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Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named Agrippina the Elder (a granddaughter of Augustus and the mother of Caligula), also died of starvation, in 33 AD; however, it is unclear if her starvation was self-inflicted. A son and daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son, was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to death by orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, Julia Livilla, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor Claudius, and her death by starvation was arranged by the empress Messalina. It is also possible that Vestal Virgins were starved when found guilty of breaking their vows of celibacy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons, and other members of his family were immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. In Sweden in 1317, King Birger of Sweden imprisoned his two brothers for a coup they had staged several years earlier (Nyköping Banquet). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
According to legend they died of starvation a few weeks later, since their brother had thrown the prison key in the castle moat. In Cornwall in the UK in 1671, John Trehenban from St Columb Major was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at Castle An Dinas for the murder of two girls. The Makah, a Native American tribe inhabiting the Pacific Northwest near the modern border of Canada and the United States, practiced death by starvation as a punishment for slaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Many of the prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps were murdered through deliberate maltreatment, disease, starvation, and overwork, or were executed as unfit for labor. Many occupants of ghettos in eastern Europe also starved to death, most notoriously in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland. Prisoners were transported in inhumane conditions by rail freight cars, in which many died before reaching their destination. The prisoners were confined to the cattle cars for days or even weeks, with little or no food or water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Many died of dehydration in the intense heat of summer or froze to death in winter. Nazi concentration camps in Europe from 1933 to 1945 deliberately underfed prisoners, who were at the same time forced to perform heavy labour. Their diet was restricted to watery vegetable soup and a little bread, with little to no dietary fats, proteins or other essential nutrients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Such treatment led to loss of body tissues, and when prisoners became skeletal, the so-called Muselmanns were murdered by gas or bullets when examined by camp doctors. Starvation was also used as a punishment where victims were locked into a small cell until dead, a process which could take many days. Saint Maximilian Kolbe, a martyred Polish friar, underwent a sentence of starvation in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1941. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Ten prisoners had been condemned to death by starvation in the wake of a successful escape from the camp. Kolbe volunteered to take the place of a man with a wife and children. After two weeks of starvation, Kolbe and three other inmates remained alive; they were then executed with injections of phenol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation |
Egyptischer Marsch (Egyptian March), Op. 335, is a march composed by Johann Strauss II. It was commissioned for the inauguration of the Suez Canal, celebrated on 17 November 1869 in Port Said, where Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria officiated at the ceremonial opening, though it was first performed on 6 July 1869 in Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, under the title "Tscherkenssen-Marsch" (March of the Circassians). Strauss later dedicated the work to Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden. In musical terms, Johann Strauss' "Egyptian March" has been described as a "representative example of an" alla turca "composition... characterised by melodic arabesques and metric syncopations". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptischer_Marsch |
A subluxation is an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a subluxation is a "significant structural displacement", and is therefore always visible on static imaging studies, such as X-rays.By contrast, the pseudoscientific concept of a chiropractic "vertebral subluxation" may or may not be visible on x-rays. Nor may it involve a significant displacement or even pain or clear dysfunction. Straight chiropractors claim that vertebral subluxation has considerable health effects and also add a visceral component to the definition. Mainstream medicine and some mixer chiropractors consider these ideas to be pseudoscientific and dispute these claims, as there is no scientific evidence for the existence of chiropractic subluxations or proof they or their treatment have any effects on health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
A subluxation of a joint is where a connecting bone is partially out of the joint. In contrast to a luxation, which is a complete separation of the joints, a subluxation often returns to its normal position without additional help from a health professional. An example of a joint subluxation is a nursemaid's elbow, which is the subluxation of the head of the radius from the annular ligament. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
Other joints that are prone to subluxations are the shoulders, fingers, kneecaps, ribs, wrists, ankles, and hips affected by hip dysplasia. A spinal subluxation is visible on X-rays and can sometimes impinge on spinal nerve roots, causing symptoms in the areas served by those roots. In the spine, such a displacement may be caused by a fracture, spondylolisthesis, rheumatoid arthritis, severe osteoarthritis, falls, accidents and other traumas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
A subluxation of the lens within the eye is called ectopia lentis, wherein it is displaced or malpositioned. Subluxated lenses are frequently found in those who have had ocular trauma and those with certain systemic disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome and homocystinuria. Some subluxated lenses may require removal, as in the case of those that float freely or those that have opacified to form cataracts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
A subluxation of a tooth is a dental traumatic injury in which the tooth has increased mobility but has not been displaced from the mandible or maxilla. This is a common condition and one of the most common dental traumatic disorders. Dental subluxation is a non-dental-urgency condition, i.e., unlikely to result in significant morbidity if not seen within 24 hours by a dentist, and usually treated conservatively: good oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of smoking for several days. In painful situations, a temporary splinting of the injured tooth may relieve the pain.Subluxation may also occur in the mandible from the articular groove of the temporal bone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
The mandible can dislocate in the anterior, posterior, lateral, or superior position. Description of the dislocation is based on the location of the condyle in comparison to the temporal articular groove. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subluxation |
Optical tomography is a form of computed tomography that creates a digital volumetric model of an object by reconstructing images made from light transmitted and scattered through an object. Optical tomography is used mostly in medical imaging research. Optical tomography in industry is used as a sensor of thickness and internal structure of semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
Optical tomography relies on the object under study being at least partially light-transmitting or translucent, so it works best on soft tissue, such as breast and brain tissue. The high scatter-based attenuation involved is generally dealt with by using intense, often pulsed or intensity modulated, light sources, and highly sensitive light sensors, and the use of infrared light at frequencies where body tissues are most transmissive. Soft tissues are highly scattering but weakly absorbing in the near-infrared and red parts of the spectrum, so that this is the wavelength range usually used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
In near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT), transmitted diffuse photons are collected and a diffusion equation is used to reconstruct an image from them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
A variant of optical tomography uses optical time-of-flight sampling as an attempt to distinguish transmitted light from scattered light. This concept has been used in several academic and commercial systems for breast cancer imaging and cerebral measurement. The key to separation of absorption from scatter is the use of either time-resolved or frequency domain data which is then matched with a diffusion theory based estimate of how the light propagated through the tissue. The measurement of time of flight or frequency domain phase shift is essential to allow separation of absorption from scatter with reasonable accuracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
In fluorescence molecular tomography, the fluorescence signal transmitted through the tissue is normalized by the excitation signal transmitted through the tissue, and so many of the fluorescence tomography systems do not require the use of time-resolved or frequency domain data, although research is still ongoing in this area. Since the applications of fluorescent molecules in humans are fairly limited, most of the work in fluorescence tomography has been in the realm of pre-clinical cancer research. Both commercial systems and academic research have been shown to be effective in tracking tumor protein expression and production, and tracking response to therapies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
Confocal diffuse tomography uses a powerful laser to illuminate a sample through a scattering medium, followed by deconvolution with a calibrated diffusion operator to estimate a volume without the effects of diffusive scattering and subsequent application of a confocal inverse filter to recover the sample image. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_tomography |
Horton Plaza Park is an outdoor venue located in the heart of downtown San Diego, which had its grand opening on May 4, 2016. Located on the corner of 4th Avenue and Broadway, the plaza preserves the history and integrity of the original Horton Plaza, while adding key features to enhance the area. In addition to restoring the Broadway Fountain, the park includes an amphitheater for live music acts, retail Pavilions and a new, interactive fountain. The plaza was designated a historical landmark by the City of San Diego on March 19, 1971. The city-owned park was designed by landscape architect Walker Macy and built by Civic San Diego. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
The plaza is bordered to the north by Broadway Ave and the U.S. Grant Hotel, former site of the Horton House Hotel. Flanking the east and west are 4th and 3rd Avenues, respectively. Immediately to the south is the Westfield Horton Plaza shopping mall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
The area of the park was sold to the city of San Diego in 1895 by its namesake, Alonzo Horton. Originally, the plaza was intended for use by his guests staying at the Horton House Hotel. In 1909, the plaza was chosen as the site of a "weather kiosk" provided by the U.S. Weather Bureau. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
Park commissioners laid out the plaza in harmony with the lines of the kiosk, according to one source, reserving the center for a fountain. Louis J. Wilde, banker and part-owner of the U. S. Grant Hotel, donated funds to help build a fountain located in the center of the Park. Irving J. Gill designed the Broadway Fountain, which was completed in 1910.In 1923, a commemorative highway milestone honoring Confederate general Robert. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
E. Lee was erected with "much fanfare" and the support of many civic leaders following the completion of the transcontinental Lee Highway. The parks commission originally opposed the milestone but were overruled by Mayor John L. Bacon. President Calvin Coolidge was reported to have pushed a button in his Oval Office all the way in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
that rang a gong in Horton Plaza. "Colonel" Ed Fletcher presided over the ceremonies.In 1926, a plaque commemorating the western terminus of the Jefferson Davis Highway was installed in Horton Plaza. Local attorney W. Jefferson, a distant relative, underwrote the granite block holding the plaque. It has since been moved to the western sidewalk of the plaza following the 2016 renovation. A Union veterans group opposed the tribute to the President of the Confederate States of America and it was removed later that year, but it was put back in 1985 as part of the rehabilitation of the park coinciding with the building of the Horton Plaza Mall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
Throughout the years, the Horton Plaza Park was the backdrop for many notable events. On November 2, 1960, then-Senator John F. Kennedy spoke at Horton Plaza to make a last-minute appeal for votes just six days before the 1960 Presidential Election. On March 19, 1971, the City of San Diego designated the plaza as a historical landmark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
In 2011, the San Diego City Council unanimously voted to approve a unique public-private partnership between Westfield and the City of San Diego. This plan involved Westfield demolishing the former Robinsons-May and Planet Hollywood building at Westfield Horton Plaza Shopping Center and transferring the land to the city. The operators of the adjacent Westfield Horton Plaza shopping center partnered with the city in the renovation. The overall project aims to restore the historic Horton Plaza Park and fountain, re-establishing it as the regional treasure that it was in the early-to-mid 1900s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
The aim was for the plaza to host scheduled events such as concerts, movie screenings, and celebrations. The park opened in May 2016.On August 16, 2017, following the Charlottesville terror attack in Virginia, the San Diego City Council removed the plaque Jefferson Davis plaque. On June 12, 2020, following the Black Lives Matter outcry after the murder of George Floyd, the Robert E. Lee monument was quietly removed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
The fountain in the middle of the plaza was designed by Irving Gill, which he modeled after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. Louis J. Wilde, banker and part-owner of the U. S. Grant Hotel, donated $10,000 to help build the fountain, which was completed in 1910. The engraving on the frieze reads "Broadway Fountain for the People. "Cold weather in January 1913 caused the water in the fountain to freeze, an event rare in the region. San Diegans visited the fountain and stood on the thick ice.The restored Gill fountain is the centerpiece of the plaza, which also has an amphitheater, an interactive pop-jet fountain, and light sculptures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
Spanning over 53,000 square feet (4,900 m2), Horton Plaza Park is composed of three sections: South Plaza, Amphitheater, and Historic Park. Included in the plaza are granite finishes, an interactive pop-jet fountain and 8 Luminaries (23-foot-tall color-changing light sculptures). There are three food and beverage Pavilions located at Horton Plaza Park including Starbucks and Sloan's Ice Cream. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
Each Pavilion has adjacent patio seating covered by a trellised overhang.The onsite ArtsTix Ticket Booth offers tickets to local theaters and other attractions and is operated by the San Diego Performing Arts League. The Park offers recreational, cultural, educational and promotional events for the community, including Park Unplugged, a free ongoing entertainment series, and Plaza Play, an ongoing game series. Horton Plaza Park is available to rent for public or private functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_Park |
L'Année épigraphique (The Epigraphic Year, standard abbreviation AE) is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy and Roman antiquities' at the Collège de France and Jean-Guillaume Feignon, as assistant epigraphist, in 1888. It was linked to the Revue archéologique until the issue dated 1964, when it became an autonomous publication of the Presses universitaires de France (PUF) benefiting from a grant from the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), a part was edited under its aegis. It systematically collects all the inscriptions discovered each year from all around the world concerning Ancient Rome, mainly in Latin or ancient Greek, and sorted by period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Année_épigraphique |
1888–1935: René Cagnat, at first alone, then with Jean-Guillaume Feignon and Maurice Besnier until 1932, finally with Alfred Merlin. 1936–1964: Alfred Merlin, with Jean Gagé in some years. 1965: Jean Gagé and Marcel Le Glay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Année_épigraphique |
1966–1973: Jean Gagé, Marcel Le Glay, Hans-Georg Pflaum and Pierre Wuilleumier. 1974–1978: André Chastagnol, Jean Gagé, Marcel Le Glay and H.-G. Pflaum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Année_épigraphique |
1979–1980: André Chastagnol, Jean Gagé, Marcel Le Glay. 1981–1986: André Chastagnol, Marcel Le Glay, Patrick Le Roux. 1987–1990: André Chastagnol, André Laronde, Marcel Le Glay, Patrick Le Roux. 1991–present: Led by Mireille Corbier, Patrick Le Roux and Sylvie Dardaine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Année_épigraphique |
Hildegard Therese Himmelweit (née Litthauer; 1918–1989) was a German social psychologist who had a major influence on the development of the discipline in Britain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
Hilde was born in Berlin in 1918. Her father, Dr Siegfried Litthauer, was a chemist and industrialist. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge (1937-1942). She married Freddy Himmelweit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
She received her PhD under Hans Eysenck at the Institute of Psychiatry. She taught at the London School of Economics from 1948 to 1983. From 1964 she was the first Professor of Social Psychology in Britain, founding LSE's social psychology department (now named the Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science) and, in effect, establishing the discipline on the university curriculum. She retired in 1983 and died of cancer in 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
She greatly enhanced our understanding of the contemporary world through her research, in particular through two studies. As director of the Nuffield Foundation television inquiry from 1954 to 1958 she contributed to the understanding of television's impact in society, the subsequent book Television and the Child (1958) establishing her reputation in Europe and North America. Her work in the field of political psychology greatly strengthened the understanding of human decision-making by voters as she and her team studied a group of young people over a 15-year period. The study was published as How Voters Decide in 1981. Hilde Himmelweit was also highly influential in advocating a societal psychology, on which topic she co-edited a volume with George Gaskell, as well as in the establishment and development of the theory of social representations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
Himmelweit, H.T., Oppenheim, A.N., & Vince, P. (1958). Television and the child: an empirical study of the effect of television on the young. London: Published for the Nuffield Foundation by Oxford University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
Himmelweit, H.T., Humphreys, P., & Jaeger, M. (1985). How voters decide: a model of vote choice based on a special longitudinal study extending over fifteen years and the British election surveys of 1970-1983. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
(Revised and updated edition). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Himmelweit, H.T., & Gaskell, G. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
(Eds). (1990). Societal Psychology: Implications and scope. London: Sage Publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
1976 - Hon DSc, Open University 1981 - Nevitt Sanford Award, International Society of Political Psychology == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Himmelweit |
A gift or a present is an item given to someone without the expectation of payment or anything in return. An item is not a gift if that item is already owned by the one to whom it is given. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is meant to be free. In many countries, the act of mutually exchanging money, goods, etc. may sustain social relations and contribute to social cohesion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy. By extension the term gift can refer to any item or act of service that makes the other happier or less sad, especially as a favor, including forgiveness and kindness. Gifts are also first and foremost presented on occasions such as birthdays and holidays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
In many cultures gifts are traditionally packaged in some way. For example, in Western cultures, gifts are often wrapped in wrapping paper and accompanied by a gift note which may note the occasion, the recipient's name and the giver's name. In Chinese culture, red wrapping connotes luck. Although inexpensive gifts are common among colleagues, associates and acquaintances, expensive or amorous gifts are considered more appropriate among close friends, romantic interests or relatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Gift-giving occasions may be: An expression of love or friendship An expression of gratitude for a gift received. An expression of piety, in the form of charity. An expression of solidarity, in the form of mutual aid. To share wealth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
To offset misfortune. Offering travel souvenirs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Custom, on occasions (often celebrations) such as A birthday (the person who has his or her birthday gives cake, etc. and/or receives gifts). A potlatch, in societies where status is associated with gift-giving rather than acquisition. Christmas (throughout the history of Christmas gift giving, people have given one another gifts, often pretending they are left by Santa Claus, the Christ Child or Saint Nicholas). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Feast of Saint Nicholas (people give each other gifts, often supposedly receiving them from Saint Nicholas). Easter baskets with chocolate eggs, jelly beans, and chocolate rabbits are gifts given on Easter. Greek Orthodox Christians in Greece, will give gifts to family and friends on the Feast of Saint Basil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Muslims give gifts to family and friends, known as Eidi, on Eid al-Fitr (the end of Ramadan) and on Eid al-Adha. American Jews give Hanukkah gifts to family and friends. Hindus give Diwali and Pongal gifts to family and friends. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Rakhi or Raksha Bandhan is another occasion where brothers give gifts to sisters. Buddhists give Vesak gifts to family and friends. Gifts are given to among African American families and friends on Kwanzaa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
A wedding (the couple receives gifts and gives food and/or drinks at the wedding reception). A wedding anniversary (each spouse receives gifts). A funeral (visitors bring flowers, the relatives of the deceased give food and/or drinks after the ceremonial part). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
A birth (the baby receives gifts, or the mother receives a gift from the father known as a push present). Passing an examination (the student receives gifts). Father's Day (the father receives gifts). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Mother's Day (the mother receives gifts). Siblings Day (the sibling receives gifts) Exchange of gifts between a guest and a host, often a traditional practice. Lagniappe Retirement Gifts Congratulations Gifts Engagement Gifts Housewarming party Gifts Women's day Gifts Valentine's Day | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Promotional gifts vary from the normal gifts. The recipients of the gifts may be either employee of a company or the clients. Promotional gifts are mainly used for advertising purposes. They are used to promote the brand name and increase its awareness among the people. In promotional gifting procedures, the quality and presentation of the gifts hold more value than the gifts itself since it will act as a gateway to acquire new clients or associates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Giving a gift to someone is not necessarily just an altruistic act. It may be given in the hope that the receiver reciprocates in a particular way. It may take the form of positive reinforcement as a reward for compliance, possibly for an underhand manipulative and abusive purpose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Giving the appropriate gift that aligns with the recipient's preferences poses a formidable challenge. Gift givers commonly err in the process of gift selection, either by offering gifts that the recipients' do not wish to receive or by failing to provide gifts that recipients earnestly desired. For example, givers avoid giving the same gifts more than once while recipients are more open to receiving a repeated gift, givers prefer to avoid giving self-improvement products (e.g., self-help books) as gifts while recipients are more open to receiving such gifts, when choosing between giving digital and physical gift cards, givers opt for the latter more often than recipients want, and many receivers prefer a future experience instead of an object, or a practical gift that they have requested over a more expensive, showier gift chosen by the giver. One cause of the mismatch between the giver's and receiver's view is that the giver is focused on the act of giving the gift, while the receiver is more interested in the long-term utilitarian value of the gift.Due to the mismatch between givers' and recipients' gift preferences, a significant fraction of gifts are unwanted, or the giver pays more for the item than the recipient values it, resulting in a misallocation of economic resources known as a deadweight loss. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Unwanted gifts are often "regifted", donated to charity, or thrown away. A gift that actually imposes a burden on the recipient, either due to maintenance or storage or disposal costs, is known as a white elephant. One means of reducing the mismatch between the buyer and receivers' tastes is advance coordination, often undertaken in the form of a wedding registry or Christmas list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Wedding registries in particular are often kept at a single store, which can designate the exact items to be purchased (resulting in matching housewares), and to coordinate purchases so the same gift is not purchased by different guests. One study found that wedding guests who departed from the registry typically did so because they wished to signal a closer relationship to the couple by personalizing a gift, and also found that as a result of not abiding by the recipients' preferences, their gifts were appreciated less often.An estimated $3.4 billion was spent on unwanted Christmas gifts in the United States in 2017. The day after Christmas is typically the busiest day for returns in countries with large Christmas gift giving traditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
The total unredeemed value of gift cards purchased in the U.S. each year is estimated to be about a billion dollars.In some cases, people know the preferences of recipients very well, and can give highly valued gifts. Some value in gift-giving comes from assisted preference discovery - people receiving gifts they did not know they would like, or which they did not know were available. Behavioral economists propose that the non-material value of gifts lies in strengthening relationships by signalling the giver was thoughtful, or spent time and effort on the gift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
At common law, for a gift to have legal effect, it was required that there be (1) intent by the donor to give a gift, and (2) delivery to the recipient of the item to be given as a gift. In some countries, certain types of gifts above a certain monetary amount are subject to taxation. For the United States, see Gift tax in the United States. In some contexts, gift giving can be construed as bribery. This tends to occur in situations where the gift is given with an implicit or explicit agreement between the giver of the gift and its receiver that some type of service will be rendered (often outside of normal legitimate methods) because of the gift. Some groups, such as government workers, may have strict rules concerning gift giving and receiving so as to avoid the appearance of impropriety.Cross border monetary gifts are subject to taxation in both source and destination countries based on the treaty between the two countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Lewis Hyde claims in The Gift that Christianity considers the Incarnation and subsequent death of Jesus to be the greatest gift to humankind, and that the Jataka contains a tale of the Buddha in his incarnation as the Wise Hare giving the ultimate alms by offering himself up as a meal for Sakka. (Hyde, 1983, 58–60) In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the bread and wine that are consecrated during the Divine Liturgy are referred to as "the Gifts." They are first of all the gifts of the community (both individually and corporately) to God, and then, after the epiklesis, the Gifts of the Body and Blood of Christ to the Church. Ritual sacrifices can be seen as return gifts to a deity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift |
Class analysis is research in sociology, politics and economics from the point of view of the stratification of the society into dynamic classes. It implies that there is no universal or uniform social outlook, rather that there are fundamental conflicts that exist inherent to how society is currently organized. Most known examples are the theory of Karl Marx and Max Weber's three-component theory of stratification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
In a non-Marxist sense, class analysis is a theory of political development, in which political regimes and systems are said to be shaped by the social class structure of the country. The main advocate for this theory is political scientist Barrington Moore Jr. In Moore's theory, Great Britain gradually attained a stable democratic governance, compared to neighboring countries such as France and Germany, due to the rapid displacement of peasantry during the enclosure movement which fully transformed Britain into an advanced, industrial society with a strong bourgeois class, which Moore sees as indispensable for a lasting liberal democracy. In contrast, France had a large peasantry that is stationary on land yet politically volatile, leading to the alternating between violent revolutions and monarchical reactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Sociologist Erik Olin Wright splits class analysis into macro and micro levels. The foundation of class analysis on a macro level can be identified with class structure. Examples of such class structure in a macro level can be analyzed within a firm, city, country, or the entire world. On a micro level, class analysis focuses on the effects that the class may have on an individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Erik Olin Wright exclaims examples of this to be: "Analyses of labor market strategies of unskilled workers, or the effects of technological change on class consciousness, or political contributions of corporate executives". Macro and micro level events can correlate with one another through different perspectives. Wright proclaims that macro level events are not created and set on one large effect, but instead processed through multiple individuals in a very intricate and complex pattern. He dictates that macro class size events are endorsed by an embodiment of multiple micro class events. He also states the opposite effect each size has on each other and how Micro level events relative to class relations can be reinforced by the context of macro level events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
According to sociologist Richard Breen, Weberian class analysis is limited. Weber largely focused on unequal opportunities in life, which he attributed to the initial distributions of resources within a capitalist market. Breen argues that Weber did little to address class conflict or even the development of collective action on a class level. Breen further writes, "For many reasons, there is not a deterministic relationship between the resources that individuals bring to the market and what they receive in return." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Breen cites sociologist Aage B. Sørensen's (1991) writings on class analysis, which described class positions as independent of who occupies such positions. From this, Breen describes that the purpose of class analysis is how and on what basis class positions are determined, rather than Weber's market-determined approach. Weberian class analysis also did not account for the influence of class beyond life chances, such as behaviours, actions, and preferences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Sociologist John Goldthorpe explains that while educational attainment in developed countries has risen in the last decades due to endorsements of grants, loans and other social motivations, empirical data substantiates that the differentials in social-economic class still plays a major role in educational and economic attainment. He goes on to explain how people of lower social class tend to stay in the class of their upbringing by choosing to not pursue further educational attainment or the works needed to attain a better social status. Explanations for these phenomena include theories by Halsey and her associates, which state the connection between culture and class, how people of high social class or paramount culture set a more important objective on education compared to parents of lower classes. According to Goldthorpe, a more aggressive approach, as indicated by Bourdieu and Passeron, indicates that the educational system functions as a social control, in which dominant class enforce that schools run in a conservative manner and exploit the inequalities that come with every child due to their family's class background. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
This will ensure subjects of lower class status to accept failure or indulge in counter-school subcultures. Goldthorpe, however, states that in the last century there has truly been extensive opportunities for upward educational and class mobility defended by means of empirical data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Other theories proposed by different sociologists arise as well. One view claimed by Keller and Zavalloni indicate that to better understand these trends, sociologists must study the aspirations of an individual on a relative level according to their social level and situation and not conclude absolute ideals of aspirations to all the classes, which would be easier to work with. Goldthorpe also acknowledges Boudon's two-effect view in educational attainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Those stand as the primary effects, which exist as the creation of class differentials in initial achievement, and second effects that affect children when they transition in the educational system. They both work hand in hand were although initial achievement might pursue an individual as they develop in the educational system (Primary), choosing whether to transition into the next level in the system might still be influenced by their class origins (second). Goldthorpe goes on to encourage researchers to enforce further attention to the second effect, because as we progress, even today, the limitations of the primary effects seem to be vanishing as more educational attainment resources and opportunities are being funneled into all class levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
Goldthorpe describes how class influence on an individual's social situation is diminishing substantially in the world of politics. This evidently described by Sociologist M. Lipset during the latter half of the 20th century were liberal democratic working class advocated for their party to represent their problems In the 1950s but quickly diminished during the 1970s as class relations in political partnership was dissolving. This is particularly important, as some Marxist social groups state this to be the downfall of the working class and class analysis. Another example of this dissolution of political and class partnership is Britain's politics; in how political party conflicts tended to focus more on issues instead of interest of the class community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
This in turn creates family-party separation which fuels different political party interest. Heath and his associates have theorized the dissolution of this partnership to be derivative of absolute and relative rates in class voting and social mobility. These theories develop through the class development of Britain during the latter half of the 20th centuries by implication of "trends in patterns of class mobility, in levels of class identification, and in class differences in political attitudes and values". Heath and his colleagues try to argue empirically against theories of Dunleavy and associates who stated that new structural cleavages were becoming the foundations for party support. On top of empirical support against, Goldthorpe explains that fluidity and boundaries are the major point against the theories of Dunleavy and his colleagues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
According to Erik Olin Wright, class interests " are the material interests of people derived from their location-within-class-relations" (p. 21), which include living standards, working conditions, intensity of labor, leisure, material security, and more. These interests are specifically class interests because one's class location significantly influences the "opportunities and trade-offs" one can make. Class interests can also serve as a "theoretical bridge between the description of class relations and the actions of individuals within those relations" (p. 21). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_analysis |
A Model G20, also known as a Model G20 Summit, is an educational simulation for high school and college students. Students role play as government ministers from one of the G20 countries or their guests and negotiate solutions to defined problems. During a G20 summit, students learn about diplomacy, international relations, the G20, and other issues related to a theme of the summit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
Some individual schools have Model G20 clubs for students interested in these topics. It is similar to a Model United Nations. At the end of summits, individual delegates and entire delegations are often given awards for their performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
At American University in Washington, D.C., Model G20s have been hosted by the School of International Service since 2017 for both undergraduate and graduate students. It was established by Cecilia Nahón, the former ambassador of Argentina to the United States and a participant in actual G20 summits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
As of 2019, Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi in Istanbul, Turkey has held a Model G20 every year since 2016. The first year, 80 students attended. The third annual Model G20 in 2018 was held at Istanbul Aydın University with students from Turkey and other nations attending. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
The Knovva Academy Model G20 Summit has been held in cities around the world since 2016, including in Beijing, Boston, and Cambridge. The summit in Boston is held at Harvard University. At the 2019 Beijing summit, high school students from more than 20 countries attended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
Delegates at Knovva Academy Model G20 summits attend several days of academic workshops and keynote speeches preparing them for the summits. They also spend time traveling in the host country.In addition to hosting Model G20s, Knovva Academy also sends a group to the Y20 summit, the official youth portion of the G20 that takes place in advance of the meeting of heads of state. Attendance at Knovva Academy events is by invitation only, with students needing to submit academic records and complete an interview. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
For the first time in Turkey, the University-based Model G20 will be held at Istanbul Ticaret University on 28-29 November 2022 bringing together Associate Professor Uğur Yasin ASAL as the consultant, ideate and the General Director Istemi Han Sadik. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_G20 |
The Little Thetford flesh-hook is a late Bronze-Age (1150 – 950 BC) artefact discovered in 1929 in Little Thetford, near Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. A flesh-hook is a metal hook with a long handle used to pull meat out of a pot or hides out of tan-pits. This particular find is one of 32 other such archaeologically significant finds, scatters, and excavations within 1 square mile (2.6 km2) of Little Thetford. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook |
The artefact was found by a Mr. Dresser, whilst digging a ditch on reclaimed fenland, at Little Thetford in 1929. Discovered about 9 feet (2.7 m) down, it consisted of two-parts, connected by the remains of a wooden shaft. The wood remains have not survived; a contemporary wooden shaft has been added by the British Museum for display purposes. The artefact is in the British Museum though is not, as of 2012, on display. Within 1 square mile (2.6 km2) of Little Thetford, there have been 33 finds of various kinds over the years, such as flints from the Neolithic era through to a windmill of the late Medieval period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook |
The word flesh-hook is relatively modern. The OED gives the origin of the word as 1325 AD, and defines it as a metal hook with a long stail, used to pull hides out of tan-pits or as a hook for pulling meat from the pot. It may also have been used as a tool to prod animals. The use of this flesh-hook in the Bronze Age can only be speculated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook |
The metal used in the construction is a bronze alloy, found to be typical of the late Bronze Age. The material was analysed using ICP – AES and contained (approximately) 85% copper, 10% tin, 3% lead, and 2% impurities; although the constituents of the individual parts varied around these figures. From an analysis of 36 other Bronze-Age flesh-hooks known to be in existence, the assembled length of hook-part, butt-end, and missing wood part is speculated to be 2.5 feet (0.76 m).The artefact was manufactured by casting, using a mould in a lost-wax (cire perdue) process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook |
The British Museum dates the artefact within the Bronze Age 1150 – 950 BC. The Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Record database dates the artefact as late Bronze Age 1000–701 BC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook |
A tabun oven, or simply tabun (also transliterated taboon, from the Arabic: طابون), is a portable clay oven, shaped like a truncated cone. While all were made with a top opening, which could be used as a small stove top, some were made with an opening at the bottom from which to stoke the fire. Built and used in biblical times as the family, neighbourhood, or village oven, tabun ovens continue to be built and used in parts of the Middle East today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
The tabūn oven has historically been used to bake flatbreads such as taboon bread and laffa, and has been in widespread use in the greater Middle East for centuries. According to an 11th-century Judeo-Arabic commentary on the Mishnah, with a later recension made by an unknown Yemenite Jewish scholar (1105 – 1170 CE), the Arabic word tabūn (Arabic: الطبون) is equivalent to the Mishnaic Hebrew word כופח = kūppaḥ, and which, according to Maimonides, produces a heat greater than that of a fire built between two support walls or a support wall having a semi-cylindrical shape carrying a cooking pot (כירה = kīrah), yet does not produce a heat greater than a regular earthenware baking oven (תנור = tannūr) and which was usually a permanent fixture. Unlike the fire built between two support walls holding a cooking pot and which flame is exposed to the open-air, the tabūn is a large, overturned earthenware bowl and covers over completely the heated place (usually a bed of smooth stones, upon which a fire is built). After dying out, the ashes are removed and dough is spread out over the smooth stones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
Since the tabūn is built with an opening at its top that can be sealed with a ceramic lid, allowing it to be completely smothered over in ashes, dough that is spread out over the stone-lined bottom is quickly baked into bread. When the top ashes are cleared away and the lid removed, a cooking pot can also be laid on top of the tabūn oven for heating and used as a small stove. The early commentators describe the kūppaḥ as being large enough to hold only one cooking pot when used as a stove. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
Many types of fuel or a combination of fuels can be used to heat a Tabun. Dried animal dung, dried bird droppings, chopped and dried tree branches or tree trimmings, wood chips, charcoal, dried tree leaves, fabrics, and other materials are potential fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
The top opening is covered and a layer of fuel (usually dried manure) is spread on the outside of the shell and lid. Once the fire takes hold, the fuel is covered with a layer of ash. The fuel will smolder for hours, usually all night long. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
The smoke also helps in repelling insects and mosquitoes. In the process the heat gets stored in the foundation. The amount of fuel varies depending on the amount of baking needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
When the smoke stops, the lid is removed and chunks of dough are hand flattened and placed directly on the limestones. In most ovens, 4 to 5 loaves can be baked at the same time. Then the opening is sealed and the fire stoked using the hot embers and ashes. When the bread is ready, the lid is removed and the bread taken out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
The process can be repeated, or other dishes can be baked using metal or pottery trays. The bottom of the bread will take the shape of the pebbles or other materials used in constructing the oven floor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
This baking process is unique and economical and produces aromatic and flavorful food. In the larger, fixed baking ovens (tannūr), the flattened dough is applied to the inner-wall of the oven, after the wall is dampened with a wet cloth, allowing for adhesion. After baking, the bread is removed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
Made of yellow pottery clay soil. The best is from Aaroub or Al Aaroub. The soil is wetted and made into a thick clay mixed with chopped stubble and straw from harvested wheat. The clay is hand-formed to make the dome-shaped shell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabun_oven |
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