text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
Whereas information is what is contained in a message, utterance is how the communication is conducted, and understanding “refers to the distinction between information and utterance” (p. 290). Luhmann’s perspective is a radical departure from traditional communication scholarship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Putnam and Fairhurst (2015) explain that the Luhmannian perspective is wholly communicative; that is, meaning is complete up to utterances in a given communicative interaction. Luhmann’s perspective gives less value to human agency in favor of a social agentic perspective. For this reason, Seidl claims that CCO researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Six premises are shared by each CCO perspective.Premise 1 is that CCO scholarship looks at communication events. Any “turn of talk, discourse, artifact, metaphor, architectural element, body, text or narrative” is potentially important in producing and reproducing the organization. Premise 2 is that CCO scholarship inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Scholars broadly as “the ongoing, dynamic, interactive process of manipulating symbols toward the creation, maintenance, destruction and/or transformation of meanings which are axial—not peripheral—to organizational existence and organizing phenomena” Premise 3 is that CCO acknowledges the co-constructed/co-oriented na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Premise 4 is that the agent of action (both human and non-human) remains an open question. CCO theory embraces the ability of artifacts to shape the actions of members of the organization. For example, McPhee and Iverson (2009) explore how a communidad in Mexico was able take action against entities threatening land us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
Premise 5 is that CCO scholarship does not extend beyond the realm of communication events. This premise suggests what CCO is not:“Something as material and (apparently) inert as a building, for instance, participates in the constitution of an organization through what it does: sheltering operations, channeling activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations |
A scholarship is a form of financial aid awarded to students for further education. Generally, scholarships are awarded based on a set of criteria such as academic merit, diversity and inclusion, athletic skill, and financial need. Scholarship criteria usually reflect the values and goals of the donor of the award, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
While the terms scholarship and grant are frequently used interchangeably, they are distinctly different. Where grants are offered based exclusively on financial need, scholarships may have a financial need component but rely on other criteria as well. Academic scholarships typically use a minimum grade-point average o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
The most common scholarships may be classified as: Merit-based: These awards are based on a student's academic, artistic, athletic, or other abilities, and often a factor in an applicant's extracurricular activities and community service record. Most such merit-based scholarships are paid directly by the institution th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Student-specific: These are scholarships for which applicants must initially qualify based upon gender, race, religion, family, and medical history, or many other student-specific factors. Minority scholarships are the most common awards in this category. For example, students in Canada may qualify for a number of Indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
The Gates Millennium Scholars Program is another minority scholarship funded by Bill and Melinda Gates for excellent African American, American Indian, Asian Pacific Islander American, and Latino students who enroll in college. Career-specific: These are scholarships a college or university awards to students who plan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Many schools in the United States give future nurses full scholarships to enter the field, especially if the student intends to work in a high-need community. College-specific: College-specific scholarships are offered by individual colleges and universities to highly qualified applicants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
These scholarships are given on the basis of academic and personal achievement. Some scholarships have a "bond" requirement. Recipients may be required to work for a particular employer for a specified period of time or to work in rural or remote areas; otherwise, they may be required to repay the value of the support ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
This is particularly the case with education and nursing scholarships for people prepared to work in rural and remote areas. The programs offered by the uniformed services of the United States (Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Often this is so that the student will be available to attend the school or college and play the sport on their team, although in some countries government funded sports scholarships are available, allowing scholarship holders to train for international representation. School-based athletics scholarships can be controv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Sometimes these scholarships are referred to as branded scholarships. The Miss America beauty pageant is a famous example of a brand scholarship. Creative contest: These scholarships are awarded to students based on a creative submission. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Contest scholarships are also called mini project-based scholarships, where students can submit entries based on unique and innovative ideas. "Last dollar": can be provided by private and government-based institutions, and are intended to cover the remaining fees charged to a student after the various grants are taken ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Chevening Scholarship: Foreign & Commonwealth Office (UK) China Scholarship Council Scholarship: Government of China Commonwealth Scholarship: Commonwealth governments Coca-Cola Scholarship: the Coca-Cola Company Endeavour Awards: Government of Australia Erasmus Mundus: European Union Fulbright Scholarship Gates Cambri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship |
Dubnow Garden (alternative spelling Dubnov) (Hebrew: גינת דובנוב) is a public park and garden located in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel, lying at the back of the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center. The park is named for Simon Dubnow, a Jewish Belarusian historian, writer and activist. The street sharing its name (Dubnow S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnow_Garden |
Dubnow Garden is very popular with young families, students and dog owners. It contains playgrounds and outdoor exercise equipment. == External links == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnow_Garden |
Albert Dauzat (French pronunciation: ; 4 July 1877 – 31 October 1955) was a French linguist specializing in toponymy and onomastics.Dauzat, a student of Jules Gilliéron, was a director of studies at the École des hautes études. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dauzat |
L'argot des poilus; dictionnaire humoristique et philologique du langage des soldats de la grande guerre de 1914, 1918 La géographie linguistique, 1922 Les noms de lieux, origine et évolution; villes et villages--pays--cours d'eau--montagnes--lieux-dits, 1926 La Langue Française: sa vie, son évolution, 1926 Les argots:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dauzat |
Miscommunication ("mis" + "communication") is the failure of communicating clearly the intended message or idea. It may be a social inability to communicate adequately and properly, and it is one of many types of communication barriers. It is an instant where either the speaker is unable to provide the proper and adequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscommunication |
The cases of miscommunication vary depending on the situation and persons included in it, but often result in confusion and frustration. In some cases, miscommunication may even open up the triangle of other factors that inevitably leads to a conflict. Miscommunication is a lack of alignment of agents' intellectual sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscommunication |
Statistical graphics, also known as statistical graphical techniques, are graphics used in the field of statistics for data visualization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics |
Whereas statistics and data analysis procedures generally yield their output in numeric or tabular form, graphical techniques allow such results to be displayed in some sort of pictorial form. They include plots such as scatter plots, histograms, probability plots, spaghetti plots, residual plots, box plots, block plot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics |
Statistical graphics have been central to the development of science and date to the earliest attempts to analyse data. Many familiar forms, including bivariate plots, statistical maps, bar charts, and coordinate paper were used in the 18th century. Statistical graphics developed through attention to four problems: Spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics |
Famous graphics were designed by: William Playfair who produced what could be called the first line, bar, pie, and area charts. For example, in 1786 he published the well known diagram that depicts the evolution of England's imports and exports, Florence Nightingale, who used statistical graphics to persuade the Britis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics |
Brain stimulation reward (BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner. BSR can serve as a robust operant reinforcer. Targeted stimulation activates the reward system circuitry and establishes response habits similar to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Electrical brain stimulation and intracranial drug injections produce robust reward sensation due to a relatively direct activation of the reward circuitry. This activation is considered to be more direct than rewards produced by natural stimuli, as those signals generally travel through the more indirect peripheral ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
ICSS typically involves subjects with permanent electrode implants in one of several regions of the brain known to produce BSR when stimulated. Subjects are trained to continuously respond to electrical stimulation of that brain region. ICSS studies have been particularly useful for examining the effects of various pha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
In 1953, James Olds and Peter Milner, of McGill University, observed that rats preferred to return to the region of the test apparatus where they received direct electrical stimulation to the septal area of the brain. From this demonstration, Olds and Milner inferred that the stimulation was rewarding, and through subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Skinner, operant reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, and it is considered essential to the learning of response habits. Their discovery enabled motivation and reinforcement to be understood in terms of their underlying physiology, and it led to further experimentation to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Among ethicists, early "direct brain stimulation" or "psychosurgery" experiments have been criticized as "dubious and precarious (even) by yesterday's standards". In a case published in 1986, a subject who was given the ability to self-stimulate at home ended up ignoring her family and personal hygiene, and spent entir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Early studies on the motivational effects of brain stimulation addressed two primary questions: 1. Which brain sites can be stimulated to produce the perception of reward? and 2. Which drugs influence the response to stimulation and via what mechanism?Investigation of the brain reward circuitry reveals that it consists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The natural drives that motivate and shape behavior reach the reward circuitry trans-synaptically through the peripheral senses of sight, sound, taste, smell, or touch. However, experimentally-induced BSR more directly activates the reward circuitry and bypasses transduction through peripheral sensory pathways. For thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Studies involving these two forms of laboratory reward showed stimulation of a broad range of limbic and diencephalic structures could be rewarding as well as implicated the dopamine-containing neurons of the mesolimbic dopamine system in motivational function. The motivational effect of intracranial self-stimulation v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The relationship between BSR and natural rewards (e.g. food, water and copulation) has long been debated, and much of the early research on BSR is focused on their respective similarities and differences. BSR is facilitated through the same reinforcement pathway activated by natural rewards. Self-stimulation can exert ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
When specific regions of the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated, it elicits reward-related behaviors such as eating, drinking, or copulation responses.Natural rewards are associated with a state of deprivation from unmet needs or desires (e.g., hunger). These states drive instinctual, motivated behaviors like foo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
BSR also notably lacks an established neural representation in memory that naturally facilitates the learning of reward expectancy. Both of these effects lead to diminished response rate for BSR in the early trials of a series; however, experiments have also shown that extinguished behavior can be quickly reinstated by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Rats will perform lever-pressing at rates of several thousand responses per hour for days in exchange for direct electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Multiple studies have demonstrated that rats will perform reinforced behaviors at the exclusion of all other behaviors. Experiments have shown rats will fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Satiation experiments in rats have revealed that BSR does not produce satiety. Olds demonstrated that this lack of satiation associated with BSR allows animals to self-stimulate to sheer exhaustion and that satiation is dependent on the location of the electrical stimulation. In a 48-hour satiation test, rats with hypo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The insatiability of BSR is closely related to the strength of drive. While a natural reward, like food, is met with a feeling of being full (satiety), BSR does not have a comparable correlate. This allows for BSR to be experienced indefinitely, or in the case of ICSS, until exhaustion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Addiction is a chronic brain disorder consisting of compulsive drug-taking and seeking that is maintained despite detrimental effects on various aspects of life including health, relationships, and work. Laboratory procedures can establish compulsive self-administration habits of seeking and ingesting that qualify as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
BSR is hypothesized to be so effective in establishing compulsive habits due to its more direct activation of the reward pathway, bypassing transmission through sensory pathways in response to natural rewards. Delayed reinforcement following a response for BSR decreases how strongly this behavior is reinforced and to w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Mapping and lesion studies on BSR were designed to determine the location of reward-relevant neurons as well as determine the signal pathways that are directly affected by brain stimulation. The site of intracranial self-stimulation leads to substantially different behavioral characteristics. Sites along the length of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The lateral hypothalamus is a portion of the hypothalamus, and brain stimulation to this area at the level of the medial forebrain bundle produces the highest response rates and subsequently the highest reward potency in rodents. Lesions in this region or along its boundary cause a loss of positive drive-reward behavio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is the location of the most frequently investigated brain stimulation reward sites, and it is composed of a complex bundle of axons projecting from the basal olfactory regions and the septal nuclei. MFB is not the sole anatomical substrate responsible for reinforcing brain stimulation;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The mesolimbic pathway connects the VTA to the nucleus accumbens. The nucleus accumbens is located in the ventral striatum and integrates information from cortical and limbic brain structures to mediate behaviors the reinforce reward. It is a major target for the dopaminergic projections from the VTA, a group of neuron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Electrophysiological data suggest stimulation of the MFB or VTA does not directly activate dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic reward pathway. These data suggest BSR is facilitated by initial excitation of descending, myelinated neurons, which then activate the ascending, unmyelinated neurons of the VTA. Excitatory,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Since the initial demonstration of BSR by Olds and Milner, experiments in rodents record ICSS responding to quantify motivation to receive stimulation. Subjects undergo stereotaxic surgery to permanently implant either a monopolar or bipolar electrode to the desired brain region. Electrodes are connected to a stimulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The first portion of an ICSS experiment involves training subjects to respond for stimulation using a fixed-ratio 1 (FR-1) reinforcement schedule (1 response = 1 reward). In experiments involving rats, subjects are trained to press a lever for stimulation, and the rate of lever-pressing is typically the dependent varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The amplitude (current) of stimulation determines the population of neurons being activated by the implanted electrode. In certain approaches, this is adjusted for every subject due to minor variability in electrode placement, and therefore a slightly different population of affected neurons. Following FR1 training, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Each discrete trial consists of non-contingent stimulation at a certain amplitude followed by a brief window during which the animal can respond for more stimulation. Effective currents for BSR elicit responding above a certain rate (3 out of 4 trials, for example). The lowest current the animal responds sufficiently t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
This is done at a constant frequency, typically at the higher end of the frequency range employed in ICSS studies (140–160 Hz).Within-subject study design is often implemented to help eliminate variability introduced by electrode placement. Between-subject study design requires rigorous histologic verification of elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Subjects with ideal anatomical placement will respond at lower stimulation amplitudes. This corrective process is limited, however, since increasing the population of activated neurons can result in off-target activation of neighboring circuitry. This is often culminated in undesired motor side effects upon stimulation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
At a constant minimum effective current, ICSS responding is recorded over a series of trials, which vary in stimulation frequency. Each trial consists of a short priming phase of non-contingent stimulation, a response phase where responses are recorded and rewarded with stimulation, and a short time-out phase where res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The independent variables of stimulation train and pulse duration can also be varied to determine how each affects ICSS response rates. Longer train durations produce more vigorous responding up to a point, after which rate of responding varies inversely with train length. This is due to lever-pressing for additional s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
This can be done by increasing the number of responses required to receive a reward (FR-2, FR-3, FR-4, etc.) or by implementing a progressive-ratio schedule, where the number of required responses continually increases. The number of required responses increases for each trial until the animal fails to reach the requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Stimulation intensity, pulse duration, or pulse frequency can be varied to determine dose-response functions ICSS responding using curve-shift analysis. This approach generally resembles traditional pharmacological dose-response curve where the frequency of stimulation, rather than the dose of a drug, is examined. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Lower stimulation frequencies fail to sustain ICSS responding at a probability above chance. Response rates increase rapidly over a dynamic range of stimulation frequencies as the frequency increases, until a maximum response rate is reached. Changes in the rate of response over this range reflects changes in the magni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Rate-frequency, rate-intensity, or rate-duration functions make inferences about the potency and efficacy of stimulation, as well as elucidate how drugs alter the rewarding impact of stimulation.Curve-shift analysis is often used in pharmacological studies to compare baseline response rates to those following drug admi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
In an experimental condition, if the MCR falls below 100% at the highest stimulation frequencies, it is thought to reflect an impacted capability or motivation to respond, potentially induced by a drug with sedative or aversive properties. Shifts above 100% of the MCR indicate improved ability or motivation to respond,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
An increase in the M50 indicates that a greater stimulation frequency was required to reach 50% of the MCR, and the reward circuitry has been desensitized by the experimental manipulation. Another way of analyzing the frequency-rate curve between control and experimental conditions is to do a linear regression through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Several major drug classes have been studied extensively in relation to ICSS behavior: monoaminergic drugs, opioids, cholinergic drugs, GABAergic drugs, as well as a small number of drugs from other classes. These studies generally compare ICSS responding at baseline and following drug administration. Typically, the fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Pharmacological manipulation of these systems can have either a direct or indirect effect on the activity of the reward circuitry. Understanding drug-specific effects on ICSS response thresholds has helped elucidate how different neurotransmitter systems influence the reward circuitry by either potentiating or suppress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Studies using lesion, pharmacological, and anatomical mapping of the brain have revealed that many drugs of abuse (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine, opioids, nicotine, etc.) activate the reward circuitry of the MFB, which is similarly activated by stimulation to achieve BSR. The neuronal axons of the mesolimbic dopamine syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
The effects of drugs that alter neurotransmission of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin have been studied extensively in relation to BSR. Neurochemical studies have shown that BSR results in the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. This effect is generally potentiated following administration of drugs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
While dopamine is generally considered to be the main neurotransmitter implicated in the reward system, it is often not the only neurotransmitter affected by addictive, monoaminergic drugs. Importantly, the circuitry involved in BSR is multi-synaptic and not exclusively dopaminergic. This introduces potential for modul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Additionally, drugs that affect monoamine transmission vary in their selectivity. For example, drugs with high selectivity for increasing dopamine and norepinephrine transmission relative to serotonin transmission tend to have highly addictive properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Amphetamine and cocaine share this selectivity profile, and administration of these drugs generally results in a left-shift in M50 and θ0, indicating sensitization of the reward circuitry and high abuse potential. This characteristic leftward-shift of M50 in response to a moderate dose of cocaine is illustrated in a hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Even following chronic administration of methamphetamine or cocaine, there is little to no tolerance to ICSS facilitation. After chronic treatment is stopped, however, there is a withdrawal-induced depression of ICSS responding, which can be reversed by re-administering the drug.Drugs with more balanced selectivity for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
One such example is fenfluramine, which was previously marketed as an appetite suppressant. Dopamine antagonists generally result in the depression of ICSS responding and a rightward-shift in the frequency-rate curve. This suggests decreased BSR and possibly increased aversive properties of the stimulation. Following c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Drugs that act on the opioid system generally vary in selectivity for the mu (μ), delta (δ), and kappa (κ) opioid receptors. Their addictive properties are highly dependent on these selectivities. Generally speaking, high potency mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists have high abuse potential, while kappa-opioid receptor (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
High potency MOR agonists like morphine have a somewhat varied effect on ICSS responding despite having high abuse potential, resulting in both potentiation and depression. The effect these drugs have on ICSS responding has been found to be highly dependent on dose, pretreatment time, and previous opioid exposure. Vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Low doses of these drugs have been found to elicit weak facilitation of ICSS, while high doses result in a biphasic ICSS profile, consisting of a higher threshold for ICSS at lower frequencies followed by ICSS potentiation at higher frequencies. Upon chronic administration of high-potency MOR agonists at low doses, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
KOR agonism, typically associated with dysphoric states, more consistently results in a depression of ICSS responding. The KOR agonist salvinorin-A, for example, causes an overall decrease in ICSS response rates at lower stimulation frequencies. Repeated administration does not produce tolerance to ICSS depression. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Cholinergic drugs have been less extensively studied than monoamines and opioids. The most commonly studied cholinergic drug is nicotine, the highly-addictive, psychoactive substance in cigarettes. Nicotine is an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels. The addictive p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Many studies have confirmed that low doses of nicotine result in ICSS facilitation, while higher doses result in ICSS depression. Chronic treatment with nicotine does not result in tolerance to ICSS facilitation at low doses, but does result in tolerance to the depressive effects of high doses. Withdrawal-induced depre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
GABAergic transmission is inhibitory, and the two main receptors for GABA are GABAA and GABAB. Drugs that act on GABAA receptors, which are ligand-gated ion channels, are more widely studied, as they generally produce more robust effects on sedation and anxiety, and they are commonly prescribed for therapeutic uses. Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Mechanisms of BSR offer a tool that provides insight into the way the brain governs behavior through motivation and reinforcement, especially in regard to addictive and compulsive behaviors. ICSS studies of BSR have proven to be a robust measure of reward sensitivity, and have potential to help assess the abuse liabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stimulation_reward |
Ciclovía (, Spanish: ), also ciclovia or cyclovia, is a Spanish term that means "cycleway", either a permanent bike path or the temporary closing of certain streets to automobiles for cyclists and pedestrians, a practice sometimes called open streets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The inspiration for Ciclovías is credited to Bogotá, Colombia. In 1970 the National Capital Commission in Canada's capital Ottawa organized open streets for active transportation. The events have taken place since December 1974 when they started through the efforts of organizer Jaime Ortiz Mariño and others cyclist afi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
In Bogotá, permanently designated bikeways are also known as ciclorrutas, while streets temporarily closed for that purpose are called ciclovías. Each Sunday and public holiday from 7 am until 2 pm certain main streets of Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, and other cities are temporarily blocked off to cars allowing runners, ska... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Aerobics instructors, yoga teachers and musicians lead people through various performances. The great variety of traditional food and drinks offered in snack stalls motivates many locals and tourists to go around the Ciclovía. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Bogotá's weekly ciclovías are used by approximately 2 million people (about 20% of the population) on over 120 km of car-free streets.In 2007, a Colombian Congressman, José Fernando Castro Caycedo, proposed a law banning Ciclovia, charging that it caused traffic jams. Ciclovia users protested the change, and received s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The Bogota Ciclovía provides service from 7:00 am to 2:00 pm Sundays and holidays of the year by the main roads of the city, connected in a circuit of over 121 kilometers long and covers all sectors of the city. This time space was born in 1974. Since 1995 its management was taken over by the IDRD. Since then and gradu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Its infrastructure allows nearly one million (1,000,000) users leave their homes to safely practice different types of physical activities. The Ciclovía was awarded under the II International Competition 2005 Active Cities Healthy Cities, through its contribution to the development of an alternative and efficient physi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
On the Gold Coast, Queensland, the City of Gold Coast held the city's first Ciclovia dubbed "Bike and Street Fest" on 4 May 2014. A section of Varsity Parade, Varsity Lakes was car-free for a four-hour celebration of bikes and all forms of active travel. The event included food stalls, street performers, live music and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The event again included street performers, live music and a BMX stunt show and ran in conjunction with the "Ride. Run. Walk." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
event which hosted a number of fun runs and competitive bike rides. The event attracted an estimated 7,500 visitors.In Melbourne, the Merri-bek city council has held two Cyclovia events, on 28 May 2006 and 13 April 2008. A 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) section of the busy arterial Sydney Road was car-free for six hours. Bicycle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Rosario was the first city in Argentina to hold an official Ciclovia, called Calle Recreativa. Each Sunday and holiday few important avenues of Rosario, are blocked off for the event to become carfree. From 8 am to 1 pm, runners, skaters and bicyclists take over the streets. Rosario's weekly ciclovías are used by appro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Brussels hosted its first Cyclovia on August 21, 2011. About 10 km of roads were totally or partially closed, with a course spanning from the Cinquantenaire Park throughout the centre of the city ending at the western boundary of the Small ring (Brussels). Another event is planned for September 11, 2011.The second Belg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Walkable city streets are commonly closed on Sunday in major cities, one notable example being Avenida Atlântica in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo opens 118 km of car lanes to bikes-only every Sunday and holiday from 7 am to 4 pm, one of the most extensive programs in the world. The capital city of Brasilia also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Halifax held an event called Switch Open Streets on September 9, 2012 and planned to hold three more in 2013, beginning June 9, 2013. The first Switch attracted approximately 35,000 people and the event aims to create community ownership so that it may take place on more Sundays every year. In March 2012, Gil Penalosa ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The event saw thousands of people crowd Broadway on bikes, skateboards and on foot. The event was such a success that organizers, the Downtown Winnipeg BIZ, hope to make it an annual event.Vancouver held its first Ciclovias, called Vancouver LiveStreets, on June 26, 2011 and September 11, 2011. The events are a partner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Most recently, on August 21, 2011, it saw the opening of two lanes of the Memorial Drive Parkway for thousands of Calgarians to enjoy dozens of participatory activities in a non-consumeristic street festival Bow River Flow. Organizers have proposed larger scale multi-day events for 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Hamilton is holding its seventh Open Streets event, based on the Ciclovia movement on June 23, 2013. The event is organized by a group of community partners and invites people to walk ride or roll down town through over 2K of James St. N car free. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Ottawa - Gatineau has been the site of Ciclovías-type street closures (for motorised vehicles) since 1970, organised by the National Capital Commission. Every Sunday morning from Victoria Day until Labour day over 50 kilometres of roads in the heart of Ottawa and nearby Gatineau Park are reserved for cyclists, in-line ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
In 2021 the NCC converted Sunday Bike Days to Weekend Bike Days and added weekday closures on Queen Elizabeth Drive and Colonel By Drive to create more space for active transportation. Toronto Is relatively new to this initiative and started in 2014 with annual event of weekend closures for the two main streets: Yonge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.