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Debates range over the value of intermittent surveys versus other techniques (micro surveys, open feedback form, news feeds, etc.) Does the concept of work–life balance need to be revisited? To what extent are employees motivated by the mission statement of an organisation? Does human nature or neuroscience have a role in employee engagement programs? Do employees need to be empowered? The employee engagement gap: what should HR do to improve? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_engagement |
Engagement has also been applied in relation to volunteers, for example more engaged Scout volunteers are likely to have increased satisfaction towards management. Work engagement relates to the positive internal mental state of a volunteer toward required tasks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_engagement |
Dilbert comic strip #1 Dilbert comic strip #2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_engagement |
In common law legal systems, the term of art 'vindicatory damages' is a taxonomic label to describe a certain type of damages awarded by courts to individuals who have suffered a legal wrong. Vindicatory damages are distinct from other forms of damages, as they are awarded for the primary purpose of recognizing and affirming the inherent value of legal rights held by an affected party. This may be contrasted with other forms of damages, such as compensatory damages, or punitive damages, which are awarded for a different purpose. The concept of 'vindicatory damages' has been articulated by legal academics and practitioners as an explanation, or justification, for awards of damages in cases involving an award of damages that could not easily be rationalized by reference to principles such as compensation or deterrence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindicatory_damages |
For some jurisdictions, a 'vindicatory approach' has informed awards of damages in response to breaches of constitutional rights. This has been the case for both the Supreme Court of Canada in respect of the Canadian Charter, as well as the Constitutional Court of South Africa in respect of the South African Bill of Rights.In other jurisdictions, such as Australia and the United Kingdom; apex courts have denied the applicability of vindicatory principles in the award of damages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindicatory_damages |
Jason Varuhas, a scholar of the common law has argued that vindicatory damages are a part of a long-standing tradition in common law legal systems; and criticized recent decisions by courts decline damage awards in some contexts as a 'deviation from orthodoxy'. In his book Damages and Human Rights, he has pointed to the struggles faced by court systems when attempting to rationalize damages awarded for breaches of bills of rights, and argues for courts to adopt a vindicatory approach modeled on the rules and principles applied in tort cases where basic rights are violated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindicatory_damages |
Health care ratings are ratings or evaluations of health care. In the United States they have been an increasingly used tool to try to drive accountability among health care providers and in the context of classic supply/demand view of Health economics, to help health care consumers make better choices.Reviews in 2008 and 2009 review of research on the effects of health care ratings found that there was evidence that public ratings drove hospitals to improve their performance, but there was limited evidence that they affected how consumers choose health care providers or insurance plans, or that they changed the performance of individual doctors or insurance companies.In may cases it is difficult to create health care ratings that can meaningfully summarize any individual provider's performance in a way that be compared with others', and data is often lacking with which to generate ratings.People may have difficulty finding the ratings, especially if they are negative. To make these reports more accessible, large philanthropies, including the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, have funded major initiatives that are focused on performance measurement like the Aligning Forces for Quality program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_ratings |
Proportionality for Solid Coalitions (PSC) is a voting system criterion relating to ranked voting systems. It's the essential requirement to guarantee a proportional representation of voters in multiple winner ranked voting systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
Informally speaking, a solid coalition is a group of voters who prefer any candidate within a certain set of candidates over any candidate not in the set. A set of voters V {\displaystyle V} is a solid coalition for a set of candidates C {\displaystyle C} , if every voter in V {\displaystyle V} ranks every candidate in C {\displaystyle C} ahead of every candidate that is not in C {\displaystyle C} . When a voter is part of a solid coalition that prefers some set of candidates, they are said to be "solidly supporting" or "solidly committed to" that set of candidates. Any voter who ranks a single candidate as their 1st choice solidly supports that candidate.Note that a solid coalition may be "nested" within another solid coalition; for example, there may be a faction of voters that can further be split into subfactions. In the following let n {\displaystyle n} be the number of voters, k {\displaystyle k} be the number of seats to be filled and j {\displaystyle j} be some positive integer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
k {\displaystyle k} –PSC is defined with respect to the Hare quota n / k {\displaystyle n/k} . If V {\displaystyle V} is a solid coalition for C {\displaystyle C} and the number of Voters in V {\displaystyle V} is at least j {\displaystyle j} Hare quotas, then at least j {\displaystyle j} candidates from C {\displaystyle C} must be elected (if C {\displaystyle C} has less than j {\displaystyle j} candidates at all, then all of them have to be elected). This criterion was proposed by Michael Dummett.In the single-winner case, k-PSC is equivalent to the unanimity criterion, as a Hare quota there would comprise all voters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} –PSC is defined like k {\displaystyle k} –PSC, but with respect to the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota n / ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} instead of the Hare quota: the number of voters in V {\displaystyle V} must exceed j {\displaystyle j} Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas. (The reason it is "exceed" rather than "at least" here is because there can be more HB quotas than seats.) It is a generalization of the majority criterion in the sense that it relates to groups of supported candidates (solid coalitions) instead of just one candidate, and there may be more than one seat to be filled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
Because some authors call the fraction n / ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} Droop quota, k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} –PSC is also known as Droop proportionality criterion. One major implication of Droop proportionality is that a majority solid coalition will always be able to elect at least half of the seats. This is because a majority is always over n/2 voters, which is equivalent to a number of voters exceeding half of the Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas (There are (k+1) Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas in an election, since (n/(k+1)) * (k+1) = n, so (k+1)/2, which is half of the quotas * n/(k+1), which is the quota, = n/2). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
The Expanding Approvals Rule, a proportional form of Bucklin voting, satisfies a stronger version of PSC which allows some voters in the solid coalition to prefer candidates not solidly supported by all other voters in the solid coalition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_for_Solid_Coalitions |
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is an aneuploid genetic condition where a male has an additional copy of the X chromosome. The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Usually, symptoms are subtle and subjects do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more evident and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor motor coordination, less body hair, breast growth, and less interest in sex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Often, these symptoms are noticed only at puberty. Intelligence is usually average, but reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common.Klinefelter syndrome occurs randomly. The extra X chromosome comes from the father and mother nearly equally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
An older mother may have a slightly increased risk of a child with KS. The syndrome is defined by the presence of at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a Y chromosome yielding a total of 47 or more chromosomes rather than the usual 46. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
KS is diagnosed by the genetic test known as a karyotype.While no cure is known, a number of treatments may help. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, counselling, and adjustments of teaching methods may be useful. Testosterone replacement may be used in those who have significantly lower levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Enlarged breasts may be removed by surgery. Approximately half of affected males have a chance of fathering children with the help of assisted reproductive technology, but this is expensive and not risk free. XXY males have a ~15-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer than typical males, but still lower than that of females. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
People with the condition have a nearly normal life expectancy.Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in one to two per 1,000 live male births. It is named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who identified the condition in the 1940s. In 1956, the extra X chromosome was identified as the cause. Mice can also have the XXY syndrome, making them a useful research model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, gynecomastia (breast growth), and low libido. Often, these symptoms are noticed only at puberty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
An estimated 60% of pregnancies with fetuses having Klinefelter syndrome abort. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
As babies and children, XXY males may have weaker muscles and reduced strength. As they grow older, they tend to become taller than average. They may have less muscle control and coordination than other boys of their age.During puberty, the physical traits of the syndrome become more evident — because these boys do not produce as much testosterone as other boys, they have a less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips. As teens, XXY males may develop breast tissue and also have weaker bones, and a lower energy level than other males.By adulthood, XXY males look similar to males without the condition, although they are often taller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
In adults, possible characteristics vary widely and include little to no sign of affectedness, a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, or a rounded body type with some degree of gynecomastia (increased breast tissue). Gynecomastia is present in approximately a third of affected individuals, a slightly higher percentage than in the XY population. Approximately 10% of XXY males have gynecomastia noticeable enough that they may choose to have cosmetic surgery.Affected males are often infertile, or have reduced fertility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Advanced reproductive assistance is sometimes possible. An estimated 50% of males with Klinefelter syndrome can produce sperm.The term "hypogonadism" in XXY symptoms is often misinterpreted to mean "small testicles", when it instead means decreased testicular hormone/endocrine function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Because of (primary) hypogonadism, individuals often have a low serum testosterone level, but high serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Despite this misunderstanding of the term, however, XXY men may also have microorchidism (i.e., small testicles).The testicles of affected males are usually less than 2 cm in length (and always shorter than 3.5 cm), 1 cm in width, and 4 ml in volume.XXY males are more likely than other men to have certain health problems, such as autoimmune disorders, breast cancer, venous thromboembolic disease, and osteoporosis. In contrast to these potentially increased risks, rare X-linked recessive conditions are thought to occur less frequently in XXY males than in XY males, since these conditions are transmitted by genes on the X chromosome, and people with two X chromosomes are typically only carriers rather than affected by these X-linked recessive conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Some degree of language learning or reading impairment may be present, and neuropsychological testing often reveals deficits in executive functions, although these deficits can often be overcome through early intervention. Also, delays in motor development may occur, which can be addressed through occupational and physical therapies. XXY males may sit up, crawl, and walk later than other infants; they may also struggle in school, both academically and with sports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
It is estimated that 10% of those with Klinefelter syndrome are autistic.Additional abnormalities may include impaired attention, reduced organizational and planning abilities, deficiencies in judgment (often presented as a tendency to interpret non-threatening stimuli as threatening), and dysfunctional decision processing.Compared to individuals with a normal number of chromosomes, males affected by Klinefelter syndrome may display behavioral abnormalities. These are phenotypically displayed as higher level of anxiety and depression, and mood dysregulation. These neurocognitive abnormalities are most likely due to the presence of the extra X chromosome, as indicated by studies carried out on animal models carrying an extra X chromosome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Klinefelter syndrome is not an inherited condition. Maternal age is the only known risk factor. Women at 40 years have a four-times-higher risk of a child with Klinefelter syndrome than women aged 24 years.The extra chromosome is retained because of a nondisjunction event during paternal meiosis I, maternal meiosis I, or maternal meiosis II (gametogenesis). The relevant nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs when homologous chromosomes, in this case the X and Y or two X sex chromosomes, fail to separate, producing a sperm with an X and a Y chromosome or an egg with two X chromosomes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Fertilizing a normal (X) egg with this sperm produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter). Fertilizing a double X egg with a normal sperm also produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter).Another mechanism for retaining the extra chromosome is through a nondisjunction event during meiosis II in the egg. Nondisjunction occurs when sister chromatids on the sex chromosome, in this case an X and an X, fail to separate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
An XX egg is produced, which when fertilized with a Y sperm, yields an XXY offspring. This XXY chromosome arrangement is one of the most common genetic variations from the XY karyotype, occurring in approximately one in 500 live male births. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
See also Triple X syndrome. In mammals with more than one X chromosome, the genes on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as X inactivation. This happens in XXY males, as well as normal XX females. However, in XXY males, a few genes located in the pseudoautosomal regions of their X chromosomes have corresponding genes on their Y chromosome and are capable of being expressed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The condition 48,XXYY or 48,XXXY occurs in one in 18,000–50,000 male births. The incidence of 49,XXXXY is one in 85,000 to 100,000 male births. These variations are extremely rare. Additional chromosomal material can contribute to cardiac, neurological, orthopedic, and other anomalies.Approximately 15–20% of males with KS may have a mosaic 47,XXY/46,XY constitutional karyotype and varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Often, symptoms are milder in mosaic cases, with regular male secondary sex characteristics and testicular volume even falling within typical adult ranges. Another possible mosaicism is 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical features suggestive of KS and male phenotype, but this is very rare. Thus far, only approximately 10 cases of 47,XXY/46,XX have been described in literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Women typically have two X chromosomes, with half of their X chromosomes switching off early in embryonic development. The same happens with people with Klinefelter's, including in both cases a small proportion of individuals with a skewed ratio between the two Xs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The standard diagnostic method is the analysis of the chromosomes' karyotype on lymphocytes. A small blood sample is sufficient as test material. In the past, the observation of the Barr body was common practice, as well. To investigate the presence of a possible mosaicism, analysis of the karyotype using cells from the oral mucosa is performed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Physical characteristics of a Klinefelter syndrome can be tall stature, low body hair, and occasionally an enlargement of the breast. Usually, a small testicle volume of 1–5 ml per testicle (standard values: 12–30 ml) occurs. During puberty and adulthood, low testosterone levels with increased levels of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH in the blood can indicate the presence of Klinefelter syndrome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
A spermiogram can also be part of the further investigation. Often, an azoospermia is present, or rarely an oligospermia. Furthermore, Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed as a coincidental prenatal finding in the context of invasive prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling). Approximately 10% of KS cases are found by prenatal diagnosis.The symptoms of KS are often variable, so a karyotype analysis should be ordered when small testes, infertility, gynecomastia, long arms/legs, developmental delay, speech/language deficits, learning disabilities/academic issues, and/or behavioral issues are present in an individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
As the genetic variation is irreversible, no causal therapy is available. From the onset of puberty, the existing testosterone deficiency can be compensated by appropriate hormone-replacement therapy. Testosterone preparations are available in the form of syringes, patches, or gel. If gynecomastia is present, the surgical removal of the breast may be considered for both the psychological reasons and to reduce the risk of breast cancer.The use of behavioral therapy can mitigate any language disorders, difficulties at school, and socialization. An approach by occupational therapy is useful in children, especially those who have dyspraxia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
Methods of reproductive medicine, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with previously conducted testicular sperm extraction (TESE), have led to men with Klinefelter syndrome producing biological offspring. By 2010, over 100 successful pregnancies have been reported using IVF technology with surgically removed sperm material from males with KS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The lifespan of individuals with Klinefelter syndrome appears to be reduced by around 2.1 years compared to the general male population. These results are still questioned data, are not absolute, and need further testing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
This syndrome, evenly distributed in all ethnic groups, has a prevalence of approximately four subjects per every 10,000 (0.04%) males in the general population. However, it is estimated that only 25% of the individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed throughout their lives. The rate of Klinefelter syndrome among infertile males is 3.1%. The syndrome is also the main cause of male hypogonadism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The syndrome was named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who in 1942 worked with Fuller Albright and E. C. Reifenstein at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and first described it in the same year. The account given by Klinefelter came to be known as Klinefelter syndrome as his name appeared first on the published paper, and seminiferous tubule dysgenesis was no longer used. Considering the names of all three researchers, it is sometimes also called Klinefelter–Reifenstein–Albright syndrome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
In 1956, Klinefelter syndrome was found to result from an extra chromosome. Plunkett and Barr found the sex chromatin body in cell nuclei of the body. This was further clarified as XXY in 1959 by Patricia Jacobs and John Anderson Strong. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
The first published report of a man with a 47,XXY karyotype was by Patricia Jacobs and John Strong at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. This karyotype was found in a 24-year-old man who had signs of KS. Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome aneuploidy in her 1981 William Allan Memorial Award address.Klinefelter syndrome has been identified in ancient burials. In August 2022, a team of scientists published a study of a skeleton found in Bragança, north-eastern Portugal, of a man who died around 1000 AD and was discovered by their investigations to have a 47,XXY karyotype. In 2021, investigation of the individual buried with the Suontaka sword, previously assumed to be a woman, concluded he was a male with Klinefelter syndrome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome |
In Buddhist studies, particularly East Asian Buddhist studies, post-canonical Buddhist texts, Buddhist apocrypha or Spurious Sutras and Sastras designate texts that are not accepted as canonical by some historical Buddhist schools or communities who referred to a canon. The term is principally applied to texts that purport to represent Buddhist teaching translated from Indian texts, but were written in East Asia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts |
Innumerable Meanings Sutra Sutra of the Original Acts which Adorn the Bodhisattvas (菩薩本業瓔珞經, P'u-sa ying-lo pen-yeh ching) Sutra of Adamantine Absorption (金剛三昧經, Kŭmgang sammaegyŏng) Sutra on the Conversion of the Barbarians (老子化胡經, Lao-tzu Hua-hu ching) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts |
In-Jin Yoon (born June 30, 1963) is a South Korean sociologist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Jin_Yoon |
He was born in Hongseong, South Korea and raised in Daejeon until high school. He graduated from Korea University with a BA in sociology in August 1985. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the Asian American Studies Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara between 1992 and 1995 before he joined the Department of Sociology in Korea University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Jin_Yoon |
He is now professor of the Department of Sociology, Korea University and the former presidents of the Association for North Korean Migrants Studies and the Association for the Studies of Koreans Abroad, the head of the Brain Korea 21 Project Group for Conflict Society, the vice director of the Asiatic Research Institute of Korea University, and the president of the Korean International Migration Studies Association (http://kimanet.org). He also serves as the director of the Korea University Press. His research interests include social psychology, minorities, international migration, and multiculturalism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-Jin_Yoon |
The Nationwide Project was an influential media audience research project conducted by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, England, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Its principal researchers were David Morley and Charlotte Brunsdon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nationwide_Project |
The Media Group at the CCCS selected the BBC television current affairs programme Nationwide to study the encoding/decoding model, a part of reception theory, developed by Stuart Hall. This study was concerned with "the programme's distinctive ideological themes and with the particular ways in which Nationwide addressed the viewer". This first part of the study was published by Brunsdon and Morley in 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nationwide_Project |
Morley conducted qualitative research with various participants from different educational and occupational backgrounds. He observed different responses to a clip of its budget special to see whether they would construct dominant, oppositional or negotiated readings (the three categories of readings proposed by Hall). Management groups produced dominant readings, while teacher training students and university arts students produced negotiated readings. Trade union groups characteristically produced oppositional or negotiated readings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nationwide_Project |
Black college students, however, "fail to engage with the discourse of the programme enough to reconstruct or redefine it".The initial conclusion was that decodings cannot be traced solely to socioeconomic position, since members of the sample occupying the same class location produced different readings. However, Sujeong Kim's statistical re-analysis of the project's findings suggests that this may be an underinterpretation: according to Kim, the results show that 'audience's social positions ... structure their understandings and evaluations of television programmes in quite consistent directions and patterns.' For example, Kim observes that middle class viewers produced negotiated readings of one particular programme, while working class viewers produced dominant or oppositional readings dependent on their gender and race. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nationwide_Project |
In the Japanese language, aizuchi (Japanese: 相槌 or あいづち, IPA: ) are interjections during a conversation that indicate the listener is paying attention or understands the speaker (backchanneling). In linguistic terms, these are a form of phatic expression. Aizuchi are considered reassuring to the speaker, indicating that the listener is active and involved in the discussion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuchi |
Common aizuchi include: hai (はい), ee (ええ), or un (うん, "yes", with varying degrees of formality) sō desu ne (そうですね, "I see") sō desu ka (そうですか, "is that so? ", "really?") hontō (本当), hontō ni (本当に), maji (マジ), or (in Kansai) honma (本真, "really?") naruhodo (なるほど, "I see", "that's right") noddingThese have a similar function to English "yeah", "yup", "OK", "really? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuchi |
", "uh-huh", "oh", and so on. Aizuchi are frequently misinterpreted by non-native speakers as the listener showing agreement and approval. Business relations in particular can be hampered by non-native speakers assuming that their Japanese counterparts have been agreeing to their suggestions all along, especially with hai (はい, "yes"), when the native Japanese speaker meant only that they follow or understand the suggestions – "got it", not "agreed".Aizuchi can also take the form of so-called echo questions, which consist of a noun plus desu ka (ですか). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuchi |
After Speaker A asks a question, Speaker B may repeat a key noun followed by desu ka to confirm what Speaker A was talking about or simply to keep communication open while Speaker B thinks of an answer. A rough English analog would be "A ..., you say? ", as in: "So I bought this new car"; reply: "A car, you say? ". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizuchi |
Michael Bang Petersen (born 5 January 1980) is a Danish political scientist. He is a professor at Aarhus University, with research focusing on human evolutionary psychology and its role in politics. Starting in 2020, he led HOPE, a project examining responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in democratic countries and contributing to the Danish government's response to the pandemic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bang_Petersen |
Petersen was born on 5 January 1980 in Kolding, Denmark. He earned a PhD in political science from Aarhus University in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bang_Petersen |
Since 2020, Petersen has led the HOPE project, researching global attitudes to the COVID-19 pandemic and advising the Danish government. The project's mission of transparently explaining how COVID-19 restrictions in Denmark to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 helped Danish citizens maintain confidence in the government and contributed to Denmark's relatively successful handling of the early stages of the pandemic. For his work on citizen and government trust in Denmark during the pandemic, he earned the 2022 Forskningskommunikationsprisen (Research Communication Award) from the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science.Peterson is also the director of the Research on Online Political Hostility Project through the Aarhus University, School of Business and Social Science. He has researched the evolutionary foundations of political misinformation, fake news, and conspiracy theory beliefs.Peterson has contributed to and been cited in newspapers and magazines including The New York Times, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, and The Irish Times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bang_Petersen |
A semantic similarity network (SSN) is a special form of semantic network. designed to represent concepts and their semantic similarity. Its main contribution is reducing the complexity of calculating semantic distances. Bendeck (2004, 2008) introduced the concept of semantic similarity networks (SSN) as the specialization of a semantic network to measure semantic similarity from ontological representations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network |
Implementations include genetic information handling.The concept is formally defined (Bendeck 2008) as a directed graph, with concepts represented as nodes and semantic similarity relations as edges. The relationships are grouped into relation types. The concepts and relations contain attribute values to evaluate the semantic similarity between concepts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network |
The semantic similarity relationships of the SSN represent several of the general relationship types of the standard Semantic network, reducing the complexity of the (normally, very large) network for calculations of semantics. SSNs define relation types as templates (and taxonomy of relations) for semantic similarity attributes that are common to relations of the same type. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network |
SSN representation allows propagation algorithms to faster calculate semantic similarities, including stop conditions within a specified threshold. This reduces the computation time and power required for calculation. A more recent publications on Semantic Matching and Semantic Similarity Networks could be found in (Bendeck 2019).Specific Semantic Similarity Network application on healthcare was presented at the Healthcare information exchange Format (FHIR European Conference) 2019 - FHIR Amsterdam Recently reference in the (2017) Deep_Semantic_Similarity_Neural_Network_(DSSNN) == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity_network |
Sincerity is the virtue of one who communicates and acts in accordance with the entirety of their feelings, beliefs, thoughts, and desires in a manner that is honest and genuine. Sincerity in one's actions (as opposed to one's communications) may be called "earnestness". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
The Oxford English Dictionary and most scholars state that sincerity from sincere is derived from the Latin sincerus meaning clean, pure, sound. Sincerus may have once meant "one growth" (not mixed), from sin- (one) and crescere (to grow). Crescere is cognate with "Ceres," the goddess of grain, as in "cereal".According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the Latin word sincerus is derived from the Indo-European root *sm̥kēros, itself derived from the zero-grade of *sem (one) and the suffixed, lengthened e-grade of *ker (grow), generating the underlying meaning of one growth, hence pure, clean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
An often repeated folk etymology proposes that sincere is derived from the Latin sine = without + cera = wax. According to one popular explanation, dishonest sculptors in Rome or Greece would cover flaws in their work with wax to deceive the viewer; therefore, a sculpture "without wax" would be one that was honestly represented. It has been said, "One spoke of sincere wine... simply to mean that it had not been adulterated, or, as was once said, sophisticated. ": 12–13 Another explanation is that this etymology "is derived from a Greeks-bearing-gifts story of deceit and betrayal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
For the feat of victory, the Romans demanded the handing over of obligatory tributes. Following bad advice, the Greeks resorted to some faux-marble statues made of wax, which they offered as tribute. These promptly melted in the warm Greek sun." The Oxford English Dictionary states, however, that "there is no probability in the old explanation from sine cera 'without wax'".The popularity of the without wax etymology is reflected in its use as a minor subplot in Dan Brown's 1998 thriller novel Digital Fortress, though Brown attributes it to the Spanish language, not Latin. Reference to the same etymology, this time attributed to Latin, later appears in his 2009 novel, The Lost Symbol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
Sincerity was discussed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics. It resurfaced to become an ideal (virtue) in Europe and North America in the 17th century. It gained considerable momentum during the Romantic movement, when sincerity was first celebrated as an artistic and social ideal, exemplified in the writings of Thomas Carlyle and John Henry Newman. In middle to late nineteenth century America, sincerity was reflected in mannerisms, hairstyles, women's dress, and the literature of the time. Literary critic Lionel Trilling dealt with the subject of sincerity, its roots, its evolution, its moral quotient, and its relationship to authenticity in a series of lectures published as Sincerity and Authenticity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
According to Aristotle "truthfulness or sincerity is a desirable mean state between the deficiency of irony or self-deprecation and the excess of boastfulness." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
In the Islamic context, sincerity means: being free from worldly motives and not being a hypocrite. In the Qur'an, all acts of worship and human life should be motivated by the pleasure of God, and the prophets of God have called man to sincere servitude in all aspects of life. Sincerity in Islam is divided into sincerity in belief and sincerity in action. Sincerity in belief means monotheism—in other words not associating partners with God—and sincerity in action means performing sincere worship only for God. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
Sincerity is developed as a virtue in East Asian societies (e.g. China, Korea, and Japan). The concept of chéng (誠、诚)—as expounded in two of the Confucian classics, the Da Xue and the Zhong Yong—is generally translated as sincerity. As in the West, the term implies a congruence of avowal and inner feeling, but inner feeling is in turn ideally responsive to ritual propriety and social hierarchy. Specifically, Confucius's Analects contains the following statement in Chapter I: (主忠信。毋友不如己者。過，則勿憚改。) "Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
Then no friends would not be like yourself (all friends would be as loyal as yourself). If you make a mistake, do not be afraid to correct it." Thus, even today, a powerful leader will praise leaders of other realms as "sincere" to the extent that they know their place in the sense of fulfilling a role in the drama of life. In Japanese the character for chéng may be pronounced makoto, which carries still more strongly the sense of loyal avowal and belief. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity |
Structural pluralism is "the potential for political competition in communities". The degree of structural pluralism is used to examine how societies are structured, and specifically is a way to explain coverage differences in media markets. Structural pluralism is studied in philosophical, sociological and communication literature. Structural pluralism is what makes civic community a unique form of civil society (Morton, 2000). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
Structural pluralism represents the extent to which the community has an open and inclusive structure that permits minority voices and opinions to be heard when citizens and citizen groups are addressing community problems (Young, 1999). Communities are discussed in terms of having common institutions, such as governing or other political bodies, religious, educational and economic institutions. These bodies or institutions help to maintain the social order within the community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
This concept comes from the field of sociology, but prior to that, stems from writings by Hegel (1821) on civic society. This comes also from the functionalist writings of Émile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer (Hindman, 1999). Durkheim writes that there are two organizating principle types of societies, that most like the premodern communities, called mechanical solidarity in which ethnic and extended families were central; and that called organic solidarity which examines the relationships of interdependence based on other components, such as work, and social organizations (Durkheim, 1933). These are equated to today's rural and urban societies respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
Olien, Donohue and Tichenor (1978; Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1980) helped to fold this concept into the communication discipline when they noted that structural pluralism has an effect on the way in which news is presented. Through several studies and publications, they built a model of structural pluralism, and later showed how power relationships work through a systems approach (Donohue, Olien, & Tichenor, 1985; Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1980). As media are typically supportive of the social system and institutions, as well as dependent upon them for gaining access to and gathering material that will be useful to the public, they often reflect the power structure of the community. Movements, groups or discussions that are critical of the social structure are often excluded from newspapers in communities where there is a strongly centralized power structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
An example of such a community would be a town in which a significant portion of adults are employed by one business or industry. Criticism of this business or industry may erode the faith of community members in it and lead to social unrest. Initially the work of the Olien, Tichenor and Donohue camp allowed us to see how diversity in communities is reflected in the reporting style of news organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
Conflict within communities is more often reported in larger and less homogeneous areas. However, prior to the Olien, Tichenor, Donohue writings came those of Breed (1958) and Paletz, Reichert and McIntyre (1971). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
In their original pieces, the lack of criticism by the press on central powerholders was discussed. Other studies of the impact of structural pluralism on journalism have looked shown that women are more often represented in areas that are more ethnically diverse (Armstrong, 2002); that newspapers in more diverse communities will be less likely to ignore protest stories or report them in an abbreviated fashion (Stein, et al., 2003); and others. Structural pluralism has been discussed in law journals as a paradigmatic shift regarding the privatization of government entities (Roberts, 2001). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_pluralism |
Walter Frederick Buckley (April 17, 1921 – January 27, 2006) was an American sociologist, and professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire. Buckley was among the first to apply concepts from general systems theory based on the work of Bertalanffy to sociology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Buckley |
Born and raised in Lynn, Massachusetts, Buckley studied sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1958 he received his Ph.D. with the doctoral dissertation Sociological theory and social stratification, in which he outlined a non-functionalist theory of social stratification.Buckley started his academic career early 1960s as Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara in the department of sociology, which was chaired by David Gold PhD. From 1971 to 1985 he was professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Buckley |
In the 1970s he participated in the Uppsala Theory Circle at the Uppsala University in Sweden founded by Tom R. Burns. In 1998 he was awarded the honorary chair of the Socio-Cybernetics Research Committee of the International Sociological Association. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Buckley |
Buckley has been described as a pioneer in social systems theory that challenged conventional views. In his personal life he appreciated jazz music and played tenor saxophone. He died in 2006 in Durham, New Hampshire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Buckley |
In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation is used to determine the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum. Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a commercial well when you drill one". Modern rotary drilling usually uses a heavy mud as a lubricant and as a means of producing a confining pressure against the formation face in the borehole, preventing blowouts. Only in rare and catastrophic cases, do oil and gas wells come in with a fountain of gushing oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
In real life, that is a blowout—and usually also a financial and environmental disaster. But controlling blowouts has drawbacks—mud filtrate soaks into the formation around the borehole and a mud cake plasters the sides of the hole. These factors obscure the possible presence of oil or gas in even very porous formations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Further complicating the problem is the widespread occurrence of small amounts of petroleum in the rocks of many sedimentary provinces. In fact, if a sedimentary province is absolutely barren of traces of petroleum, it is not feasible to continue drilling there. The formation evaluation problem is a matter of answering two questions: What are the lower limits for porosity, permeability and upper limits for water saturation that permit profitable production from a particular formation or pay zone; in a particular geographic area; in a particular economic climate. Do any of the formations in the well under consideration exceed these lower limits.It is complicated by the impossibility of directly examining the formation. It is, in short, the problem of looking at the formation indirectly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Tools to detect oil and gas have been evolving for over a century. The simplest and most direct tool is well cuttings examination. Some older oilmen ground the cuttings between their teeth and tasted to see if crude oil was present. Today, a wellsite geologist or mudlogger uses a low powered stereoscopic microscope to determine the lithology of the formation being drilled and to estimate porosity and possible oil staining. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is used to examine the cuttings for fluorescence. Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals. They can be differentiated by placing the cuttings in a solvent filled watchglass or dimple dish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The solvent is usually carbon tetrachlorethane. Crude oil dissolves and then redeposits as a fluorescent ring when the solvent evaporates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The written strip chart recording of these examinations is called a sample log or mudlog. Well cuttings examination is a learned skill. During drilling, chips of rock, usually less than about 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) across, are cut from the bottom of the hole by the bit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Mud, jetting out of holes in the bit under high pressure, washes the cuttings away and up the hole. During their trip to the surface they may circulate around the turning drillpipe, mix with cuttings falling back down the hole, mix with fragments caving from the hole walls and mix with cuttings travelling faster and slower in the same upward direction. They then are screened out of the mudstream by the shale shaker and fall on a pile at its base. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Determining the type of rock being drilled at any one time is a matter of knowing the 'lag time' between a chip being cut by the bit and the time it reaches the surface where it is then examined by the wellsite geologist (or mudlogger as they are sometimes called). A sample of the cuttings taken at the proper time will contain the current cuttings in a mixture of previously drilled material. Recognizing them can be very difficult at times, for example after a "bit trip" when a couple of miles of drill pipe has been extracted and returned to the hole in order to replace a dull bit. At such a time there is a flood of foreign material knocked from the borehole walls (cavings), making the mudloggers task all the more difficult. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
One way to get more detailed samples of a formation is by coring. Two techniques commonly used at present. The first is the "whole core", a cylinder of rock, usually about 3" to 4" in diameter and up to 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) long. It is cut with a "core barrel", a hollow pipe tipped with a ring-shaped diamond chip-studded bit that can cut a plug and bring it to the surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Often the plug breaks while drilling, usually in shales or fractures and the core barrel jams, slowly grinding the rocks in front of it to powder. This signals the driller to give up on getting a full-length core and to pull up the pipe. Taking a full core is an expensive operation that usually stops or slows drilling for at least the better part of a day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
A full core can be invaluable for later reservoir evaluation. Once a section of well has been drilled, there is, of course, no way to core it without drilling another well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Another, cheaper, technique for obtaining samples of the formation is "Sidewall Coring". One type of sidewall cores is percussion cores. In this method, a steel cylinder—a coring gun—has hollow-point steel bullets mounted along its sides and moored to the gun by short steel cables. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The coring gun is lowered to the bottom of the interval of interest and the bullets are fired individually as the gun is pulled up the hole. The mooring cables ideally pull the hollow bullets and the enclosed plug of formation loose and the gun carries them to the surface. Advantages of this technique are low cost and the ability to sample the formation after it has been drilled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Disadvantages are possible non-recovery because of lost or misfired bullets and a slight uncertainty about the sample depth. Sidewall cores are often shot "on the run" without stopping at each core point because of the danger of differential sticking. Most service company personnel are skilled enough to minimize this problem, but it can be significant if depth accuracy is important. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
A second method of sidewall coring is rotary sidewall cores. In this method, a circular-saw assembly is lowered to the zone of interest on a wireline, and the core is sawed out. Dozens of cores may be taken this way in one run. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
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