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Chehabism (also spelt Shehabism or Shihabism; Arabic: الشِهابية, romanized: ash-Shihābiyya) is a political ideology in Lebanon which follows the principles of former president and army general Fouad Chehab and Arab nationalism. The ideology later influenced the presidency of Charles Helou and Élias Serkis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chehabism |
Fouad Chehab's presidency was a delicate balancing act of maintaining relative harmony between the nation's Christian and Muslim populations. He followed the path and principles of dialogue and moderation coupled with public reforms, which came to be known as Chehabism. Chehab is credited with a number of reform plans ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chehabism |
Charles Helou was elected to succeed Fouad Chehab as president by the National Assembly in 1964. The Six-Day War of 1967 strained sectarian relations in Lebanon. Many Muslims wanted Lebanon to join the Arab war effort, while many Christians wished to eschew participation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chehabism |
Chehab was widely expected to contest the presidential election of 1970 but he declared that his experience in office had convinced him that the people of Lebanon were not ready to put aside traditional or feudal politics or to support him in building a modern state. He chose to endorse his protégé, Elias Sarkis, inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chehabism |
Kernel is a technology company that creates brain–machine interfaces. It is a privately held company headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The company was founded in 2016 by Bryan Johnson. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(neurotechnology_company) |
Johnson founded Kernel in 2016 with a $54 million investment and began researching neuroprosthetics, devices implanted into the brain that mimic, substitute, or assist brain functions.In May 2020, Kernel introduced two brain-activity monitoring devices, Flux and Flow. The Flow device can both see and record brain activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(neurotechnology_company) |
Kernel Flow is a wearable time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) system. fNIRs uses infrared light to measure changes in the oxygenation of blood, which is a proxy for neural activity. Kernel Flow can achieve a 200 Hz sampling rate. The spatial resolution of f-NIRS is strongly limited by scatterin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(neurotechnology_company) |
Kernel plans to read and write the underlying functions of the brain.As of 2019, the company is researching neurological diseases and dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, depression and anxiety. Kernel is one of several companies researching links between the human brain and computer interfaces, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(neurotechnology_company) |
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper date to the 2nd century BCE in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century CE Han court eunuch.It has been said that knowledge of papermaking was passed to the Islamic world after the Battle of Talas in 75... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Because paper was introduced to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrialization greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German inventor Friedrich Gottlob Keller independently developed processes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton. A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this method is called deinki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The word paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πᾰ́πῡρος (pápūros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibre. A cooking liquor is used to dissolve the lignin, which is then washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers (not to be confused wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and was the dominant method before the second world war. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practised strategy; one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam-heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, > 95%; however, lignin causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp; by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer waste (recycled material that has been printed but did not rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The pulp is fed to a paper machine, where it is formed as a paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing and drying. Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the wate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the earliest days of papermaking, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These can reach t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone scre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. Continu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
All paper produced by paper machines such as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see security paper), voucher, ticket For storing information: book, notebook, graph paper, punched card, photographic paper For published materials, publications, and reading materials: books, newspapers, magazines, posters, pamphlets, maps, signs, label... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping paper, paper string For cleaning: toilet paper, paper towels, facial tissue. For food utensils and containers: wax paper, paper plates and paper cups, beverage cartons, tea bags, condiments, food packaging, coffee filters, cupcake cups. For construction: papi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
It is estimated that in 1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive introduction of digital technologies.Paper has a major role in the visual arts. It is used by itself to form two- and three-dimensional shapes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometres (µm) in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the wei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, 28 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock. In Europe and other regions using the ISO 216 paper-sizing system, the weight is expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or usually gsm) of the paper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Printing paper is generally between 60 gsm and 120 gsm. Anything heavier than 160 gsm is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper. The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Ger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square metre (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
A2 is half the size of a sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets). The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some specialty paper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).Paper may be classified into seven categories: Printing papers of wide variety. Wrapping papers for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and kraft papers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Writing paper suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond paper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Blotting papers containing little or no size. Drawing papers usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including cartridge paper. Handmade papers including most decorative papers, Ingres papers, Japanese paper and tissues, all characterized by lack of grain direction. Specialty papers including cigaret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salt that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Documents written on rag paper are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue. Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The aging behaviour of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment. Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use in the order of 16 billion paper cups per year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Burns, Robert I. (1996). "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400". In Lindgren, Uta (ed.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
413–422. ISBN 978-3-7861-1748-3. Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Needham, Joseph (ed.). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
Vol. V (part 1). Cambridge University Press. "Document Doubles" in ARCHIVED – Introduction – Detecting the Truth. Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery – Library and Archives Canada, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper |
A firman (Persian: فرمان, romanized: farmân; Turkish: ferman), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state. During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word "firman" comes from the Persian فرمان meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
On a more everyday level, a firman was, and may still be, any written permission granted by the appropriate Islamic official at any level of government. Westerners are perhaps most familiar with the permission to travel in a country, which typically could be purchased beforehand, or with the permission to conduct schol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
Farmān (also spelled firman) is the modern Persian form of the word and descends from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) framān, ultimately from Old Persian framānā (fra = "fore", Greek πρό). The difference between the modern Persian and Old Persian forms stems from "dropping the ending ā and insertion of a vowel owing to the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan derived his authority from his role as upholder of the Shar'ia, but the Shar'ia did not cover all aspects of Ottoman social and political life. Therefore, in order to regulate relations and status, duties, and the dress of aristocracy and subjects, the Sultan created firmans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
Firmans were gathered in codes called "kanun" (from the Hellenic word kanon (κανών) meaning rule or rules, as well as the Arabic word qanun (قانون) also meaning rule or law). The kanun were "a form of secular and administrative law considered to be a valid extension of religious law as a result of the ruler's right to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
In this firman, Sultan Murad I recognises a decree created by his father Sultan Orhan (c. 1324–1360). He gives the monks all they owned during his father's reign, ordering that no one can oppress them or claim their land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
Following the defeat of Uzun Hasan, Mehmed the Conqueror took over Şebinkarahisar and consolidated his rule over the area. From Şebinkarahisar he sent a series of letters announcing his victory, including an unusual missive in the Uyghur language addressed to the Turkomans of Anatolia.The decree (yarlık) had 201 lines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
In this firman, the monks of Mount Athos report that the administrative officials charged with the collection of taxes come at a later date than they are supposed to and demand more money than the value assessed. They also make illegal demands for additional food supplies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
One of the most important firmans governing relations between Muslims and Christians is a document kept at the Saint Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. This monastery is Greek Orthodox and constitutes the autonomous Sinai Orthodox Church. The firman bears the hand print of Muhammad, and requests the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
To this day there is a protected zone around the monastery administered by the Egyptian government, and there are very good relations between the 20 or so monks, mainly from Greece, and the local community there. Firmans were issued in some Islamic empires and kingdoms in India such as the Mughal Empire and the Nizam o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
The term "firman" was used by the archeologist/novelist Elizabeth Peters for official permission from the Egyptian Department of Antiquities to carry on an excavation. A similar authority was cited by Austen Henry Layard for excavations at Nimrud which he mistakenly believed was Nineveh.In the Old Yishuv Court Museum i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman |
Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage and eventually, death. The term inanition refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Starvation may also be used as a means of torture or execution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health. The WHO also states that malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Undernutrition is a contributory factor in the death of 3.1 million children under five every year. Figures on actual starvation are difficult to come by, but according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the less severe condition of undernourishment currently affects about 842 million people, or about one in eig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
While many patients have low albumin, this is thought to be a consequence of the condition. Possible causes such as aflatoxin poisoning, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and altered gut microbiota have been suggested. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Treatment can help mitigate symptoms such as the pictured weight loss and muscle wasting, however prevention is of utmost importance.Without any food, humans usually die in around 2 months. There was a surprising case when someone survived 382 days. Lean people can usually survive with a loss of up to 18% of their body... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The following are some of the symptoms of starvation: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The beginning stages of starvation impact mental status and behaviours. These symptoms show up as irritable mood, fatigue, trouble concentrating, and preoccupation with food thoughts. People with those symptoms tend to be easily distracted and have no energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
As starvation progresses, the physical symptoms set in. The timing of these symptoms depends on age, size, and overall health. It usually takes days to weeks, and includes weakness, fast heart rate, shallow breaths that are slowed, thirst, and constipation. There may also be diarrhea in some cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The eyes begin to sink in and glass over. The muscles begin to become smaller and muscle wasting sets in. Tiredness and dizziness also commonly occur, especially from any physical task. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The skin is often overly pale. One prominent sign in children is a swollen belly. Skin loosens and turns pale in color, and there may be swelling of the feet and ankles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Symptoms of starvation may also appear as a weakened immune system, slow wound healing, and poor response to infection. Rashes may develop on the skin. The body directs any nutrients available to keeping organs functioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Other effects of starvation may include: Anemia Gallstones Hypotension Stomach disease Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases Irregular or absent menstrual periods in women Kidney disease or failure Electrolyte imbalance Emaciation Oliguria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The symptoms of starvation show up in three stages. Phase one and two can show up in anyone that skips meals, diets, and goes through fasting. Phase three is more severe, can be fatal, and results from long-term starvation. Phase one: When meals are skipped, the body begins to maintain blood sugar levels by degrading g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The liver can provide glucose for the first few hours. After that, the body begins to break down fat and protein. The body uses Fatty acids as an energy source for muscles but lowers the amount of glucose sent to the brain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Another chemical that comes from fatty acids is glycerol. It can be used as glucose for energy but eventually runs out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Phase two: Phase two can last for weeks at a time. In this phase, the body mainly uses stored fat for energy. The breakdown occurs in the liver and turns fat into ketones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
After fasting for one week, the brain will use these ketones and any available glucose. Using ketones lowers the need for glucose, and the body slows the breakdown of proteins. Phase three: By this point, the fat stores are gone, and the body begins to turn to stored protein for energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
This means it needs to break down muscle tissues full of protein; the muscles break down very quickly. Protein is essential for cells to work correctly, and when it runs out, the cells can no longer function. The cause of death due to starvation is usually an infection or the result of tissue breakdown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
This is due to the body becoming unable to produce enough energy to fight off bacteria and viruses. The final stage of starvation includes signals like hair color loss, skin flaking, swelling in the extremities, and a bloated belly. Even though they may feel hunger, people in the final stage of starvation usually canno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
The body expends more energy than it takes in. This imbalance can arise from one or more medical conditions or circumstantial situations, which can include: Medical reasons Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Eating disorder, not otherwise specified Celiac disease Coma Major depressive disorder Diabetes mellitus Digestive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
With a typical high-carbohydrate diet, the human body relies on free blood glucose as its primary energy source. Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates. In the absence of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, glucose is obtained from the breakdown of stored glycogen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next two to three days, fatty acids become the principal metabolic fuel. At first, the brain continues to use glucose. If a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel, the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Thus, when fatty acids are being broken down for energy, all of the remaining glucose is made available for use by the brain.After two or three days of fasting, the liver begins to synthesize ketone bodies from precursors obtained from fatty acid breakdown. The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel, thus cutting its r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
After four days, this may increase to 70% or more. Thus, the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to 30 g per day, about 35% of normal, with 65% derived from ketone bodies. But of the brain's remaining 30 g requirement, 20 g per day can be produced by the liver from glycero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
This still leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose per day that must be supplied from another source; this other source will be the body's own proteins. After exhaustion of fat stores, the cells in the body begin to break down protein. This releases alanine and lactate produced from pyruvate, which can be converted i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Since much of human muscle mass is protein, this phenomenon is responsible for the wasting away of muscle mass seen in starvation. However, the body is able to choose which cells will break down protein and which will not. About 2–3 g of protein has to be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20–30 g of prote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
However, this number may decrease the longer the fasting period is continued, in order to conserve protein. Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
In a leaner person, the fat reserves are depleted faster, and the protein, sooner, therefore death occurs sooner.) Ultimately, the cause of death is in general cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, brought on by tissue degradation and electrolyte imbalances. Conditions like metabolic acidosis may also kill starving peo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Starvation can be caused by factors beyond the control of the individual. The Rome Declaration on World Food Security outlines several policies aimed at increasing food security and, consequently, preventing starvation. These include: Poverty reduction Prevention of wars and political instability Food aid Agricultural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Patients that suffer from starvation can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid refeeding syndrome. Rest and warmth must be provided and maintained. Food can be given gradually in small quantities. The quantity of food can be increased over time. Proteins may be administered intravenously to raise the le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact more macro-scale policies that will reduce famine and provide aid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
According to estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization, between 720 and 811 million people were affected by hunger globally in 2020. This was a decrease from estimated 925 million in 2010 and roughly 1 billion in 2009. In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Generally, far fewer people are starving than are malnourished. The proportion of malnourished and starving people in the world has been more or less continually decreasing for at least several centuries. This is due to an increasing supply of food and to overall gains in economic efficiency. In 40 years, the proportio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Historically, starvation has been used as a death sentence. From the beginning of civilization to the Middle Ages, people were immured, and died for want of food. In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper-class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
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