka reprising his role.Sword Art Online is sometimes considered to be part of the isekai genre, although Kawahara himself does not agree. The 2012 anime adaptation of Sword Art Online popularized the isekai g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_Art_Online |
Irish kinship is a system of kinship terminology (descended from the original Celtic practices) which shows a bifurcate collateral pattern. This system is used by a minority of people living in the Gaeltacht regions of Ireland. Irish kinship terminology varies from English kinship as it focuses on gender and generation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
Irish kinship is limited to a small number of words of Gaelic origin used in identifying relatives: Máthair ('mother') Athair ('father') Mac ('son') Iníon ('daughter') Deartháir ('brother') Deirfiúr ('sister') Aintín ('aunt') Uncail ('uncle') Nia ('nephew') Neacht ('niece') Seanmháthair ('grandmother') Seanathair ('gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
A majority of the terms used in the kinship system are similar to the English kinship system, but the terms for aunt, uncle, nephew, niece and cousin have a far vaguer and different use. These terms, however, vary in degree of use as this system is largely confined to the Gaeltacht regions, and hence not widely used am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
Aintin is the word for "aunt" and uncail for "uncle" but in the Irish kinship system aunt and uncle have a wider definition; in common kinship an aunt or uncle is the sister or brother of either the mother or the father. However, in Irish kinship, Aintin and Uncail are used for not only the siblings of the parents, but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
Col Gaolta is a word for cousin; in the Irish kinship system, this word is used for all relatives in one's generation or those near your age, except in the case of a brother or a sister. The word actually means related by blood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
Mo Mhuintir, being Irish for My People, is a vague term used for relatives people believe they are related to, but do not have enough information to determine how. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_kinship |
Minerva, Archaeology and Ancient art, was a bi-monthly magazine publishing features on exhibitions, excavations, and museums, interviews, news items, and book reviews. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_(archaeology_magazine) |
Minerva was established in 1990 by Jerome Eisenberg. It contains articles by experts on the ancient art and archaeology of Egypt and the Middle East, the Graeco-Roman world and the Mediterranean, the Near East, the Far East, Scandinavia, and North and South America. In 2009 Minerva was purchased by the Mougins Museum o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_(archaeology_magazine) |
Princess Christian's Farm is an educational facility geared towards people with learning disabilities. The farm is run by a partnership with Kent County Council Social Services for the benefit of adults with learning difficulties and disabilities. The overall aim of the partnership is for the individuals to learn new s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
Situated on the outskirts of Hildenborough (near Tonbridge, Kent), Princess Christian's Farm was first purchased in 1910 by Princess Christian, the third daughter of Queen Victoria, as a home for people with learning difficulties. It was intended that the farm would be self-supporting - growing vegetables, keeping catt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
This practice continued until around 1935. In 1948, with the advent of the National Health Service, the Farm became a subsidiary of Leybourne Grange and admissions were made through a Regional Board. The Farm still served as a place where those with learning difficulties could work and contribute to the community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
This continued until 1984, when the Health Authority made the decision that it was inappropriate for it to be running a farm. Following negotiations with Kent County Council Social Services, 25 acres (100,000 m2) of land and the farm buildings were taken over by KCC in 1987, with the remaining 96 acres (390,000 m2) let... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
In 1990 the final farmer with a grazing agreement left and the land became redundant until, in 1991, Princess Christian's Farm took back the land with a grazing agreement agreed between Kent County Council and the Health Authority. This additional land proved to be a great asset to the Farm, enabling them to keep up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
As a traditional working farm, Princess Christian's Farm comprises approximately 115 acres (0.47 km2) of pasture and woodland. It produces its own pork, lamb and beef as well as oven ready chickens and over 1,000 eggs a day. Each Christmas quality turkeys are reared for local customers. Much of the produce is sold thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
There are currently places for up to 25 individuals a day at Princess Christian's Farm. Underpinning the curriculum are the following values: Respect for self and others Self-determination so that people take responsibility for what happens in their lives Inclusiveness Development of relationships with people at workTh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christian's_Farm |
One way of thinking holds that the mental process of decision-making is (or should be) rational: a formal process based on optimizing utility. Rational thinking and decision-making does not leave much room for emotions. In fact, emotions are often considered irrational occurrences that may distort reasoning.However, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Loewenstein and Lerner divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding. Damasio formulated the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), that proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Loewenstein and Lerner divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding. Anticipated (or expected) emotions are not experienced directly, but are expectations of how the person will feel once gains or losses assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
This means that an investor who imagines losing a small amount of money will generally focus with disappointment on the lost investment, rather than with pleasure on the overall amount still owned. Similarly, a dieter who anticipates losing two pounds may imagine feeling pleasure even though those two pounds are a very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
This process, and the anticipation of such emotion, is referred to as a counterfactual comparison. Finally, decision-makers tend to weight possible outcomes differently based on the amount of delay between the choice and the outcome. Decisions made with a time delay – intertemporal choice – tend to involve different we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
True emotions experienced while decision-making are termed immediate emotions, integrating cognition with somatic or bodily experienced components within the autonomic nervous system and outward emotional expressions. These may or may not be connected to the decision at hand, however; while contemplation of the decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
The intense emotions can exact a higher influence on the decision than the probabilities under consideration. Also, immediate emotions can be very sensitive to how vivid the possible outcome is to the decision-maker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Again, a fear of flying may be enhanced by the vividness of the mental image of a plane crash may be in the mind of the decision-maker. Finally, how soon an outcome may happen impacts the related immediate emotions: the sooner the impending possible outcome, the more intense the emotion associated with that event. Over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), formulated by Antonio Damasio, proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.Emotions, as defined by Damasio, are changes in both body and brain states in response to different stimuli. Physiological changes (e.g., muscl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
For instance, when a somatic marker associated with a positive outcome is perceived, the person may feel happy and motivated to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived, the person may feel sad and the emotion may act as an internal alarm to warn the individual to av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
According to the SMH, two distinct pathways reactivate somatic marker responses. In the first pathway, emotion can be evoked by the changes in the body that are projected to the brain—called the "body loop". For instance, encountering a feared object like a snake may initiate the fight-or-flight response and cause fear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
In the second pathway, cognitive representations of the emotions can be activated in the brain without being directly elicited by a physiological response—called the "as-if body loop". For instance, imagining an encounter with a snake would initiate a similar flight-or-fight response "as-if" you were in that particular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Pfister and Böhm (2008) have developed a classification of how emotions function in decision-making that conceptualizes an integral role for emotions, rather than simply influencing decision-making.The four roles played by emotions in this framework are: Providing information: This includes both positive and negative e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Therefore, emotions and associated somatic conditions can offer mechanisms for encouraging a decision maker to decide quickly, especially when one or more options are potentially dangerous. Hunger, anger and fear can all induce a speedy decision. Assessing relevance: Emotions help decision makers decide whether a certa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Each person’s personal history and state(s) of mind leads to a different set of relevant information. The two such emotions most studied to date are regret and disappointment. Enhancing commitment: In some ways, making the decision best for the self may be construed "the best" overall. However, acting in the best inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Research done by Isen and Patrick put forth the theory of "mood maintenance" which states that happy decision-makers are reluctant to gamble. In other words, happy people decide against gambling, since they would not want to undermine the happy feeling.Alternatively, the influence of negative feelings at the time of de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
They stated that "anxiety and sadness convey distinct types of information to the decision-maker and prime different goals." It was found that "while anxiety primes an implicit goal of uncertainty reduction, sadness primes an implicit goal of reward replacement". Thus emotions cannot simply be classified as positive or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Another important factor is the memory of events in decision making. The mood someone has works as "a retrieval cue" whereby happy feelings make positive materials come to mind which in turn have great impact on the decisions that are made. The same is true of negative feelings. Bower coined the term state-dependent re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Bower and others stated that emotions and feelings cannot be extracted from the human mind. The emotions felt in a particular situation will be recorded in the emotional memory and can be activated when the person faces a similar situation or has to make a difficult decision in a short period of time. Often the decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Much research has been conducted on the various impacts of emotion on decision-making. Studies indicate the complexity and breadth of those impacts. Listed below are some examples of their results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Decision-makers who were made to consider safety concerns that induced negative emotions when deciding which car to purchase, were more likely to "choose not to choose," or to stick with the status quo. Study participants who experienced "frustrated anger" were more likely to choose a high risk, high reward option in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
Study participants who had been induced to feel sad were likely to set a lower selling price for an item they were asked to sell; the researchers suggest that selling the item would bring about a change in the participants’ circumstances and thus perhaps a positive change in mood. Participants with "normal emotion proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making |
The theory of imperialism refers to a range of theoretical approaches to understanding the expansion of capitalism into new areas, the unequal development of different countries, and economic systems that may lead to the dominance of some countries over others. These theories are considered distinct from other uses of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
While most theories of imperialism are associated with Marxism, Karl Marx never used the term imperialism, nor wrote about any comparable theories. However many writers have suggested that ideas integral to later theories of imperialism were present in Marx's writings. For example, Frank Richards in 1979 noted that alr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Marx also noted the need for the capitalist mode of production as a whole to constantly expand into new areas, writing that "‘The need of a constantly expanding market chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. "Marx also a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
In Ireland Marx argued that English repression had forced Irish society to remain in a pre-capitalist mode. In India Marx was critical of the role of merchant capital, which he saw as preventing societal transformation where industrial capital might otherwise bring progressive change. Marx's writings on colonial societ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
J. A. Hobson was an English liberal economist whose theory of imperialism was extremely influential among Marxist economists, particularly Vladimir Lenin, and Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy. Hobson is best remembered for his Imperialism: A Study, published 1902, which associated imperialism with the growth of monopoly capi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
These two drives result in a need to safeguard the monopoly's foreign investments, or break up existing protections to better penetrate foreign markets, adding to the pressure to annex foreign countries.Hobson's opposition to imperialism was informed by his liberalism, particularly the radical liberalism of Richard Cob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
As an alternative, he proposed a proto-Keynesian solution of stimulating demand through the partial redistribution of income and wealth within home markets.Hobson's ideas were enormously influential, and most later theories of imperialism were in some way shaped by Hobson's arguments. Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Leon Trotsky began expressing his theory of uneven and combined development in 1906, though the concept would only become prominent in his writing from 1927 onwards. Trotsky observed that different countries developed and advanced to a large extent independently from each other, in ways which were quantitatively unequa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
At the same time, all the different countries did not exist in complete isolation from each other; they were also interdependent parts of a world society, a larger totality, in which they all co-existed together, in which they shared many characteristics, and in which they influenced each other through processes of cul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Rudolf Hilferding's Finance Capital, published in 1910, is considered the first of the "classical" Marxist theories of imperialism which would be codified and popularized by Nikolai Bukharin and Lenin. Hilferding began his analysis of imperialism with a very thorough treatment of monetary economics and an analysis of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
This had the effect of essentially forcing banking monopolies to invest directly in production, as Hilferding writes: An ever-increasing part of the capital of industry does not belong to the industrialists who use it. They are able to dispose over capital only through the banks, which represent the owners. On the othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
I call bank capital, that is, capital in money form which is actually transformed in this way into industrial capital, finance capital. Hilferding's finance capital is best understood as a fraction of capital in which the functions of financial capital and industrial capital are united. The era of finance capital would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
These finance-capital-heavy companies would then seek to expand into a large area of operations in order to make the most efficient use of natural resources and, having monopolised that area, erect tariffs on exported goods in order to exploit their monopoly position. This process is summarized by Hilferding as follows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
To Hilferding, monopolies exploited all consumers within their protected areas, not just colonial subjects, however he did believe that "iolent methods are of the essence of colonial policy, without which it would lose its capitalist rationale." Thus like Hobson, Hilferding believed that imperialism benefits only a min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Rosa Luxemburg followed Marx's interpretation of the expansion of the capitalist mode of production very closely. In The Accumulation of Capital, published in 1913, Luxemburg drew on a close reading of Marx to make several arguments about Imperialism. First, she argued that Marx had made a logical error in his analysis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Second, she argued that capitalism is surrounded by pre-capitalist economies, and that competition forces capitalist firms to expand into these economies and ultimately destroy them. These competing drives to exploit and destroy pre-capitalist societies led Luxemburg to the conclusion that capitalism would end once it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Prior to the First World War Hobson, as well as Karl Liebknecht had theorized that imperialist states could, in the future, potentially transform into interstate cartels which could more efficiently exploit the remainder of the world without causing warfare in Europe. In 1914 Karl Kautsky expressed a similar idea, coin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
In an introduction to Bukharin's Imperialism and World Economy for example, Lenin contended that "in the abstract one can think of such a phase. In practice, however, he who denies the sharp tasks of to-day in the name of dreams about soft tasks of the future becomes an opportunist".Despite being sharply criticized in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Nikolai Bukharin's Imperialism and World Economy, written in 1915, primarily served to clarify and refine the earlier ideas of Hilferding, and frame them in a more consistently anti-imperialist light. Bukharin's main difference with Hilferding was that rather than a single process that leads to imperialism (the increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
. It follows that world capitalism, the world system of production, assumes in our times the following aspect: a few consolidated, organized economic bodies (‘the great civilized powers’) on the one hand, and a periphery of underdeveloped countries with a semi-agrarian or agrarian system on the other. Competition and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Monopoly was thus not an end to competition, but rather each successive intensification of Monopoly capital into larger blocs would entail a much more intensive form of competition, at ever larger scales.Bukharin's theory of imperialism is also notable for reintroducing the theory of a labor aristocracy in order to exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Despite being a relatively small text which sought only to summarize the earlier ideas of Hobson, Hilferdung and Bukharin, Vladimir Lenin's pamphlet Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism is easily the most influential, widely read text on the subject of imperialism.Lenin's argument differs from previous writers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Between the publication of Lenin's Imperialism in 1916 and Paul Sweezy's The Theory of Capitalist Development in 1942 and Paul A. Baran's Political Economy of Growth in 1957, there was a notable lack of development in the Marxist theory of imperialism, best explained by the elevation of Lenin's work to the status of Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Since Sweezy implies that it would be impossible to continuously reinvest in productive machinery (which would only increase the output of consumer goods, adding to the initial problem), there is an irreconcilable contradiction between the need to increase investments to absorb surplus output, and the need to reduce ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
While in conventional competitive capitalism, any firm which does not introduce new productive techniques will usually fall behind and become unprofitable, in monopoly capitalism, there is actually no incentive to introduce new productive techniques, as there are no rivals to gain a competitive advantage over, and thus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Baran and Sweezy also rejected the earlier claim that all national industries would form a single "national cartel," instead noting that there tended to be a number of monopoly companies within a country: just enough to maintain a "balance of power. "The connection to imperialist violence then, is that most western nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
To Baran and Sweezy, these two factors explain imperialist warfare and the dominance of developed countries.Conversely, they explain the underdevelopment of poor nations through trade flows. Trade flows serve to provide cheap primary goods to the advanced countries, while local manufacturing in underdeveloped countries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Kwame Nkrumah, former president of Ghana (1960–66), coined the term Neocolonialism, which appeared in the 1963 preamble of the Organisation of African Unity Charter, and was the title of his 1965 book Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism. Nkrumah's theory was largely based in Lenin's Imperialism, and followed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is also dubious in consideration of the name given being strongly related to the concept of colonialism itself. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Amílcar Cabral, leader of the nationalist movement in Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands, developed an original theory of imperialism to better explain the relationship between Portugal and its colonies. Cabral's theory of history held that there are three distinct phases of human development. In the first, socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
In the final stage, social structures are once again horizontal, lacking private property and classes, but with an extremely high level of productive forces. Cabral differed from historical materialism in that he did not believe that the progression through such historical stages was the result of class struggle, rathe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Cabral's point was that classless indigenous peoples have a history of their own, and are capable of social transformation without the development of classes. Imperialism, then, represented any barrier to indigenous social transformation, with Cabral noting that colonial society had failed to develop a mature set of cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Andre Gunder Frank was influential in the development of dependency theory, which would dominate discussions of radical economics in the 1960s and 70s. Like Baran and Sweezy, and the African theorists of imperialism, Frank believed that capitalism produces underdevelopment in many areas of the world. He saw the world a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Each metropolis has an effective monopoly position over the output of its satellites. In Frank's earlier writings he believed this system of relations extended back to the 16th century, while in his later work (after his adoption of world-systems theory) he believed it extended as far back as the 4th millennium BC.This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Frank cited evidence that the outflows of profit from Latin America greatly exceed the investments flowing in the other direction from the United States. In addition to this transfer of surplus, Frank noted that satellite economies become "distorted" over time, developing a low-waged, primary goods-producing industrial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Huey P. Newton, the co-founder of the Black Panther Party developed an original theory of imperialism starting in 1970, which he called intercommunalism. Newton believed that imperialism had developed into a new stage known as "reactionary intercommunalism," characterized by the rise of a small "ruling circle" within t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
Arghiri Emmanuel’s theory of unequal exchange, popularized in his 1972 book Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade is considered a major departure from several recurring themes in Marxist studies of imperialism. Notably it does not rely on an analysis of monopoly capital, or the expansion of the capitali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
He furthermore noted that western, developed nations had much higher wages than underdeveloped ones, which he credited to higher rates of unionization rather than a difference in productivity, for which he saw no evidence. This initial difference in wages would then be compounded by the fact that capital is mobile inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism |
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