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This method is roughly 20 times as expensive as percussion cores, but yields a much better sample. A serious problem with cores is the change they undergo as they are brought to the surface. It might seem that cuttings and cores are very direct samples but the problem is whether the formation at depth will produce oil or gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Sidewall cores are deformed and compacted and fractured by the bullet impact. Most full cores from any significant depth expand and fracture as they are brought to the surface and removed from the core barrel. Both types of core can be invaded or even flushed by mud, making the evaluation of formation fluids difficult. The formation analyst has to remember that all tools give indirect data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Mud logging (or Wellsite Geology) is a well logging process in which drilling mud and drill bit cuttings from the formation are evaluated during drilling and their properties recorded on a strip chart as a visual analytical tool and stratigraphic cross sectional representation of the well. The drilling mud which is analyzed for hydrocarbon gases, by use of a gas chromatograph, contains drill bit cuttings which are visually evaluated by a mudlogger and then described in the mud log. The total gas, chromatograph record, lithological sample, pore pressure, shale density,D-exponent, etc. (all lagged parameters because they are circulated up to the surface from the bit) are plotted along with surface parameters such as rate of penetration (ROP), Weight On Bit (WOB),rotation per minute etc. on the mudlog which serve as a tool for the mudlogger, drilling engineers, mud engineers, and other service personnel charged with drilling and producing the well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The oil and gas industry uses wireline logging to obtain a continuous record of a formation's rock properties. Wireline logging can be defined as being "The acquisition and analysis of geophysical data performed as a function of well bore depth, together with the provision of related services." Note that "wireline logging" and "mud logging" are not the same, yet are closely linked through the integration of the data sets. The measurements are made referenced to "TAH" - True Along Hole depth: these and the associated analysis can then be used to infer further properties, such as hydrocarbon saturation and formation pressure, and to make further drilling and production decisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Wireline logging is performed by lowering a 'logging tool' - or a string of one or more instruments - on the end of a wireline into an oil well (or borehole) and recording petrophysical properties using a variety of sensors. Logging tools developed over the years measure the natural gamma ray, electrical, acoustic, stimulated radioactive responses, electromagnetic, nuclear magnetic resonance, pressure and other properties of the rocks and their contained fluids. For this article, they are broadly broken down by the main property that they respond to. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The data itself is recorded either at surface (real-time mode), or in the hole (memory mode) to an electronic data format and then either a printed record or electronic presentation called a "well log" is provided to the client, along with an electronic copy of the raw data. Well logging operations can either be performed during the drilling process (see Logging While Drilling), to provide real-time information about the formations being penetrated by the borehole, or once the well has reached Total Depth and the whole depth of the borehole can be logged. Real-time data is recorded directly against measured cable depth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Memory data is recorded against time, and then depth data is simultaneously measured against time. The two data sets are then merged using the common time base to create an instrument response versus depth log. Memory recorded depth can also be corrected in exactly the same way as real-time corrections are made, so there should be no difference in the attainable TAH accuracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The measured cable depth can be derived from a number of different measurements, but is usually either recorded based on a calibrated wheel counter, or (more accurately) using magnetic marks which provide calibrated increments of cable length. The measurements made must then be corrected for elastic stretch and temperature. There are many types of wireline logs and they can be categorized either by their function or by the technology that they use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
"Open hole logs" are run before the oil or gas well is lined with pipe or cased. "Cased hole logs" are run after the well is lined with casing or production pipe. Wireline logs can be divided into broad categories based on the physical properties measured. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
In 1928, the Schlumberger brothers in France developed the workhorse of all formation evaluation tools: the electric log. Electric logs have been improved to a high degree of precision and sophistication since that time, but the basic principle has not changed. Most underground formations contain water, often salt water, in their pores. The resistance to electric current of the total formation—rock and fluids—around the borehole is proportional to the sum of the volumetric proportions of mineral grains and conductive water-filled pore space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
If the pores are partially filled with gas or oil, which are resistant to the passage of electric current, the bulk formation resistance is higher than for water filled pores. For the sake of a convenient comparison from measurement to measurement, the electrical logging tools measure the resistance of a cubic meter of formation. This measurement is called resistivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Modern resistivity logging tools fall into two categories, Laterolog and Induction, with various commercial names, depending on the company providing the logging services. Laterolog tools send an electric current from an electrode on the sonde directly into the formation. The return electrodes are located either on surface or on the sonde itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Complex arrays of electrodes on the sonde (guard electrodes) focus the current into the formation and prevent current lines from fanning out or flowing directly to the return electrode through the borehole fluid. Most tools vary the voltage at the main electrode in order to maintain a constant current intensity. This voltage is therefore proportional to the resistivity of the formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Because current must flow from the sonde to the formation, these tools only work with conductive borehole fluid. Actually, since the resistivity of the mud is measured in series with the resistivity of the formation, laterolog tools give best results when mud resistivity is low with respect to formation resistivity, i.e., in salty mud. Induction logs use an electric coil in the sonde to generate an alternating current loop in the formation by induction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
This is the same physical principle as is used in electric transformers. The alternating current loop, in turn, induces a current in a receiving coil located elsewhere on the sonde. The amount of current in the receiving coil is proportional to the intensity of current loop, hence to the conductivity (reciprocal of resistivity) of the formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Multiple transmitting and receiving coils are used to focus formation current loops both radially (depth of investigation) and axially (vertical resolution). Until the late 80's, the workhorse of induction logging has been the 6FF40 sonde which is made up of six coils with a nominal spacing of 40 inches (1,000 mm). Since the 90's all major logging companies use so-called array induction tools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
These comprise a single transmitting coil and a large number of receiving coils. Radial and axial focusing is performed by software rather than by the physical layout of coils. Since the formation current flows in circular loops around the logging tool, mud resistivity is measured in parallel with formation resistivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Induction tools therefore give best results when mud resistivity is high with respect to formation resistivity, i.e., fresh mud or non-conductive fluid. In oil-base mud, which is non conductive, induction logging is the only option available. Until the late 1950s electric logs, mud logs and sample logs comprised most of the oilman's armamentarium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Logging tools to measure porosity and permeability began to be used at that time. The first was the microlog. This was a miniature electric log with two sets of electrodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
One measured the formation resistivity about 1/2" deep and the other about 1"-2" deep. The purpose of this seemingly pointless measurement was to detect permeability. Permeable sections of a borehole wall develop a thick layer of mudcake during drilling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Mud liquids, called filtrate, soak into the formation, leaving the mud solids behind to -ideally- seal the wall and stop the filtrate "invasion" or soaking. The short depth electrode of the microlog sees mudcake in permeable sections. The deeper 1" electrode sees filtrate invaded formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
In nonpermeable sections both tools read alike and the traces fall on top of each other on the stripchart log. In permeable sections they separate. Also in the late 1950s porosity measuring logs were being developed. The two main types are: nuclear porosity logs and sonic logs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The two main nuclear porosity logs are the Density and the Neutron log. Density logging tools contain a caesium-137 gamma ray source which irradiates the formation with 662 keV gamma rays. These gamma rays interact with electrons in the formation through Compton scattering and lose energy. Once the energy of the gamma ray has fallen below 100 keV, photoelectric absorption dominates: gamma rays are eventually absorbed by the formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The amount of energy loss by Compton scattering is related to the number electrons per unit volume of formation. Since for most elements of interest (below Z = 20) the ratio of atomic weight, A, to atomic number, Z, is close to 2, gamma ray energy loss is related to the amount of matter per unit volume, i.e., formation density. A gamma ray detector located some distance from the source, detects surviving gamma rays and sorts them into several energy windows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The number of high-energy gamma rays is controlled by compton scattering, hence by formation density. The number of low-energy gamma rays is controlled by photoelectric absorption, which is directly related to the average atomic number, Z, of the formation, hence to lithology. Modern density logging tools include two or three detectors, which allow compensation for some borehole effects, in particular for the presence of mud cake between the tool and the formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Since there is a large contrast between the density of the minerals in the formation and the density of pore fluids, porosity can easily be derived from measured formation bulk density if both mineral and fluid densities are known. Neutron porosity logging tools contain an americium-beryllium neutron source, which irradiates the formation with neutrons. These neutrons lose energy through elastic collisions with nuclei in the formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Once their energy has decreased to thermal level, they diffuse randomly away from the source and are ultimately absorbed by a nucleus. Hydrogen atoms have essentially the same mass as the neutron; therefore hydrogen is the main contributor to the slowing down of neutrons. A detector at some distance from the source records the number of neutron reaching this point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Neutrons that have been slowed down to thermal level have a high probability of being absorbed by the formation before reaching the detector. The neutron counting rate is therefore inversely related to the amount of hydrogen in the formation. Since hydrogen is mostly present in pore fluids (water, hydrocarbons) the count rate can be converted into apparent porosity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Modern neutron logging tools usually include two detectors to compensate for some borehole effects. Porosity is derived from the ratio of count rates at these two detectors rather than from count rates at a single detector. The combination of neutron and density logs takes advantage of the fact that lithology has opposite effects on these two porosity measurements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The average of neutron and density porosity values is usually close to the true porosity, regardless of lithology. Another advantage of this combination is the "gas effect." Gas, being less dense than liquids, translates into a density-derived porosity that is too high. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Gas, on the other hand, has much less hydrogen per unit volume than liquids: neutron-derived porosity, which is based on the amount of hydrogen, is too low. If both logs are displayed on compatible scales, they overlay each other in liquid-filled clean formations and are widely separated in gas-filled formations. Sonic logs use a pinger and microphone arrangement to measure the velocity of sound in the formation from one end of the sonde to the other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
For a given type of rock, acoustic velocity varies indirectly with porosity. If the velocity of sound through solid rock is taken as a measurement of 0% porosity, a slower velocity is an indication of a higher porosity that is usually filled with formation water with a slower sonic velocity. Both sonic and density-neutron logs give porosity as their primary information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Sonic logs read farther away from the borehole so they are more useful where sections of the borehole are caved. Because they read deeper, they also tend to average more formation than the density-neutron logs do. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Modern sonic configurations with pingers and microphones at both ends of the log, combined with computer analysis, minimize the averaging somewhat. Averaging is an advantage when the formation is being evaluated for seismic parameters, a different area of formation evaluation. A special log, the Long Spaced Sonic, is sometimes used for this purpose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Seismic signals (a single undulation of a sound wave in the earth) average together tens to hundreds of feet of formation, so an averaged sonic log is more directly comparable to a seismic waveform. Density-neutron logs read the formation within about four to seven inches (180 mm) of the borehole wall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
This is an advantage in resolving thin beds. It is a disadvantage when the hole is badly caved. Corrections can be made automatically if the cave is no more than a few inches deep. A caliper arm on the sonde measures the profile of the borehole and a correction is calculated and incorporated in the porosity reading. However, if the cave is much more than four inches deep, the density-neutron log is reading little more than drilling mud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
There are two other tools, the SP log and the Gamma Ray log, one or both of which are almost always used in wireline logging. Their output is usually presented along with the electric and porosity logs described above. They are indispensable as additional guides to the nature of the rock around the borehole. The SP log, known variously as a "Spontaneous Potential", "Self Potential" or "Shale Potential" log is a voltmeter measurement of the voltage or electrical potential difference between the mud in the hole at a particular depth and a copper ground stake driven into the surface of the earth a short distance from the borehole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
A salinity difference between the drilling mud and the formation water acts as a natural battery and will cause several voltage effects. This "battery" causes a movement of charged ions between the hole and the formation water where there is enough permeability in the rock. The most important voltage is set up as a permeable formation permits ion movement, reducing the voltage between the formation water and the mud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Sections of the borehole where this occurs then have a voltage difference with other nonpermeable sections where ion movement is restricted. Vertical ion movement in the mud column occurs much more slowly because the mud is not circulating while the drill pipe is out of the hole. The copper surface stake provides a reference point against which the SP voltage is measured for each part of the borehole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
There can also be several other minor voltages, due for example to mud filtrate streaming into the formation under the effect of an overbalanced mud system. This flow carries ions and is a voltage generating current. These other voltages are secondary in importance to the voltage resulting from the salinity contrast between mud and formation water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The nuances of the SP log are still being researched. In theory, almost all porous rocks contain water. Some pores are completely filled with water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Others have a thin layer of water molecules wetting the surface of the rock, with gas or oil filling the rest of the pore. In sandstones and porous limestones there is a continuous layer of water throughout the formation. If there is even a little permeability to water, ions can move through the rock and decrease the voltage difference with the mud nearby. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Shales do not allow water or ion movement. Although they may have a large water content, it is bound to the surface of the flat clay crystals comprising the shale. Thus mud opposite shale sections maintains its voltage difference with the surrounding rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
As the SP logging tool is drawn up the hole it measures the voltage difference between the reference stake and the mud opposite shale and sandstone or limestone sections. The resulting log curve reflects the permeability of the rocks and, indirectly, their lithology. SP curves degrade over time, as the ions diffuse up and down the mud column. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
It also can suffer from stray voltages caused by other logging tools that are run with it. Older, simpler logs often have better SP curves than more modern logs for this reason. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
With experience in an area, a good SP curve can even allow a skilled interpreter to infer sedimentary environments such as deltas, point bars or offshore tidal deposits. The gamma ray log is a measurement of naturally occurring gamma radiation from the borehole walls. Sandstones are usually nonradioactive quartz and limestones are nonradioactive calcite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Shales however, are naturally radioactive due to potassium isotopes in clays, and adsorbed uranium and thorium. Thus the presence or absence of gamma rays in a borehole is an indication of the amount of shale or clay in the surrounding formation. The gamma ray log is useful in holes drilled with air or with oil based muds, as these wells have no SP voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
Even in water-based muds, the gamma ray and SP logs are often run together. They comprise a check on each other and can indicate unusual shale sections which may either not be radioactive, or may have an abnormal ionic chemistry. The gamma ray log is also useful to detect coal beds, which, depending on the local geology, can have either low radiation levels, or high radiation levels due to adsorption of uranium. In addition, the gamma ray log will work inside a steel casing, making it essential when a cased well must be evaluated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The immediate questions that have to be answered in deciding to complete a well or to plug and abandon (P&A) it are: Do any zones in the well contain producible hydrocarbons? How much? How much, if any, water will be produced with them?The elementary approach to answering these questions uses the Archie Equation. == Bibliography == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation |
The National Audiovisual Council (Romanian: Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului, CNA) is the official regulatory agency for the audio-visual market (radio, television) in Romania. Television broadcasts and cable television, frequency allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the CNA, that is the main regulatory authority for the broadcast media in Romania. The appointments to its board are politicised, and the body thus often acts in a biased and ineffective way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Council |
AP (Parental Guidance) This program can be watched by children up to age of 12 only with the consent or with their parents or family. 12 - This program is prohibited for children under 12 years of age (Art. 23 (1) Audiovisual productions forbidden to children under 12 years of age shall be broadcast only after 20:00 and shall be permanently accompanied by a warning sign representing a white circle, and inside it, on a transparent background, the number 12 White color) 15 - This program is forbidden to children under 15 years of age (Article 24 1. Audiovisual productions forbidden to children under 15 years of age shall be broadcast only between 23:00 and 06:00 and shall be permanently accompanied by a warning sign representing a white circle, and inside it, on a transparent background, white number 15; except for feature films, series and documentaries classified 15, in which case the time allowed is 22:00 and 06:00) 18 - This program is forbidden to children under 18 years of age (Article 24 1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Council |
Audiovisual productions forbidden to children under the age of 18 shall be broadcast only between 01:00 and 06:00 and shall be permanently accompanied by a warning sign representing a white circle, and inside it, on a transparent background, white number 18) Art. 39 (2) of the Audiovisual Code: According to the provisions invoked, the broadcasting on television and broadcasting services of programs which may affect the physical, mental or moral development of minors can be done only if, by choosing the time slot, by coding or as a result of other conditional access systems, ensure that minors in the transmission area, in normal situations, cannot hear or see those broadcasts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Council |
Article 40 (3) of the Audiovisual Code: "Moderators, presenters and producers of programs have an obligation not to use or allow guests to use abusive language or incite violence against other people." Art. 18 of the Audiovisual Code: According to the previsions invoked, it cannot be broadcast in the time slot 06:00 to 23:00, productions featuring scenes of mental language violence repeteadly or a high degree of intensity and severity or those that present sex scenes, trivial language or behavior, vulgar or obscene. Art. 101 (3) of the Audiovisual Code: Content show that offer cash prizes or in stuff, they can be broadcast only live and in the time slot 22:00 to 06:00. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Council |
John G. Adair is a Canadian psychologist whose work was concerned with the social nature and ethics of psychological research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Adair |
Adair obtained his PhD in social psychology from the University of Iowa in 1965. He then obtained a faculty position at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg where he stayed for the remainder of his academic career retiring as Emeritus Professor of Psychology in 1999.He was an active member of regional, national and international psychological associations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Adair |
Adair's research considered such issues as the social nature of human research methodology, the ethics of research with human subjects, social science research policy, indigenization and development of the discipline in developing countries, and the internationalization of psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Adair |
President, Canadian Psychological Association (1980) Honorary Life Fellow, Canadian Psychological Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Adair |
2001: Interamerican Psychology Award for Distinguished Contributions to the Development of Psychology as a Science and as a Profession in the Americas, Interamerican Psychological Society Fellow, Canadian Psychological Association == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Adair |
The meridian 94° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 94th meridian east forms a great circle with the 86th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 94th meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_meridian_east |
Dysfunctional impulsivity is a type of impulsivity that is associated with a tendency to make quick decisions when this type of decision-making is non-optimal. This differs from functional impulsivity which is a tendency to make quick decisions where this is optimal. As dysfunctional impulsivity is often associated with a failure to consider the consequences of one’s behavior, it can often lead to life difficulties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
The distinction between functional and dysfunctional impulsivity was suggested by Scott J. Dickman in an article published in 1990. Before this, impulsivity was considered a complex construct that was made up of several different aspects. The Dickman Inventory classifies impulsivity into functional and dysfunctional categories.Many of the previously used impulsivity scales have been significantly correlated to measures of dysfunctional impulsivity. These include the impulsiveness scale of Eysenck’s Impulsivity Inventory (part of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) as well as the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
Many of the questions used in the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory mirror those used on past questionnaires, and are used to assess overall impulsivity. Of the 23 questions on the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, 12 of the items are used to measure dysfunctional impulsivity. This includes questions such as “I often get into trouble because I don’t think before I act” as well as “I often say and do things without considering the consequences” This scale has been adapted for use in children with similar results: clear distinctions between functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. It has also been translated into several languages, yielding similar results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
Dysfunctional impulsivity is associated with both disorderliness and a tendency to ignore hard facts before making a decision. Individuals who are high in dysfunctional impulsivity are more likely to be punished for their behaviors. Psychopathy, aggression, a tendency to participate in sexual behavior outside of an established relationship, and a history of violent behavior have all been significantly associated with dysfunctional impulsivity. Individuals high in dysfunctional impulsivity have been shown to have slight deficits in executive functioning. Delay discounting has been shown to be related to both dysfunctional and functional impulsivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
Impulsivity is significantly correlated with individuals being at a greater risk for substance abuse. Several studies have furthered this association to specifically relate dysfunctional impulsivity to this tendency. Binge drinkers were found to have significantly higher scores of dysfunctional impulsivity compared to control groups. The same study found no difference in levels of functional impulsivity between groups, indicating that dysfunctional impulsivity was the version of impulsivity that led to substance abuse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
This relationship with dysfunctional impulsivity has also been found in regards to cigarette smoking. Higher levels of dysfunctional impulsivity have been related to difficulty restraining oneself from smoking in inappropriate places, smoking without being aware of doing so, and overall craving for cigarettes. Dysfunctional impulsivity scores have also been found to be higher in heroin users and addicts overall when compared to non-drug abusing control groups. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_impulsivity |
In colorimetry, whiteness is the degree to which a surface is white. An example of its use might be to quantitatively compare two pieces of paper which appear white viewed individually, but not when juxtaposed. The International Commission on Illumination describes it in the following terms: To promote uniformity of practice in the evaluation of whiteness of surface colors, it is recommended that the formulæ for whiteness, W2 or W10, and for tint, Tw,2 or Tw,10, given below, be used for comparisons of the whiteness of samples evaluated for CIE standard illuminant D65. The application of the formulae is restricted to samples that are called "white" commercially, that do not differ much in color and fluorescence, and that are measured on the same instrument at nearly the same time. Within these restrictions, the formulæ provide relative, but not absolute, evaluations of whiteness, that are adequate for commercial use, when employing measuring instruments having suitable modern and commercially available facilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteness_(colorimetry) |
W 2 = Y 2 + 800 ( x n , 2 − x 2 ) + 1700 ( y n , 2 − y 2 ) {\displaystyle W_{2}=Y_{2}+800(x_{n,2}-x_{2})+1700(y_{n,2}-y_{2})} W 10 = Y 10 + 800 ( x n , 10 − x 10 ) + 1700 ( y n , 10 − y 10 ) {\displaystyle W_{10}=Y_{10}+800(x_{n,10}-x_{10})+1700(y_{n,10}-y_{10})} T w , 2 = 1000 ( x n , 2 − x 2 ) − 650 ( y n , 2 − y 2 ) {\displaystyle T_{w,2}=1000(x_{n,2}-x_{2})-650(y_{n,2}-y_{2})} T w , 10 = 900 ( x n , 10 − x 10 ) − 650 ( y n , 10 − y 10 ) {\displaystyle T_{w,10}=900(x_{n,10}-x_{10})-650(y_{n,10}-y_{10})} where Y {\displaystyle Y} is the Y tristimulus value (relative luminance), ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} is the chromaticity coordinate in the CIE 1931 color space ( x n , y n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n},y_{n})} is the chromaticity coordinate of the perfect diffuser (reference white)The numbers in the subscript indicate the observer: two for the CIE 1931 standard observer and ten for the CIE 1964 standard observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteness_(colorimetry) |
Embodied imagination is a therapeutic and creative form of working with dreams and memories pioneered by Dutch Jungian psychoanalyst Robert Bosnak and based on principles first developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, especially in his work on alchemy, and on the work of American archetypal psychologist James Hillman, who focused on soul as a simultaneous multiplicity of autonomous states.The technique of embodied imagination takes dreaming as the paradigm for all work with images. While dreaming, everyone experiences dreams as embodied events in time and space; that is, the dreamer is convinced that he or she is experiencing a real event in a real environment. Bosnak describes how a dream "instantaneously presents a total world, so real that you are convinced you are awake. You don't just think so, you know it in the same way you now know you are awake reading this book." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
So from the perspective of dreaming, the image is a place. Based on this notion, the dreamer can re-enter the landscape of the dream and flash back into its images to more fully and deeply explore and experience them. The dreamer explores the images of the dream while in a hypnagogic state, a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
While in this state, the dreamer is asked a series of questions that help him or her to re-experience the dream by describing details of its landscape and image. Once fully immersed in the images that the dream environment presents, the dreamer is then also invited to feel and identify the feelings and sensations manifested in the body from a variety of dream perspectives. Perspectives explored are both that of the dream ego as well any "others" that appear in the dream. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
These "others" may be, for example, another person, an animal, or a physical object. Approaching dream figures in this way is consistent with archetypal psychologist James Hillman's prescription for therapeutic work in regard to the phenomena of psychic multiplicity. Drawing upon Carl Jung's realization that "the ego complex is not the only complex in the psyche," Hillman described the psyche to be not a singular unified whole defined by the ego point of view, but rather a self-organizing multiplicity of autonomous selves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
In the technique of embodied imagination, for each of these "selves" or "states" representing various perspectives, the dreamer then feels, identifies, and locates the feelings and sensations in his or her body. At the conclusion of the dreamwork session, the dreamer simultaneously holds in conscious awareness these differentiated and complex states of embodied feeling and sensation. The act of holding these multiple disparate states at the same time creates a psychical tension from which a completely new image or feeling state spontaneously emerges from the dreamer's psyche. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
This new image or state presents a completely new and previously unknown awareness to the dreamer, one through which the dreamer often feels changed, transformed, or greatly expanded in the ability to embody and feel intensely. After working with a dream in this way, one dreamer, a woman whose name is Ariel, later reflected, "That dreamwork warded off my seasonal depression which always starts in the autumn. I could already feel it creeping up at the time of the dream. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
And with the dreamwork it just stopped and retreated and never came back. I didn't have it all winter." Ariel's transformation is typical of those who practice this method of working with dreams. Using the technique of embodied imagination in dreamwork, the body becomes the theater for a vivid complexity of states, which leads along "alchemical" lines to profound psychical transformation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
Working with both dreams and memories, embodied imagination is practiced individually and in groups in psychotherapy, medicine, theater, art and creative research. The technique has been used as a rehearsal method by the Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon and the Bell Shakespeare Company in Sydney. Both its simple rules and emphasis on group participation augment working on the Internet, where this technique is practiced in small dream groups using on-line voice chat forums such as Paltalk. A simplified form of Embodied Imagination for creativity is called DreamPlay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
On November 3, 2006, the International Society for Embodied Imagination was founded at a conference in Guangzhou, China. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_imagination |
CLEI, the Centre for the Comparative Analysis of Law and Economics, Economics of Law, Economics of Institutions is a research center founded in 2004 by four renowned research universities, Cornell University Law School (School of Law, John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics), Ecole Polytechnique (Pole de Recherche en Economie et Gestion), University of Turin (Dipartimenti di Economia 'S.Cognetti de Martiis', Scienze Economiche e Finanziarie 'G.Prato', Scienze Giuridiche) and the University of Ghent (Law School, Centre for Advanced Studies in Law and Economics).Subsequently, the centre has been expanded to include the following partner universities. Marburg University University of Eastern Piedmont University of Economics, Prague Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III Panthéon-Assas University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Comparative_Analysis_of_Law_and_Economics,_Economics_of_Law,_Economics_of_Institutions |
Though the law and economics movement has continental foundations as well as roots in American jurisprudence, over the past fifteen years the field has grown to be dominated by the Chicago law and economics school. Despite the dominance of the Chicago approach, international scholars have made vast contributions to the field, and to the broader themes of legal theory surrounding law and economics. The purpose of the CLEI Center and its IEL (Institutions, Economics, Law) Ph.D. program is to foster an alternative approach to the comparative analysis of law and economics. To further this mission, the CLEI Centre and the Collegio Carlo Alberto attract highly qualified economists and legal theorists from around the world to introduce students to alternative traditions in the law and economics movement.The CLEI Centre also sponsors scholarship focusing on empirical analysis of law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Comparative_Analysis_of_Law_and_Economics,_Economics_of_Law,_Economics_of_Institutions |
The centerpiece of CLEI is a three-year Ph.D. program. The program is administered by the University of Turin, graduate division. The CLEI Center also offers a one-year Master's program in Institutions, Economics and Law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Comparative_Analysis_of_Law_and_Economics,_Economics_of_Law,_Economics_of_Institutions |
The coordinator of the program is Prof. Giovanni B. Ramello. The Center sponsors conferences, visiting lecturers, and various other keynote addresses. Speakers at CLEI have included Guido Calabresi, Duncan Kennedy and Ugo Mattei. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Comparative_Analysis_of_Law_and_Economics,_Economics_of_Law,_Economics_of_Institutions |
The CLEI centre is located in the city of Moncalieri, (a suburb of the province of Torino) within the historic Collegio Carlo Alberto. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Comparative_Analysis_of_Law_and_Economics,_Economics_of_Law,_Economics_of_Institutions |
The Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (Albanian: Autoriteti i Komunikimeve Elektronike dhe Postare, often abbreviated as AKEP) is the regulatory body in the electronic communications and postal services field, which supervises the regulatory framework provided for in the law on electronic communications and the law on postal services, and development policies defined by the Council of Ministers. The institutional role, functions, and competencies as a regulatory body in the electronic communications and postal services field are provided for in the material legislation on electronic communications and postal services in the Republic of Albania. AKEP is a legal, public, non-budgetary entity, headed by the Steering Council, which is independent in making decisions and abides by its own adopted internal regulation. The Steering Council comprises 5 members appointed by the Parliament upon the proposal of the Council of Ministers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_and_Postal_Communications_Authority_(Albania) |
AKEP also manages the .al geographic top-level domain. Its office is located at Rr. Reshit Çollaku, Nr.43 in Tirana. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_and_Postal_Communications_Authority_(Albania) |
The Payne Fund Studies were a series of studies conducted to determine the effects of movies on the behavior of children and adolescents. They were paid for by The Payne Fund, a private foundation, and performed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. They have been criticized as lacking scientific rigor but were the first attempt to rigorously study the media. They were politically significant and were instrumental in the enforcement of the Hays Code. They are credited with contributing to the demise of Pre-Code film-making in Hollywood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Fund_Studies |
Newspapers including Cleveland's The Plain Dealer, New Orleans Times Picayune, Chicago Daily News, Atlanta Journal, Saint Paul Dispatch, the Philadelphia Record and Public Ledger, the Boston American and New York's Daily News, Daily Mirror, and Evening Post all lambasted the studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Fund_Studies |
Edward Steven Reed (November 20, 1954 – February 14, 1997) was an American philosopher of science and an ecological psychologist in the vein of James J. Gibson.Reed was born in New York, New York. He died in Mohnton, Pennsylvania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Reed, E.S. & Jones, R. (Eds.). (1982). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Reasons for Realism: Selected essays of James J. Gibson. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Reed, E.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
(1986). James Gibson's ecological revolution in perceptual psychology: A case study in the transformation of scientific Ideas. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 17, 65–99. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Reed, E.S. (1987). James Gibson's Ecological Approach to Cognition (pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
142–173). In A. Costall & A. Still (Eds.). Cognitive Psychology in Question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Sussex: Harvester Press. Reed, E.S. (1988a). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
James J. Gibson and the psychology of perception. New Have: Yale University Press. Reed, E.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
(1988b). Why Do Things Look as they do? The Implications of J.J. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Gibson's The Ecological Approach to Visual perception (pp. 90–114). In G. Claxton (Ed.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Growth Points in Cognition. London: Routledge. Reed, E.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
(1990). The trapped infinity: Cartesian volition as conceptual nightmare. Philosophical Psychology, 3, 101–121. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
Reed, E.S. (1993). The intention to use a specific affordance: A conceptual framework for psychology (pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
45–76). In R. Wozniak & K. Fischer (Eds.). Development in Context: Activity and Thinking in Specific Environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Reed |
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