text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
The sentence was widely criticised within the legal system, because under Finnish law the maximum sentence for multiple counts of attempted manslaughter is 12 years. Lauri Lehtimaja, the Ombudsman of the Parliament, gave a warning to the court judge about his misuse of the law. The Helsinki Court of Appeal lowered the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The documents of the case were classified for 40 years.In 2002 Steven Thomas was quietly released and deported from Finland to an unknown location.A Finnish man convicted of spreading HIV knowingly through unprotected sex with many women was Aki Matti Hakkarainen. He was first convicted in 2005 and sentenced to one yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
On 5 October 2007, police published the name and photo of Hakkarainen in newspapers in an effort to reach all women who had had sexual intercourse with him.In court, Hakkarainen admitted to having unprotected sex with the women but denied trying to infect them with the virus. On 22 April 2008, Rovaniemi court concluded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
In the Federal Republic of Germany on 16 August 2010, Nadja Benaissa of the German pop music group No Angels admitted to sex with several men while knowing her HIV-positive status, and infecting one of those several, who subsequently brought the case against her. She faced prison, but was instead given probation (two y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The HIV trial in Libya, also called 'the Bulgarian nurses affair', concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect over 400 children with HIV in 1998, causing an epidemic at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.The defendants, ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
They were first sentenced to death, had their case remanded by Libya's highest court, and were sentenced to death again, which was upheld by Libya's highest court in early July 2007. A Libyan government panel later commuted their sentences to life in prison. The six were released following a deal reached with European ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The EU did not condone the guilty verdict in Libya against the six.On 24 July 2007, the five medics and the doctor were extradited to Bulgaria, where their sentences were commuted by the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov and they were freed. Libya has since complained about the releases, and the issue remains ongoing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
New Zealand's first case for criminal HIV transmission occurred in 1993, when Peter Mwai, a Kenyan visiting New Zealand on a tourist visa, was sentenced to seven years in prison for infecting at least two women with HIV through unprotected sexual intercourse. Mwai came to New Zealand police attention after a woman repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
At least two of the women tested positive for HIV. Peter Mwai was charged under existing laws, for causing 'grievous body harm' and 'reckless endangerment'.On 6 October 2005 a New Zealand District Court ruled that HIV-positive people need not tell sexual partners about their status so long as safe sex is practiced. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
His partner had not been infected. The same man was convicted of criminal nuisance earlier for having unprotected sex with another partner without revealing his HIV status.In May 2009, a 40-year-old bisexual man from Auckland was thought to have infected at least five younger gay men between 2008 and 2009. One of the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
On 16 June 2009 the court heard that two more people had come forward with complaints bringing the total to six. The eight charges included that he "with reckless disregard for the safety of others caused – or attempted to cause – grievous bodily harm to five males aged 17, 20, 24, 26, and 31, plus a female aged 19." H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Three HIV-positive men, Peter Mulder, Hans Jurgens and Wim Dekker, were jailed in 2008 on charges of attempting to inflict grievous bodily harm after drugging and raping 14 men, some of whom they injected with their own HIV-infected blood. Twelve of the victims were HIV-positive or suffering from AIDS at the time of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
In Poland under Art. 161 of the Criminal Code, persons who knowingly risk infecting others with HIV are liable to be jailed up to 3 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Infecting another individual with HIV is a criminal offense unless that individual knew about HIV infection beforehand and consented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Transmission generally may fall under sections 18, 20, 23, 24 or 47 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (respectively grievous bodily harm (GBH) with intent or to resist arrest, GBH generally, poisoning (two sections), and actual bodily harm). As of 19 June 2006, there had been seven convictions for the sexual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
In 2006, a 43-year-old woman pleaded guilty to recklessly inflicting grievous bodily harm on her 31-year-old lover.Only two cases pleaded 'not guilty', and both have gone to appeal. In R. v Dica the Court of Appeal held that a person was reckless if, knowing that they were HIV-positive, they transmitted HIV to a person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
It was not necessary to prove that the transmission had involved an assault for the "inflicting" of the disease. They acknowledged that there could be a higher standard of disclosure expected of someone in a relationship, compared with the "known risks" involved in casual sex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Matthew Weait has critically discussed the case.In R. v Konzani the same court held that a person accused of recklessly transmitting HIV could only raise the defense of consent, in cases where that consent was a "willing" or "conscious" consent. In other words, the court distinguished between "willingly running the ris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The first, from Cardiff, was jailed for 2 years; the second, Sarah Jane Porter, was convicted of grievous bodily harm through the reckless transmission of HIV, and was sentenced to 32 months in prison in June 2006.The National AIDS Trust has published a table of cases of people in England and Wales charged with reckles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
In February 2001 Stephen Kelly, an ex-prisoner and former IV drug user, was convicted of the Scots common law offence of "recklessly injuring" his former partner by infecting her with HIV. In HMA v Deveraux (2010), the HIV positive defendant pleaded guilty to reckless injury on four counts, one of which led to the vict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Criminal statutes against transmission of HIV exist primarily at the state level. These were significantly influenced by the passage of the Ryan White CARE Act which predicated federal funding for state AIDS treatment programs on states having said statutes in place.In July 2010 the White House announced a major change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
criminal justice system. It released a manual of HIV-specific laws and prosecutions in the 50 states, District of Columbia, U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
territories, federal government, and military in 2010.On 23 September 2011, Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA) introduced H.R. 3053, The Repeal Existing Policies that Encourage and Allow Legal HIV Discrimination Act or the REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act calls for review of all federal and state laws, policies, and regulations regarding the criminal prosecution of individuals for HIV-related offenses. The bill died in the Subcommittee on Health, and also in 2013/2014 when introduced as H.R. 1843 and referred to the Subcommittee on Mili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
Research has been done on the effects of the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure. It has been demonstrated that these types of laws increase HIV stigma and negatively affect public health. HIV non-disclosure laws and criminalization of HIV transmission may make people less likely to access HIV testing and less likely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV |
The Islamic Monthly (TIM) is an online magazine published in the United States. The magazine was first published in 2011. Established by Amina Chaudary, it is self-defined as an independent, nonreligious publication that fosters discussion on a broad range of issues and concerns related to Muslims in the modern world. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Islamic_Monthly |
A pun, also rarely known as paronomasia, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative language. A pun differs from a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture. Puns have a long history in writing. For example, the Roman playwright Plautus was famous for his puns and word games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A homophonic pun is one that uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous. Walter Redfern summarized this type with his statement, "To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms." For example, in George Carlin's phrase "atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word prophet is put in place of its ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Answer: To keep the Russians in Czech" relies on the aural ambiguity of the homophones check and Czech. Often, puns are not strictly homophonic, but play on words of similar, not identical, sound as in the example from the Pinky and the Brain cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A homographic pun exploits words that are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their origin, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Examples in which the punned words typically exist in two different parts of speech often rely on unusual sentence construction, as in the anecdote: "When asked to explain his large number of children, the pig answered simply: 'The wild oats of my sow gave us many piglets.'" An example that combines homophonic and homo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words that are both homographs and homophones. The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
playing on strained as "to give much effort" and "to filter". A homonymic pun may also be polysemic, in which the words must be homonymic and also possess related meanings, a condition that is often subjective. However, lexicographers define polysemes as listed under a single dictionary lemma (a unique numbered meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns. In this case, the wordplay cannot go into effect by utilizing the separate words or phrases of the puns that make up the entire statement. For example, a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred." This pun uses sand which is there/sandwiches there, Ham/ham, mustered/mustard, and bred/bread. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Similarly, the phrase "piano is not my forte" links two meanings of the words forte and piano, one for the dynamic markings in music and the second for the literal meaning of the sentence, as well as alluding to "pianoforte", the older name of the instrument. Compound puns may also combine two phrases that share a word... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first. For example, the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Another example is "Infinity is not in finity", which means infinity is not in finite range. Another example is "a Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother." The recursive pun "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant", is attributed to Oscar Wilde. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Visual puns are sometimes used in logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects is replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms. Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Another type of visual pun exists in languages that use non-phonetic writing. For example, in Chinese, a pun may be based on a similarity in shape of the written character, despite a complete lack of phonetic similarity in the words punned upon. Mark Elvin describes how this "peculiarly Chinese form of visual punning i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
"Visual puns on the bearer's name are used extensively as forms of heraldic expression, they are called canting arms. They have been used for centuries across Europe and have even been used recently by members of the British royal family, such as on the arms of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and of Princess Beatrice ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Paronomasia is the formal term for punning, playing with words to create humorous or rhetorical effect. Paronomastic puns often manipulate well-known idioms, proverbs, or phrases to deliver a punned twist. The classic structure of a joke, with a setup leading to a punchline, is a common format for paronomastic puns, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
This type of pun is frequently used in advertisements, comedy, and literature to provide a clever and memorable message. One notable example comes from an advertising slogan for a moving company: "We don't charge an arm and a leg. We want your tows." Here, the familiar phrase "an arm and a leg" is paronomastically punn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Metonymic puns exploit the metonymic relationship between words - where a word or phrase is used to represent something it's closely associated with. In such puns, one term is substituted for another term with which it's closely linked by a concept or idea. The humor or wit of the pun often comes from the unexpected ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
For instance, consider a hypothetical news headline: "The White House loses its balance." In this case, "The White House" is used metonymically to represent the U.S. government, and "balance" could be interpreted both as physical stability (as if the building itself is tipping over) or fiscal balance (as in the budget)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Syllepsis, or heteronymy, is a form of punning where a single word simultaneously affects the rest of the sentence, while it changes the meaning of the idiom it is used in. This form of punning uses the word in its literal and metaphorical senses at once, creating a surprising and often humorous effect. An example of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
This type of punning can often be seen in literature, particularly in works that play extensively with language. (She razed his self-esteem in how she raised the children.) Notable practitioners of the sylleptic pun include authors such as P. G. Wodehouse, who once wrote, "If not actually disgruntled, he was far from b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Antanaclasis is a type of pun where a single word or phrase is repeated, but the meaning changes each time. The humor or wit derives from the surprising shift in meaning of a familiar word or phrase. This form of punning often relies on homophones, homonyms, or simply the contextual flexibility of a word or phrase. A c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
In this quote, the word "hang" is first used to mean "stay" or "work together," but then, it is repeated with the meaning "be executed." This punning style is prevalent in both humorous and serious contexts, adding layers of complexity to the language by highlighting the multifaceted nature of words. Such puns are freq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Richard J. Alexander notes two additional forms that puns may take: graphological (sometimes called visual) puns, such as concrete poetry; and morphological puns, such as portmanteaux. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Puns are a common source of humour in jokes and comedy shows. They are often used in the punch line of a joke, where they typically give a humorous meaning to a rather perplexing story. These are also known as feghoots. The following example comes from the movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, though t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
The final line puns on the stock phrase "the lesser of two evils". After Aubrey offers his pun (to the enjoyment of many), Dr. Maturin shows a disdain for the craft with his reply, "One who would pun would pick-a-pocket." Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
They're the same species of Curculio." Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
If there were no other option." Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth." Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, one must always choose the lesser of the two weevils." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Not infrequently, puns are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, replacing some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. For example, collegiate a cappella groups are often named after musical p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also that work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary. 2014 saw the inaugural UK Pun Championships, at the Leicester Comedy Festival, hosted by Lee Nelson. Walsh went on to take part in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Sometimes called "books never written" or "world's greatest books", these are jokes that consist of fictitious book titles with authors' names that contain a pun relating to the title. Perhaps the best-known example is: "Tragedy on the Cliff by Eileen Dover", which according to one source was devised by humourist Peter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Non-humorous puns were and are a standard poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of wordplay have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare. In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Shakespeare is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays. Even though many of the puns were bawdy, Elizabethan literature considered puns and wordplay to be a "sign of literary refinement" more so than humor. This is evidenced by the deployment of puns in serious or "seemingly inappropriate" scenes, like when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire. It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations are irresistible." Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as the lowest form of humour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Puns can function as a rhetorical device, where the pun serves as a persuasive instrument for an author or speaker. Although puns are sometimes perceived as trite or silly, if used responsibly a pun "can be an effective communication tool in a variety of situations and forms". A major difficulty in using puns in this m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Like other forms of wordplay, paronomasia is occasionally used for its attention-getting or mnemonic qualities, making it common in titles and the names of places, characters, and organizations, and in advertising and slogans. Many restaurant and shop names use puns: Cane & Able mobility healthcare, Sam & Ella's Chicke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
This is also an example of a multilingual pun, full understanding of which requires knowledge of more than one language on the part of the listener. Names of fictional characters also often carry puns, such as Ash Ketchum, the protagonist of the anime series Pokémon, and Goku ("Kakarrot"), the protagonist of the manga ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A recurring motif in the Austin Powers films repeatedly puns on names that suggest male genitalia. In the science fiction television series Star Trek, "B-4" is used as the name of one of four androids models constructed "before" the android Data, a main character. A librarian in another Star Trek episode was named "Mr.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
The parallel sequel The Lion King 1½ advertised with the phrase "You haven't seen the 1/2 of it!". Wyborowa Vodka employed the slogan "Enjoyed for centuries straight", while Northern Telecom used "Technology the world calls on. "On 1 June 2015 the BBC Radio 4 You and Yours included a feature on "Puntastic Shop Titles".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Paronomasia has found a strong foothold in the media. William Safire of The New York Times suggests that "the root of this pace-growing is often a headline-writer's need for quick catchiness, and has resulted in a new tolerance for a long-despised form of humor." It can be argued that paronomasia is common in media he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
A notable example is the New York Post headline "Headless Body in Topless Bar".Paronomasia is prevalent orally as well. Salvatore Attardo believes that puns are verbal humor. He talks about Pepicello and Weisberg's linguistic theory of humor and believes the only form of linguistic humor is limited to puns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
This is because a pun is a play on the word itself. Attardo believes that only puns are able to maintain humor and this humor has significance. It is able to help soften a situation and make it less serious, it can help make something more memorable, and using a pun can make the speaker seem witty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Paronomasia is strong in print media and oral conversation so it can be assumed that paronomasia is strong in broadcast media as well. Examples of paronomasia in media are sound bites. They could be memorable because of the humor and rhetoric associated with paronomasia, thus making the significance of the soundbite st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
There exist subtle differences between paronomasia and other literary techniques, such as the double entendre. While puns are often simple wordplay for comedic or rhetorical effect, a double entendre alludes to a second meaning that is not contained within the statement or phrase itself, often one that purposefully dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
In addition, homographic puns are sometimes compared to the stylistic device antanaclasis, and homophonic puns to polyptoton. Puns can be used as a type of mnemonic device to enhance comprehension in an educational setting. Used discreetly, puns can effectively reinforce content and aid in the retention of material. So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Puns were found in ancient Egypt, where they were heavily used in the development of myths and interpretation of dreams.In China, Shen Dao (ca. 300 BC) used "shi", meaning "power", and "shi", meaning "position" to say that a king has power because of his position as king.In ancient Mesopotamia around 2500 BC, punning w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun |
Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions. It ranges from an inability to coherently understand person, place, time, and situation, to complete orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental) |
Assessment of a persons mental orientation is frequently designed to evaluate the need for focused diagnosis and treatment of conditions leading to Altered Mental Status (AMS). A variety of basic prompts and tests are available to determine a person's level of orientation. These tests frequently primarily assess the ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental) |
Disorientation has a variety of causes, physiological and mental in nature. Physiological disorientation is frequently caused by an underlying or acute condition. Disease or injury that impairs the delivery of essential nutrients such as glucose, oxygen, fluids, or electrolytes can impair homeostasis, and therefore neu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental) |
A perverse incentive is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result that is contrary to the intentions of its designers. The cobra effect is the most direct kind of perverse incentive, typically because the incentive unintentionally rewards people for making the issue worse. The term is used to illustrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
The term cobra effect was coined by economist Horst Siebert based on an anecdotal occurrence in India during British rule. The British government, concerned about the number of venomous cobras in Delhi, offered a bounty for every dead cobra. Initially, this was a successful strategy; large numbers of snakes were killed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
When the government became aware of this, the reward program was scrapped. When cobra breeders set their now-worthless snakes free, the wild cobra population further increased. This story is often cited as an example of Goodhart's Law or Campbell's Law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre occurred in 1902, in Hanoi, Vietnam (then known as French Indochina), when, under French colonial rule, the colonial government created a bounty program that paid a reward for each rat killed. To collect the bounty, people would need to provide the severed tail of a rat. Colonial officials,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
The Vietnamese rat catchers would capture rats, sever their tails, then release them back into the sewers so that they could produce more rats. Experiencing an issue with feral pigs, the U.S. Army post of Fort Benning (now named Fort Moore) in Georgia offered hunters a $40-bounty for every pig tail turned in. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Over the course of the 2007–2008 program, the feral pig population in the area increased. While there were some reports that individuals purchased pigs' tails from meat processors then resold the tails to the Army at the higher bounty price, a detailed study of the bounty scheme found different effects from perverse in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
This was due to improved nutrition made available by the feed bait used to attract the animals to hunting sites. Secondly, hunters were found to be more likely to preferentially target large males as "trophy"-quality game, while ignoring females and juveniles as targets. Removal of mature males from the population has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
In 2002 British officials in Afghanistan offered Afghan poppy farmers $700 an acre in return for destroying their poppy crops. This ignited a poppy-growing frenzy among Afghan farmers who sought to plant as many poppies as they could in order to collect payouts from the cash-for-poppies program. Some farmers harvested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Some residents of areas with gun buyback programs have 3D printed large numbers of crude parts that met the minimum legal definition of a firearm, for the purpose of immediately turning them in for the cash payout. The FASTER Act of 2021 in the U.S. was intended to aid those with an allergy to sesame in avoiding the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
The United States Endangered Species Act of 1973 imposes development restrictions on landowners who find endangered species on their property. While this policy has some positive effects for wildlife, it also encourages preemptive habitat destruction (draining swamps or cutting down trees that might host valuable speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
In 2005 the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change began an incentive scheme to cut down on greenhouse gases. Companies disposing of polluting gases were rewarded with carbon credits, which could eventually get converted into cash. The program set prices according to how serious the damage the pollutant could do ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
As a result, companies began to produce more of this coolant in order to destroy more of the byproduct waste gas, and collect millions of dollars in credits. This increased production also caused the price of the refrigerant to decrease significantly, motivating refrigeration companies to continue using it, despite the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Renewable Heat Incentive scandal – (commonly referred to as the Cash for Ash scandal) Introduced by the devolved government in Northern Ireland, the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) was a 20-year scheme intended to encourage businesses to reduce energy usage and promote switching to green sources. However, the subsidy fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
As an incentive to preserve historical buildings, governments may designate older structures as historical properties; such classification may prevent or impede further sale or alteration of the property. Any compensation offered may be significantly less than normal commercial returns on properties or land. Examples r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
In 2017, the owners of an unlisted historic building in Bristol destroyed a 400-year-old ceiling the day before a scheduled visit by listings officers, allegedly to prevent the building from being listed, which could have limited future development. According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation an increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Paying medical professionals and reimbursing insured patients for treatment but not prevention encourages medical conditions to be ignored until treatment is required. Moreover, paying only for treatment effectively discourages prevention (which would improve quality of life for the patient but would also reduce the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
In the 2000s, Canada negotiated a "Safe Third Country Agreement" with the U.S. under which applicants for political asylum could only apply in the first of the two countries they reached, in order to discourage asylum shopping. Among the provisions was one that denied anyone entering Canada at an official port of entry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Canada wound up processing thousands more applications for asylum than it had planned to. The "welfare trap" theory describes perverse incentives that occur when money earned through part-time or minimum-wage employment results in a reduction in state benefits that would have been greater than the amount earned, thereb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Hacktoberfest is an October-long celebration to promote contributions to the free and open-source software communities. In 2020, participants were encouraged to submit four or more pull requests to any public free or open-source (FOS) repository, with a free "Hacktoberfest 2020" T-shirt for the first 75,000 participant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Around 2010, online retailer Vitaly Borker found that customer posts elsewhere on the Internet about negative experiences with his eyeglass-sale website, DecorMyEyes, actually drove more traffic to it since the sheer volume of links pushed the site to the top of Google searches. He thus made a point of responding to cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
The 20th-century paleontologist G. H. R. von Koenigswald used to pay Javanese locals for each fragment of hominin skull that they produced. He later discovered that the people had been breaking up whole skulls into smaller pieces to maximize their payments. In building the first transcontinental railroad in the 1860s, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
As a result, Thomas C. Durant of Union Pacific Railroad lengthened a section of the route forming a bow shape unnecessarily adding miles of track. Funding fire departments by the number of fire calls that are made is intended to reward fire departments that do the most work. However, it may discourage them from fire-pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_effect |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.