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Social and emotional stimuli that relate to the well-being of another person can be studied with technology that tracks brain activity (such as Electroencephalograms and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Amygdala and insula activation occur when a person experiences emotions, such as fear and disgust respectively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
Researchers also suggest that the neural mechanisms that are activated when personally experiencing emotions are also activated when viewing another person experiencing the same emotions (via mirror neurons). Pain seems to activate a region known as the cingulate cortex, in addition to the activation of the neural mech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
Top-down activity refers to cognitive processes that originate from the frontal lobe and require conscious thought whereas bottom-up activity begins from a sensation of stimuli in the environment. From that sensory level, people sense and experience the emotional cues of another. At the same time, top-down responses ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
Sympathy is a stage in social and moral development. It typically arises when a child is between two and three years old, although some instances of empathic emotion can be seen as early as 18 months. Basic sharing of emotions, a precursor for sympathy, can be seen in infants. For example, babies will often begin to cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
This suggests the infant can recognize emotional cues in its environment, even if it cannot fully comprehend the emotion. Another milestone in child development is the ability to mimic facial expressions. Both of these processes act on sensory and perceptual pathways; executive functioning for empathic emotions does no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
Because of this, children and young adults experience another person's pain differently: Young children tend to be negatively aroused more often in comparison to the older subjects.Sympathy can elicit prosocial and altruistic behaviour. Altruistic behaviour happens when people who experience emotional reactions consist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
If exit is easy, an individual may instead reduce their own distress (distress caused by sympathy: feeling bad for the other) by avoiding contact with the other(s) in need. However sympathy is still experienced when it is easy to escape the situation, suggesting that humans are "other oriented" and altruistic.Sympathy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
This can be the case in parenting. Parenting styles (specifically, the level of affection) can influence the development of sympathy.Prosocial and moral development extends into adolescence and early adulthood as humans learn to better assess and interpret the emotions of others. Prosocial behaviours have been observed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
The development of theory of mind—the ability to view the world from perspectives of other people—is correlated with the development of sympathy and other complex emotions. These emotions are called "complex" because they involve more than just one's own emotional states; complex emotions involve the interplay of multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
One study sought to determine whether sympathy demonstrated by children was solely for personal benefit, or if the emotion was an innate part of development. Parents, teachers, and 1,300 children (aged six and seven) were interviewed regarding each child's behavior. Over the course of one year, questionnaires were fill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
The study concluded that children develop sympathy and empathy independently of parental guidance. The study also found that girls are more sympathetic, prosocial, and morally motivated than boys. Prosocial behavior has been noted in children as young as twelve months when showing and giving toys to their parents, with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy |
Data imaginaries are a form of cultural imaginary related to social conceptions of data, a concept that comes from the field of critical data studies. A data imaginary is a particular framing of data that defines what data are and what can be done with them. Imaginaries are produced by social institutions and practices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
A data imaginary is a particular framing of data, according to Kitchin consisting of "how are understood and normatively conceived of within a population or by stakeholders." It is a social constructivist theoretical concept that comes from the field of critical data studies, which is concerned with identifying these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
In sociology, imaginaries are social constructions that stem from social institutions and practices that prioritize different aspects of a social structure, in this case ideas about the use of data. According to Vanheeswijck, one of the most significant writers on this topic is Charles Taylor in his book A Secular Age,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
This concept is a geographically focused understanding of data imaginaries. Theories of the social imaginary assert that these constructions are not fake or meaningless, as they direct how people think about a concept like data and what they think is able to be done with them. According to Denick, social imaginaries en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
According to Kitchin, "different groups hold varying data imaginaries, concerning what data are generated and how, for what purpose," and how they "can serve particular agendas." People with differing opinions on how data should be used may share the same imaginary, which is concerned instead with how data can be used.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
The data analytics imaginary is the most established one in modern western society. Kitchin has defined it as framing data as "speedy (rapid insights), accessible (easily interpreted), revealing (extracting hidden knowledge), panoramic (all-seeing), prophetic (able to foresee and shape the future), and smart (possessin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
Data activists have competing imaginaries to the more common data analytics imaginary. These can vary depending on individual priorities, as they are not as well established, but they tend to prioritize data justice and community-oriented politics. These imaginaries challenge current assumptions around datafication in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
Critical data studies, the academic discipline that produced the notion of data imaginaries, has its own imaginary. This imaginary is particularly concerned with the role of power and politics, seeing data as situated within "a complex assemblage that actively shapes their constitution" according to Rob Kitchin, a lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_imaginaries |
The Maggie Edmond Enduring Architecture Award is an architecture prize presented annually by the Victorian Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA) since 2003. The award is presented to recognise long lasting, authentic and enduring architecture with usually more than 25 years since the completion of con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Edmond_Enduring_Architecture_Award |
Recipients of the state-based award are then eligible for consideration for the National Award for Enduring Architecture presented later in the same year, as part of the Australian National Architecture Awards. The named award recognises Melbourne based architect Maggie Edmond, recipient of the first Victorian Enduring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Edmond_Enduring_Architecture_Award |
Greenprinting relates to the conservation of land. Greenprinting is the creation of conservation scenarios that help communities make informed conservation decisions. Greenprinting can galvanize public support and encourage partners to work toward common conservation goals. Greenprinting often involves use of state-of-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenprinting |
Zebra is the American medical slang for arriving at a surprising, often exotic, medical diagnosis when a more commonplace explanation is more likely. It is shorthand for the aphorism coined in the late 1940s by Theodore Woodward, professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, who instructed his medical int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
The saying is a warning against the statistical Base rate fallacy where the likelihood of something like a disease among the population is not taken into consideration for an individual. Medical novices are predisposed to make rare diagnoses because of (a) the availability heuristic ("events more easily remembered are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
Thus, the aphorism is an important caution against these biases when teaching medical students to weigh medical evidence.Diagnosticians have noted, however, that "zebra"-type diagnoses must nonetheless be held in mind until the evidence conclusively rules them out: In making the diagnosis of the cause of illness in an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
... If the diagnosis can be made on the basis of specific criteria, then these criteria are either fulfilled or not fulfilled. — A. McGehee Harvey, James Bordley II, Jeremiah Barondess This quote, however, falls into the Base rate fallacy as the odds of a rare disease in a single patient is indeed affected by likelihoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
Necrotic skin lesions in the United States are often diagnosed as loxoscelism (recluse spider bites), even in areas where Loxosceles species are rare or not present. This is a matter of concern because such misdiagnoses can delay correct diagnosis and treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is considered a rare condition and those with it are known as medical zebras. The zebra was adopted across the world as the EDS mascot to bring the patient community together and raise awareness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
Sutton's law – perform first the diagnostic test expected to be most useful Occam's razor – select from among competing hypotheses the one that makes the fewest new assumptions Leonard's law of physical findings – it's obvious or it's not there Hickam's dictum – "Patients can have as many diseases as they damn well ple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(medicine) |
Yaminjeongeum (Korean: 야민정음; Hanja: 野民正音) is a South Korean internet meme which disassembles Hangul characters of a word and replaces them with others which appear similar to the correct form. For example, daejang (대장, "chief") is changed into meojang (머장), since dae (대) resembles meo (머). The name Yaminjeongeum is a b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminjeongeum |
There is no definitive source of the origin of Yaminjeongeum. According to DC wiki, a wiki of DC Inside, it was slang girls used in the 2000s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminjeongeum |
There are various ways to convert a word into yaminjeongeum: just replacing its consonants or vowels, rotating it, compacting it, or even using Latin alphabet. Some word plays are often considered as Yaminjeongeum, though they existed before it. There is no standard of the meme, only popular forms. The following are so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminjeongeum |
In early days, Yaminjeongeum was only used in DC Inside, but it has spread to other South Korean internet communities such as Namuwiki. Now it is commonly used in public, especially by teens, and even appears on TV ad. Google Translate translates some Yaminjeongum correctly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminjeongeum |
Critics state that the meme destroys Hangul and is a type of verbal violence, but supporters state that it is just a part of culture and improves the Korean language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminjeongeum |
A cognitive model is an approximation of one or more cognitive processes in humans or other animals for the purposes of comprehension and prediction. There are many types of cognitive models, and they can range from box-and-arrow diagrams to a set of equations to software programs that interact with the same tools that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Cognitive models can be developed within or without a cognitive architecture, though the two are not always easily distinguishable. In contrast to cognitive architectures, cognitive models tend to be focused on a single cognitive phenomenon or process (e.g., list learning), how two or more processes interact (e.g., vis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Cognitive modeling historically developed within cognitive psychology/cognitive science (including human factors), and has received contributions from the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
A number of key terms are used to describe the processes involved in the perception, storage, and production of speech. Typically, they are used by speech pathologists while treating a child patient. The input signal is the speech signal heard by the child, usually assumed to come from an adult speaker. The output sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
The unseen psychological events that occur between the arrival of an input signal and the production of speech are the focus of psycholinguistic models. Events that process the input signal are referred to as input processes, whereas events that process the production of speech are referred to as output processes. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Other processes, thought to happen offline, take place as part of the child's background mental processing rather than during the time dedicated to the speech task. In this sense, online processing is sometimes defined as occurring in real-time, whereas offline processing is said to be time-free (Hewlett, 1990). In box... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Sometimes (as in the models of Smith, 1973, and Menn, 1978, described later in this paper) the arrows represent processes additional to those shown in boxes. Such models make explicit the hypothesized information- processing activities carried out in a particular cognitive function (such as language), in a manner analo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Some have only one or two boxes between the input and output signals (e.g., Menn, 1978; Smith, 1973), whereas others have multiple boxes representing complex relationships between a number of different information-processing events (e.g., Hewlett, 1990; Hewlett, Gibbon, & Cohen- McKenzie, 1998; Stackhouse & Wells, 1997... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
As the following description of several models will illustrate, the nature of this information and thus the type(s) of representation present in the child's knowledge base have captured the attention of researchers for some time. (Elise Baker et al. Psycholinguistic Models of Speech Development and Their Application to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. June 2001. 44. p 685–702.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
A computational model is a mathematical model in computational science that requires extensive computational resources to study the behavior of a complex system by computer simulation. The system under study is often a complex nonlinear system for which simple, intuitive analytical solutions are not readily available. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
A symbolic model is expressed in characters, usually non-numeric ones, that require translation before they can be used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
A cognitive model is subsymbolic if it is made by constituent entities that are not representations in their turn, e.g., pixels, sound images as perceived by the ear, signal samples; subsymbolic units in neural networks can be considered particular cases of this category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations. See more details at hybrid intelligent system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
In the traditional computational approach, representations are viewed as static structures of discrete symbols. Cognition takes place by transforming static symbol structures in discrete, sequential steps. Sensory information is transformed into symbolic inputs, which produce symbolic outputs that get transformed into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
The entire system operates in an ongoing cycle. What is missing from this traditional view is that human cognition happens continuously and in real time. Breaking down the processes into discrete time steps may not fully capture this behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
An alternative approach is to define a system with (1) a state of the system at any given time, (2) a behavior, defined as the change over time in overall state, and (3) a state set or state space, representing the totality of overall states the system could be in. The system is distinguished by the fact that a change ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Early work in the application of dynamical systems to cognition can be found in the model of Hopfield networks. These networks were proposed as a model for associative memory. They represent the neural level of memory, modeling systems of around 30 neurons which can be in either an on or off state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
By letting the network learn on its own, structure and computational properties naturally arise. Unlike previous models, “memories” can be formed and recalled by inputting a small portion of the entire memory. Time ordering of memories can also be encoded. The behavior of the system is modeled with vectors which can ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
By taking into account the evolutionary development of the human nervous system and the similarity of the brain to other organs, Elman proposed that language and cognition should be treated as a dynamical system rather than a digital symbol processor. Neural networks of the type Elman implemented have come to be known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
This means that representations are sensitive to context, with mental representations viewed as trajectories through mental space instead of objects that are constructed and remain static. Elman networks were trained with simple sentences to represent grammar as a dynamical system. Once a basic grammar had been learned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
A classic developmental error has been investigated in the context of dynamical systems: The A-not-B error is proposed to be not a distinct error occurring at a specific age (8 to 10 months), but a feature of a dynamic learning process that is also present in older children. Children 2 years old were found to make an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
One proposed mechanism of a dynamical system comes from analysis of continuous-time recurrent neural networks (CTRNNs). By focusing on the output of the neural networks rather than their states and examining fully interconnected networks, three-neuron central pattern generator (CPG) can be used to represent systems suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
One feature of this pattern is that neuron outputs are either off or on most of the time. Another feature is that the states are quasi-stable, meaning that they will eventually transition to other states. A simple pattern generator circuit like this is proposed to be a building block for a dynamical system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Sets of neurons that simultaneously transition from one quasi-stable state to another are defined as a dynamic module. These modules can in theory be combined to create larger circuits that comprise a complete dynamical system. However, the details of how this combination could occur are not fully worked out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Modern formalizations of dynamical systems applied to the study of cognition vary. One such formalization, referred to as “behavioral dynamics”, treats the agent and the environment as a pair of coupled dynamical systems based on classical dynamical systems theory. In this formalization, the information from the enviro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
The first transforms the representation of the agents action into specific patterns of muscle activation that in turn produce forces in the environment. The second function transforms the information from the environment (i.e., patterns of stimulation at the agent's receptors that reflect the environment's current stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Behavioral dynamics have been applied to locomotive behavior. Modeling locomotion with behavioral dynamics demonstrates that adaptive behaviors could arise from the interactions of an agent and the environment. According to this framework, adaptive behaviors can be captured by two levels of analysis. At the first level... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Thus, behavioral dynamics emerge from the agent-environment interaction. At the second level of time evolution, behavior can be expressed as a dynamical system represented as a vector field. In this vector field, attractors reflect stable behavioral solutions, where as bifurcations reflect changes in behavior. In contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
In an extension of classical dynamical systems theory, rather than coupling the environment's and the agent's dynamical systems to each other, an “open dynamical system” defines a “total system”, an “agent system”, and a mechanism to relate these two systems. The total system is a dynamical system that models an agent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
In the context of dynamical systems and embodied cognition, representations can be conceptualized as indicators or mediators. In the indicator view, internal states carry information about the existence of an object in the environment, where the state of a system during exposure to an object is the representation of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
The application of open dynamical systems have been discussed for four types of classical embodied cognition examples: Instances where the environment and agent must work together to achieve a goal, referred to as "intimacy". A classic example of intimacy is the behavior of simple agents working to achieve a goal (e.g.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Instances where the use of external artifacts improves the performance of tasks relative to performance without these artifacts. The process is referred to as "offloading". A classic example of offloading is the behavior of Scrabble players; people are able to create more words when playing Scrabble if they have the ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
In this example, the Scrabble tiles allow the agent to offload working memory demands on to the tiles themselves. Instances where a functionally equivalent external artifact replaces functions that are normally performed internally by the agent, which is a special case of offloading. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
One famous example is that of human (specifically the agents Otto and Inga) navigation in a complex environment with or without assistance of an artifact. Instances where there is not a single agent. The individual agent is part of larger system that contains multiple agents and multiple artifacts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
One famous example, formulated by Ed Hutchins in his book Cognition in the Wild, is that of navigating a naval ship.The interpretations of these examples rely on the following logic: (1) the total system captures embodiment; (2) one or more agent systems capture the intrinsic dynamics of individual agents; (3) the comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_model |
Sine nomine (abbreviated s.n.) is a Latin expression, meaning "without a name". It is most commonly used in the contexts of publishing and bibliographical listings such as library catalogs, to signify that the publisher (or distributor, etc.) of a listed work is unknown, or not printed or specified on the work. It is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_nomine |
), "without a place", used where the place of publication of a work is unknown or unspecified. While it may sometimes be used to disclose an unknown authorship, this is more commonly indicated as anon. or similar. The phrase and its abbreviation have been deprecated in Anglophone cataloging with the adoption of the Res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_nomine |
The communicative constitution of organizations (CCO) perspective is broadly characterized by the claim that communication is not something that happens within organizations or between organizational members; instead, communication is the process whereby organizations are constituted. Specifically, this view contends: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
The model of communication as constitutive of organizations has origins in the linguistic approach to organizational communication taken in the 1980s. Theorists such as Karl E. Weick were among the first to posit that organizations were not static but inherently comprised by a dynamic process of communicating. The noti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
All CCO perspectives agree that “communication is the primary mode of explaining social reality”. While the Montreal School emphasizes speech acts, the four-flows highlights internal and external relations of the organization to members, members to other members, and the organization to outsiders. Luhmann contends that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
In their seminal 2000 article, which was republished in 2009 The Communicative Constitution of Organizations: A Framework for Explanation, Robert D. McPhee and Pamela Zaug distinguish four types of communicative flows generate a social structure through interaction. The flows, though distinct, can affect one another in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Reflexive self-structuring separates organizations from other groupings such as a crowd or mob. The self-structuring process is deliberately carried out through communication among role-holders and groups. Communication regarding self-structuring is recursive and dialogic in nature. It concerns the control, design, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Communication of formal structure predetermines work routines rather than allowing them to emerge and controls the collaboration and membership-negotiation processes. Physical examples of organizational self-structuring include a charter, organizational chart, and policy manual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Organizational self-structuring is a political, subjective process that can be affected by systems, individuals, interests, and traditions in which it takes place. It is not necessarily free of error or ambiguity. To constitute an organization, the communication must imply the formation and governance of a differentiat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Organizations are necessarily composed of, yet are distinct from, individual members. Because humans are not inherently members of organizations, negotiatory communication must occur to incorporate them. Membership negotiation links an organization to its members by establishing and maintaining relationships. Practices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
In recruitment, potential members are evaluated, both parties must agree to a relationship, and the member must be incorporated into the structure of the organization. The negotiation process can be influenced by powers including prior existence and supervision, and all parties involved may redefine themselves to fit e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Activity coordination is a result of the fact that organizations inherently have at least one purpose to which the members' activity is contributing. Often an organization's self-structuring defines the division of labor, work flow sequences, policies, etc. that set the course for activity coordination. The structure i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Activity coordination can include adjusting the work process and resolving immediate or unforeseen practical problems. Activity coordination operates on the assumption that members are working in an interdependent social unit beyond the work tasks themselves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
It incorporates any processes and attitudes and therefore includes coordination for members to not complete work or to seek power over one another. The work of Dr. Henry Mintzberg exemplifies activity coordination in the mechanism of mutual adjustment in his theory of organizational forms. In this example, co-workers i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Institutional positioning links the organization to the environment outside the organization at a macro level. Examples of entities outside the organization include suppliers, customers, and competitors. Communication outside the organization negotiates terms of recognition of the organization’s existence and place in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Though there is not one configuration that an organization must embody, in order to be considered by peer institutions, the minimum process involves negotiating inclusion in the environment. Organizations must establish and maintain a presence, image, status, and a two-way communication channel with partners. Objects s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Organizations which are marginalized due to their lack of institutional positioning include startup companies and illegal groups such as the Mafia. Generally, the more secure an organization, the stronger relationships and control over uncertainty and resources it has in its environment. Pre-existing institutional (cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
One of the most distinctive stances of the Montreal School approach, birthed in the Université de Montréal by James Taylor, Francois Cooren (see particularly Cooren, 2004), and Bruno Latour amongst others, is that texts have agency. Texts do something to humans that is not reducible to certain human interactions and hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Cooren et al. (2011), the current leading voice in the Montréal school, suggests that Greimas language theory (described by Cooren & Taylor, 2006 as almost incomprehensible) and Latour’s (1995, 2005) Actor Network Theory are the basis of the Montréal school’s thinking. Taylor and Van Every (2001) rely on Austin’s (1962... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
The text represents big ‘D’ Discourse in the organization, or the way people talk, while conversation represents the messages exchanged between two parties that solidify into text. In this way, Taylor et al. (1996) claim that organizations are not real in the material sense; instead, organizations are a culmination of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Over the course of time, distanciation, or solidification of various texts lead to what laypeople refer to as the organization, occurs. Taylor et al. (1996) propose several degrees of separation between text and conversation. First, text is translated into action through the ability of communication to carry intention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Second, conversation turns into a narrative representation as interlocutors agree on meaning. Third, text is translating into (semi)permanent medium; for example, we write down regulations in an employee handbook. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Such medium permits storage of texts to help them become conversation. Fourth, these media specialize the language as professionalism. Fifth, physical and material structures are created by the organization to perpetuate conversation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Finally, publication, dissemination, diffusion, and other forms of broadcast are employed to convey the message created by members of the organization. Through this CCO process, the social arrangements of the workplace become codified. The Montréal school’s proponents contend that the essence of organizing is captured ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Coorientation, as described above is an A-B-X relationship between two actors and an object; the object can be psychological, physical, or social. A plenum of agencies refers to the potential of both human and non-human actants (a term borrowed from Actor Network Theory; Latour, 1995) to interact within the organizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Hybridity refers to human and nonhuman actants working together to co-orient a claim. Imbrication refers to the emerging structures created by discourse in the organization over time that become an unquestioned part of what we call the organization. Finally, ventriloquism is the study of how interacts (both human and n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Luhmann's systems theory focuses on three topics, which are interconnected in his entire work: Systems theory as societal theory Communication theory and Evolution theoryThe core element of Luhmann's theory is communication. Social systems are systems of communication, and society is the most encompassing social system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
The interior of the system is thus a zone of reduced complexity: Communication within a system operates by selecting only a limited amount of all information available outside. This process is also called "reduction of complexity". The criterion according to which information is selected and processed is meaning (in Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Both social systems and psychical or personal systems (see below for an explanation of this distinction) operate by processing meaning. The third strand of CCO was first acknowledged by Taylor (1995) but has only recently been included as a strand of CCO theorizing. Luhmann (1995) claims that individuals do not create ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Perhaps this is why Luhmann’s general system perspective has only recently been considered a part of the CCO body of scholarship. Luhmann takes care to define communication as a tripartite conceptualization of interactive forces. Specifically, Seidl (2014) explains that Luhmann suggests communication is an amalgam of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
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