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Iran Railways, and Iran's Ports and Maritime Organization (PMO) function under the supervision of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development. The Ministry follows a set of objectives and missions in the transport, urban development and housing sectors. These include, but are not limited to: formulating and implementin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Housing and Construction Human Resource Management and Development Legal, Parliamentary Affairs and Provinces Planning and Resource Management Transport Urban Planning and Architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Ports and Maritime Organization (PMO) Iran Railway Company Archived May 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Civil Aviation Organization Islamic Republic of Iran's Airline Archived November 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (Iran Air) Iran's Airports and Air Navigation Company Executive Organization for Public and Governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Mehrdad Bazrpash (7 December 2022 – Present) Shahriar Afandizadeh (22 November 2022 – 7 December 2022) (Acting) Rostam Ghasemi (25 August 2021 – 22 November 2022) Mohammad Eslami (20 October 2018 – 25 August 2021) Abbas Ahmad Akhoundi (15 August 2013 – 20 October 2018) Ali Nikzad (27 June 2011 – 15 August 2013) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Hamid Behbahani (Aug. 05, 2008 – Feb. 01, 2011) Mohammad Rahmati (Feb. 02, 2005 – July 12, 2008) Ahmad Khorram (Aug. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
22, 2001 – Oct. 03, 2004) Rahman Dadman (Jan. 14, 2001 – May 17, 2001) Mahmoud Hojjati (Aug. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
20, 1997 – Jan. 14, 2001) Akbar Torkan (Aug. 16, 1993 – Aug. 20, 1997) Mohammad Saeedikia (1985–1993) Mohammad Hadi Nezhad Hosseinian (1981–1985) Mousa Kalantari (1980–1981) Yousef Taheri (1979–1980) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Ali Nikzad (2009–2011) Mohammad Saeedikia (2005–2009) Ali Abdolalizadeh (1997–2005) Abbas Ahmad Akhoundi (1993–1997) Serajedin Kazerooni (1984–1993) Mir-Hossein Mousavi (acting) (1983–1984) Mohammad Shahab Gonabadi (1980–1983) Mohsen Yahyavi (1979–1980) Mostafa Katiraei (1979) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
The ministry was founded in 1877 as the Ministry of Public Benefits at the time of Naseredin Shah. The ministry was responsible for roads and bridge construction as well as their maintenance. After the formation of General Bureau of Roads in 1922, it was renamed as Ministry of Ways by a Parliamentary law in 1929. Later... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Ministry of Roads and Transportation of Iran (Persian: وزارت راه و ترابری), was the main organ of Iranian Government responsible for administration of roadway, railway, airway and seaway transport inside the country and transport connections between Iran and other countries. The last acting minister was Ali Nikzad. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Roads_and_Urban_Development |
Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.The clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164), was passed by Congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers. This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
1978 came with the passing of Public Law 94- 142 which required free and public education to all disabled children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94–142, PL 99-457, was put into act which would provide services to all disabled children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990–91 school year. PL 94-142 has since ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders. Many of the terms such as mental illness and psychopathology were used to describe adults with such conditions. Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and beha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term "behaviorally disordered" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues. In order to make a more uniformed terminology, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time: Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. Trouble keeping... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
An overall attitude of unhappiness or depression. A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues.The term "EBD" includes students diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the IDEA does not clarify which children would be considered "socially maladjusted". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or other non-traditional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they appear to be more likely to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females may be more likely to exhibit internalizing behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction, though to what exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
A person with EBD with "internalizing" behavior may have poor self-esteem, have depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit non-suicidal self-injury or substance abuse. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or ano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Students with EBD with "externalizing" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive. Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, and/or bipolar disorder; howev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Students who "externalize" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression. Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts.Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Younger children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The degree of required treatments vary depending on the degree of ADD or ADHD the individual has. Treatment for these types of behaviors should include the parents as it is evident that their parenting skills impact on how their child deals with their symptoms, especially when at a younger age. Parents going through a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
In recent years, many researchers have been interested in exploring the relationship between emotional disorders and cognition. Evidence has revealed that there is a relationship between the two. Strauman (1989) investigated how emotional disorders shape a person's cognitive structure, that is, the mental processes peo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
He wanted to determine whether these groups had a cognitive structure showing an actual/ideal (AI) discrepancy (referring to an individual not believing that they have achieved their personal desires) or actual/own/other (AOO) discrepancy (referring to an individual's actions not living up to what their significant oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
They found that when threatening words were presented, people with greater anxiety tended to have increased selective attention, meaning that they reacted quicker to a stimulus in an area where a threatening word was just presented (32-59ms faster). When in the control group, subjects reacted slower when there was a th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
They found that, when compared to individuals who have never had a depressive episode, previously and currently depressed individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination or brooding) more. They also found that when depressed individuals displayed cognitive inhibition (slowing of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
There are many types of services available to EBD students, referenced below. One service is one-on-one support (or an aide) who assists in everyday activities and academics. Another service is foundations offer behavior services as well as counseling support. Some services include classrooms that are dedicated to educ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The state of Texas has the Texas Behavior Support Initiative (TBSI) authorized by Senate Bill 1196 and Texas Administrative Code §89.1053. With its design to provide knowledge for the use of constructive behavior interventions and to aid students, including students with disabilities. TBSI meets the legislative require... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The state of New York has the Foundations Behavioral Health that has been approved out of state educations and residential provider with the New York State Education Dept. Foundations offer Academic and Behavioral Health Services to students between the ages of 14 and 21. This program allows students educational experi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The state of California has Spectrum Center classrooms in Los Angeles and the San Francisco area which are providing Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services. They provide academic classrooms for students who are actively working to improve grade-level standards and working toward getting their high school diplom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The state of Michigan has a Behavioral Education Center (BEC) in Bangor. Its purpose is to aid local schools directs with students between the ages of 5 and 26 years old with EBD's. Along with having students use appropriate behaviors and skills to successfully return to their local school setting. Classroom programs, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
The state of Florida has Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network (SEDNET). SEDNET projects across the state aid the local school districts to work with those at-risk of EBD's. “Dealing with adverse behavior in the educational environment,” it serves students who poorly function at home, school, or commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
SEDNET 2A Services: Family Services Planning Team (FSPT)- agencies, school officials and SEDNET meet with parents to assist and aid the child's poor performance at school and home. Positive Behavior Support providing technical assistance to promote positive behavior. Classroom Observation/Teacher Consultation- working ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders |
Birth spacing, pregnancy spacing, inter-birth interval (IBI) or inter-pregnancy interval refers to how soon after a prior pregnancy a woman becomes pregnant or gives birth again. There are health risks associated both with pregnancies placed closely together and those placed far apart, but the majority of health risks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
A shorter interval may be appropriate if the pregnancy ended in abortion or miscarriage, typically 6 months. If the mother has had a prior C-section, it is advisable to wait before giving birth again due to the risk of uterine rupture in the mother during childbirth, with recommendations of a minimum inter-delivery int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
Family planning, such as the use of contraceptives can increase inter-pregnancy interval. Breastfeeding and extended breastfeeding can also increase birth spacing due to lactational amenorrhea.Cultural and religious attitudes towards both sex and the use of contraceptives, price and availability of health care, and pov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
Short inter-pregnancy interval is associated with an increase in maternal mortality, stillbirth, and child mortality. Inter-pregnancy interval of lower than 18 months is associated with an increased risk of pre-term birth. Evidence for causality of these associations in high-resource environments is weak.Short inter-pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
An inter-pregnancy interval of greater than five years is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
The global public health burden of short inter-pregnancy intervals is substantial. In developing countries, children born two years or earlier after an older sibling were at a 60% increased risk of death in infancy, while those born between two and three years had a 10% increase, compared with those born after interval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
In one study, the average birth interval across all countries was 32.1 months (2.7 years). The region with the greatest percentage of short interbirth intervals was central Asia, where a third of children were born less than 24 months apart. The region with lowest burden was Sub-Saharan Africa, with 20% of births havin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
The inter-birth intervals in wild apes are reported to be significantly longer than those in humans, with median birth intervals at 3.8 years for gorillas, 5.6 years for chimpanzees and 7.7 years for orangutans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_spacing |
Holistic nursing is a way of treating and taking care the patient as a whole body which involves physical, social environment, psychological, cultural and religious beliefs. There are many theories that support the importance of nurses approaching the patient holistically and how education on this are there to support ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
This speciality has a theoretical basis in a few grand nursing theories, most notably the science of unitary human beings, as published by Martha E. Rogers in An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing, and the mid-range theory Empowered Holistic Nursing Education, as published by Dr. Katie Love. Holistic nurs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic nursing is based on the fundamental theories of nursing, such as the works of Florence Nightingale and Jean Watson as well as alternative theories of world connectedness, wholeness, and healing. Holistic nurses respect the patient as the decision-maker throughout the continuum of care. The holistic nurse and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
The goal for holistic nursing is in the definition of holistic where it is to treat the patient in whole not just physically. Various nursing theories have helped on viewing the importance holistic nursing. These theories may differ on the views of holistic nursing care but have common goal which is to treat the patien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
One of the theories is The Intersystem Model, explaining that individuals are holistic being therefore their illness are interacted and adapted them as a whole not just physically. Also as health can be a different value to individuals which ranges constantly from well-being to disease. For example, despite their chron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic nursing combines standard nursing interventions with various modalities that are focused on treating the patient in totality. Alternative therapies can include stress management, aroma therapy, and therapeutic touch. The combination of interventions allows the patient to heal in mind, body, and spirit by focus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
The holistic assessment of the patient can include spiritual, transpersonal, and energy-field assessments in combination with the standard physical and emotional assessments. The therapeutic plan of care in holistic nursing includes a highly individualized and unique plan for each patient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic nurses recognize that the plan of care will change based on the individual patient, and therefore embrace healing as a process that is always changing and adapting to the individual's personal healing journey. Therapies utilized by holistic nurses include stress management techniques and alternative or complem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
In holistic nursing, taking care of the patient does not differ from other nursing, but is focused on mental and spiritual needs as well as physical health. In holistic nursing there should be a therapeutic trust between the patient and nurse, as caring holistically involves knowing the patient's illness as whole. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Also as caring could be involved as assertive action, quiet support or even both which assist in understanding a person's cultural differences, physical and social needs. Through this the nurse is able to give more holistic care to meet the social and spiritual needs of the patient. The attitude of nurse includes helpi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
In holistic caring there is spiritual care where it needs an understanding of patient's beliefs and religious views. This is the reason why there should be therapeutic trust between nurse and patient, as in order to understand and respect the patient's religious beliefs the nurse has to get information from the patient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic nurses use intentional listening techniques ("Focus completely on the speaker") and unconditional positive regard to communicate with patients. The goal of using these communication techniques is to create authentic, compassionate, and therapeutic relationships with each patient.In holistic nursing having ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
As communication is vital element in nursing it is strongly recommended to nurses to understand what is needed and how to communicate with patients. Communicating with patients can help in the performances of nurses in holistic nursing as by communicating the nurses are able to understand the cultural, social values an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
In holistic nursing non-verbal communication is also another skill that is taught to nurses which are expressed by gestures, facial expression, posture and creating physical barriers. In holistic nursing as all individuals are not all the same but their social and psychological illness should be treated it is up to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic nursing focuses on creating not only a therapeutic relationship with patients but also on creating a therapeutic environment for patients. Several of the therapies included in holistic nursing rely on therapeutic environments to be successful and effective. A therapeutic environment empowers patients to connec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
As in hospital there are many disturbances which can effect in patients’ quality of sleep and due to this the patients are lacking in aid for healing, recovery and emotional wellbeing. Nurse being able note or take care of patient's sleep will determine how closely they are approaching to holistic nursing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Depending on disease some the treatment may differ and may need further check-ups or program for patients to do. For example, there are higher chance for women to get cardiovascular disease but there is less number of enrollment for cardiac rehabilitation program compared to men. This was due to the environment of hosp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Part of any type of nursing includes understanding the patient's comprehension level, ability to cope, social supports, and background or base knowledge. The nurse must use this information to effectively communicate with the patient and the patient's family, to build a trusting relationship, and to comprehensively edu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Culture can be defined as how people create collective beliefs and shared practices in order to make sense of their lived experiences which how concepts of language, religion and ethnicity are built in the culture. As the meaning of holistic nursing to heal the person as a whole knowing their cultural identities or bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
As in holistic approach culture, beliefs and values are essential components to achieve the goal. People's actions to promote, maintain and restore health and healing are mainly influenced by their culture which is why knowing other cultures will assist in holistic nursing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
By developing knowledge, communication, assessment skills and practices for nurses it guides to provide better experiences to patients who have diverse beliefs, values, and behaviors that respects their social, cultural and linguistic needs. As for most patients and families their decision on having treatment against i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Holistic registered nurses are responsible for learning the scope of practice established in Holistic Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice(2007) and for incorporating every core value into daily practice. It is the holistic nurse's responsibility to become familiar with both conventional practices as well as altern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
The goal of holistic nursing is treat the patient's individual's social, cognitive, emotional and physical problems as well as understanding their spiritual and cultural beliefs. Involving holistic nursing in the education will help future nurses to be more familiar in the terms holistic and how to approach the concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
In holistic nursing the nurses are taught on the five core values in caring, critical thinking, holism, nursing role development and accountability. These values help the nurse to be able to focus on the health care on the clients, their families and the allied health practitioners who is also involved in patient care.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Education on holistic nursing would be beneficial to nurses if this concept is introduced earlier as repetition of educating holistic nursing could also be the revision of it. There is different education on commutating skills and an example would be the non-verbal and verbal communication with patients. This is done t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Through the holistic nurse's integration of self-care, self-awareness, and self-healing practices, the holistic nurse is living the values that are taught to patients in practice. Holistic "nurses cannot facilitate healing unless they are in the process of healing themselves. "In order to provide holistic nursing to pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
By nurses being able achieve balance and harmony in their lives it can assist to understand how to take care of patient holistically. In Florida Atlantic University there is a program that focus on all caring aspects and recognize how to take care of others as well as on how to start evaluation on their own mind, body ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
National certification for holistic nursing is regulated by the American Holistic Nurses Certification Corporation (AHNCC). There are two levels of certification: one for nurses holding a bachelor's degree and one for nurses holding a master's degree. Accreditation through the AHNCC is approved by the American Nurses C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA): Mission Statement "The Mission of the American Holistic Nurses Association is to illuminate holism in nursing practice, community, advocacy, research and education." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Canadian Holistic Nurses Association (CHNA): Mission Statement "To support the practice of holistic nursing across Canada by: acting as a body of knowledge for its practitioners, by advocating with policy makers and provincial regulatory bodies and by educating Canadians on the benefits of complementary and integrative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
Australian Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) "The Mission of the Australian Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) is to illuminate holism in nursing practice, research, and education; act as a body of knowledge for its practitioners; advocate with policymakers and regulatory bodies; and educate Australians on the benefit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_nursing |
The Walam Olum, Walum Olum or Wallam Olum, usually translated as "Red Record" or "Red Score", is purportedly a historical narrative of the Lenape (Delaware) Native American tribe. The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
In 1836 in his first volume of The American Nations, Rafinesque published what he represented as an English translation of the entire text of the Walam Olum, as well as a portion in the Lenape language. The Walam Olum includes a creation myth, a deluge myth, and the narrative of a series of migrations. Rafinesque and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
The narrative begins with the formation of the universe, the shaping of the Earth, and the creation of the first people, by the Great Manitou. Then, as the Great Manitou creates more creatures, an evil manitou creates others, such as flies. Although all is harmonious at first, an evil being brings unhappiness, sickness... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
The snake flooded the land and made monsters in the water, but the Creator made a giant turtle, on which the surviving people rode out the flood, and prayed for the waters to recede. When land emerged again, they were in a place of snow and cold, so they developed their skills of house-building and hunting, and began e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
After a few generations (from this point on, chiefs of the tribe are named), they began to spread into the adjoining territories. Many generations passed (the characteristics of each chief briefly described), until a large part of the nation decided to invade the territory of the Talegawi people, aided by the northern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Slow expansion into the rich eastern lands eventually reached another sea, where, after generations, the first white men arrived in ships. There the text ends, though Rafinesque did publish an additional "Fragment: On the History of the Linapis since abt. 1600, when the Wallamolum closes" which takes the story up to hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Rafinesque claimed the original narrative was recorded in pictographs on birch bark, or cedar wood tablets or sticks (Rafinesque explained that "Olum ... implies a record, a notched stick, an engraved piece of wood or bark.") He said "the late Dr. Ward of Indiana" acquired the materials in 1820 from a Lenape patient in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
After his translation was published, Rafinesque said he lost the actual plaques.When Rafinesque wrote an essay on the Lenape language in October 1834, he did not mention the Walam Olum at all. It was two months later that he submitted a supplement about it. This was shortly after he acquired a list of authentic Lenape ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Rafinesque's translation of the 183 verses totals fewer than 3,000 words. In his manuscript he juxtaposed the pictographs with the verses in Lenape language that explained them. This material is now held at the University of Pennsylvania and has been digitized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Any items in Rafinesque's large collection of specimens, which did not find a ready sale after his death were apparently destroyed. There is no evidence other than Rafinesque's testimony that the original sticks existed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Scholars have only his work to study. Twentieth-century archaeology has confirmed that by Rafinesque's time, Native Americans had been using birch bark scrolls for over 200 years. In 1965 the archaeologist Kenneth Kidd reported on two finds of "trimmed and fashioned pieces of birch bark on which have been scratched fig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
While there was controversy about the Walam Olum, it was treated as an accurate account by historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists for many years. Ephraim G. Squier, widely regarded as an influential figure of American 19th-century archaeology, republished the text in 1849. He accepted it as genuine, partially ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
More recently, Barnhart noted that Copway was "fluent in his native dialect and knowledgeable of the traditions of the Ojibwa and other Algonquian groups such as the Lenape, but he was certainly not an expert on the traditions and language of the Delaware." On February 16, 1849, after the documented was republished, He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Brinton explained, "In several cases the figures or symbols appear to me to bear out the corrected translations which I have given of the lines, and not that of Rafinesque. This, it will be observed, is an evidence, not merely that he must have received this text from other hands, but the figures also, and weighs heavi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
In the 1930s, Erminie Voegelin attempted to find evidence of Walam Olum narrative elements in independent Lenni-Lenape and Delaware sources; the parallels were at best inconclusive. Doubts about the text's authenticity began to grow. In 1952 renowned archaeologist James Bennett Griffin publicly announced that he "had n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
In 1954 archaeologist John G. Witthoft found linguistic inaccuracies and suspicious correspondences of words in the texts to 19th-century Lenape-English word lists. He concluded that Rafinesque composed the narrative from Lenape texts already in print. The following year, he announced in the Journal of American Linguis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
They stated, "The 'Red Score' is a worthy subject for students of aboriginal culture." A reviewer noted that the team was not able to identify Dr. Ward, and he concluded that the document's origins "are undeniably clouded". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Anthropologist Della Collins Cook commented on the 1954 study, "The scholarly essays are best read as exercises in stating one's contradictory conclusions in a manner designed to give as little offense as possible to one's sponsor." Other translations and commentaries have followed, including translations into language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
In it he wrote: "A surviving pictographic record on wood, preserved by the Algonquian-speaking Delaware long after they had been shifted from their original homeland on Atlantic shores at the mouth of the Delaware River, offers evidence of how ancient and widespread is the myth of a flood (see Deluge (mythology)) invol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
A final word, but one that is of paramount importance, must be voiced. How will the Ojibwa react to this book? Most likely, negatively, from the few comments received to date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
The fact that "Sacred" information is being divulged will be resented. "By the 1980s, however, ethnologists had collected enough independent information "to discount the Walam olum completely as a tradition". Herbert C. Kraft, an expert on the Lenape, had long suspected the document to be a fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
He stated that it did not square with the archaeological record of migrations by the prehistoric ancestors of the Lenape. In addition, he cited a 1985 survey conducted among Lenape elders by ethnologists David M. Oestreicher and James Rementer that revealed traditional Lenape had never heard of the narrative. The older... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Oestreicher examined the Lenape language text with fluent native speaker, Lucy Parks Blalock, and they found problems such as frequent use of English idioms.In 1991 Steven Williams summarized the history of the case and the evidence against the document, lumping it with many other famous archaeological frauds. The exis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
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