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Every Sunday morning 32 kilometres of roads in Santiago de Chile are reserved for cyclist, runners, skaters, etc. This is called "CicloRecreoVía" The program started in 2006 and meets every Sunday to 34,000 people 09:00 to 14:00. In northern Chile CicloRecreoVía is implemented each Sunday in the city of Antofagasta on the waterfront along 4 km car-free. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
A 5.8 km long ciclovía was built in the city of Cartago in 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The first Ciclopaseo in Quito took place in April 2003 when the path was only 9.5 km and 3,000 people participated. At that point, Ciclopaseos were only held on the last Sunday of every month but the event grew in popularity. In six months the route had grown to 20 km with 25,000 participants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The Ciclopaseo is a project organized by the local organization Ciclopolis to promote urban cycling, sustainable transportation, and community building in Quito. A route of 30 km running from the North to South of the city is closed to traffic every Sunday from 8 am until 2 pm to give preference to bicyclers and pedestrians. The project was partially inspired by the Ciclopaseo in the neighboring capital of Bogota, Colombia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The mayor of Bogota, Antanas Mockus, rode alongside Quito's mayor, Paco Moncayo, in the second monthly Ciclopaseo of May, 2003. The Ciclopaseo of June was the first themed event that emphasized children, followed by the event "Quito is for Everyone" in June, which featured the winners of the Special Olympics. The Ciclopaseo began 2005 by doubling its frequency to every fifteen days and in May 2009 became a weekly event and takes place every Sunday. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Guatemala City currently hosts the Pasos y Pedales event every Sunday from 10:00 to 14:00 on some of the municipality's main thoroughfares, in Zones 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14. Thousands of residents enjoy Pasos y Pedales each week. There have also been a series of permanent cycleways already built on major roads in Zones 10, 12 and 15, as well as several others. These are starting to appear already in other cities and towns nationwide, as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The Indian city of Bengaluru - the IT Capital of the country initiated the first sustainable awareness campaign called Cycle day in October 2013. The planning for this initiative began prior to September 2013. This initiative has completed 300 Cycle day events across the city of Bangalore conducted by 32 community partners in the span of 3.9 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Gurgaon introduced the concept in November 2013 under the name Raahgiri Day, taking place on Sunday mornings. Raahgiri has had a positive impact on local air quality, with measurements estimating that vehicular emissions were down by 49% on Sunday mornings in comparison to other days of the week. The Raahgiri concept was expanded into other cities, such as Delhi, Bhubaneswar, and Noida (under the name Happy Streets).The chief minister of Haryana announced financial assistance for expanding Raahgiri to all districts in Haryana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Jakarta hosts a Car-Free Day (CFD) event every Sunday on Jalan Sudirman and Jalan MH Thamrin, two of the city's main thoroughfares, from 6am to 11am. Pedestrians and cyclists are free to exercise in the streets and sidewalks (which are normally blocked due to illegally parked motorcycles and food stalls) with more than 100,000 people participating each Sunday. CFD was started in 2007 under the Fauzi Bowo administration and signed into regulation as a twice monthly event in 2010 and as a weekly public event in 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Activities taking place on CFD must conform to one of four main themes: Sports, Health, Environment, and Cultural Arts. CFD was suspended on March 15, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was reopened on June 21, 2020 to allow people to exercise only (street vendors were banned), but closed down again due to crowds not maintaining proper social distancing outdoors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Kuala Lumpur hosts a Car-Free Morning event on the first and third Sunday of every month from 7am to 9am starting at Dataran DBKL. The streets of Kuala Lumpur's Golden Triangle (the city's main business and shopping district) are closed to vehicles to allow pedestrians and cyclists to utilize the space for exercising, skating, and cycling. The program was introduced on September 22, 2013 and has around 3,000 at participants each event. The event is sponsored by many companies including the title sponsor, OCBC Bank, which provides 140 free bikes for participants to use on a first-come, first-served basis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Mexico City has several circuits, the most important runs 59 kilometers from Polanco to Fierro del Toro; more information at the government's website. Guadalajara also has almost 60 kilometers of ciclovia routes named "Vía RecreActiva" (RecreActive Way) and growing established for use on Sundays 08:00 to 14:00. Every Sunday morning, Morelia's Centro Historico is a ciclovia route. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Waiheke Island, about 17.7 km (about 35 minutes by ferry) from Auckland, has had two ciclovia events, in 2009 and 2010, when groups headed by Cycle Action Waiheke temporarily closed The Esplanade, a gravel road between Blackpool and Surfdale, to motor traffic.Christchurch held its inaugural "Open Streets" ciclovia on September 29, 2013 (postponed from July 14 due to bad weather). Approximately 3 km of streets in central Christchurch were closed to motor traffic for six hours, to celebrate the re-opening of the CBD earthquake cordon. A wide range of activities and demonstrations were held throughout the day, including bike fix-ups, public art displays, bike polo, urban orienteering, a bike parade, and numerous musicians and entertainers.Auckland launched its inaugural ciclovia on February 8, 2014. The city's harbour edge from Britomart Place through to Silo Park in Wynyard Quarter was closed to publicise the ambition to turn Quay Street into a world-class boulevard, removing traffic from Quay Street and to encourage greater investment in cycling from Auckland Transport.Wellington held its inaugural Ciclovia on the Miramar Peninsula on February 16, 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
3.5 km of road were closed to traffic and opened to people on foot, bikes, scooters, skateboards and mobility scooters. The event showcased the Miramar Peninsula section of the Great Harbour Way/Te Aranui o Pōneke - a 72 km route around the perimeter of the Wellington harbour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Wellington's first Ciclovia was coordinated by the Great Harbour Way Trust, in collaboration with Cycle Aware Wellington, Living Streets Aotearoa and a local Rotary group. The event attracted 2,400 people and created support for future events. In February and March 2015, three more ciclovia were held, attracting around 5000 people in total. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
Lima now has a ciclovia. As one of the first programs undertaken by the administration of the Lima mayor Susana Villaran, the major road Avenida Arequipa is closed to motorized traffic every Sunday from 7am to 1pm, since February 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
While not an officially organized cycling event, traffic in Israel stops (except for emergency vehicles) in observance of Yom Kippur. Cycling enthusiasts of the Hiloni stream and other religions take advantage of this, and roads (except in religious neighborhoods) become de facto cycleways. The days before Yom Kippur are the busiest of the year in bicycle stores. During Yom Kippur, emergency services often report an increase in calls for treatment for people who combined the customary fasting with physical overexertion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclovía |
The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, according to the two-step flow model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretation of information in addition to the actual media content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The theory is based on a 1940s study on social influence that states that media effects are indirectly established through the personal influence of opinion leaders. The majority of people receive much of their information and are influenced by the media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. They then begin to infiltrate these opinions through the general public who become "opinion followers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
These "opinion leaders" gain their influence through more elite media as opposed to mainstream mass media. In this process, social influence is created and adjusted by the ideals and opinions of each specific "elite media" group, and by these media group's opposing ideals and opinions and in combination with popular mass media sources. Therefore, the leading influence in these opinions is primarily a social persuasion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 and subsequent publications. Melvin DeFleur and Sheoron Lowery argue the book was much more than a simple research report: it was an effort to interpret the authors' research within a framework of conceptual schemes, theoretical issues, and research findings drawn broadly from the scientific study of small groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency. For example, in the field of science communication, Matthew Nisbet describes the use of opinion leaders as intermediaries between scientists and the public as a way to reach the public via trained individuals who are more closely engaged with their communities, such as "teachers, business leaders, attorneys, policymakers, neighborhood leaders, students, and media professionals." Examples of initiatives that take this approach include Science & Engineering Ambassadors, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, and Science Booster Clubs, coordinated by the National Center for Science Education.According to Lazarsfeld and Katz, mass media information is channeled to the "masses" through opinion leadership. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The people with most access to media, and having a more literate understanding of media content, explain and diffuse the content to others.Based on the two-step flow hypothesis, the term "personal influence" came to illustrate the process intervening between the media's direct message and the audience's reaction to that message. Opinion leaders tend to be similar to those they influence—based on personality, interests, demographics, or socio-economic factors. These leaders tend to influence others to change their attitudes and behaviors. The two-step theory refined the ability to predict how media messages influence audience behavior and explains why certain media campaigns do not alter audiences' attitudes. This hypothesis provided a basis for the two-step flow theory of mass communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
In the times of digital social media, the more than six decade old theory sparks much new interest. The fact that massive databases are being used to send tailor-made messages to individuals lead back to the idea of a "one-step flow of communication". The idea is a kind of Hypodermic needle / magic bullet model, with the capacity of big data analytics informed mass customization. Empirical studies by other scholars, in contrast, have found that modern social media platforms, like Twitter, exhibit clear evidence of a two-step flow of communication (see Figure). Many social media users obtain their news from celebrities or other amplifying opinion leaders, who again get informed by mass media or by individuals with specific insights. The fine-grained digital footprint of social media also suggests that there are more than simply the one-step and two-step modes of communication flow, leading the search for more complex Multistep Flow Models based on distinct network structures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz are considered to be the founders of functional theory and their book Personal Influence (1955) is considered to be the handbook to the theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
One of the first to embark on Communications research, was the first to introduce the difference between 'administrative research' and 'critical research' in regards to the media. Critical research he believed, criticizes the media institutions themselves for the perspective ways they serve dominant social groups. Critical research favors interperspective and inductive methods of inquiry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
Lazarsfeld's study of the 1940 presidential election was published as The People's Choice (1944). During the research revealed information about the psychological and social processes that influence voting decisions. The study also uncovered an influence process that Lazarsfeld called "opinion leadership." He concluded that there is a multistep flow of information from the mass media to persons who serve as opinion leaders which then is passed on to the general public. He called this communication process the "two-step flow of communication". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
Elihu Katz was a psychologist in the School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania when he collaborated with Lazarsfeld in 1955. Their research aimed to observe the flow of influence at the intersections of mass and interpersonal communication and resulted in the book Personal Influence. Katz pursued Lazarfeld's research in a study of the flow of information, which is the basis of Personal Influence. Katz and Lazarsfeld concluded that: "... the traditional image of the mass persuasion process must make room for 'people' as intervening factors between the stimuli of the media and resultant opinions, decisions, and actions." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The presidential election of 1940 saw President Franklin Roosevelt seek an unprecedented third term in office. Funded by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, Life magazine, and the pollster Elmo Roper, Columbia's Office of Radio Research conducted a study of voting. It was based on a panel study of 2,400 voters in Erie County, Ohio. Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet supervised 15 interviewers, who from May–October interviewed the strategically selected 2,400 members of the community several different times in order to document their decision making process during the campaign. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
They focused on what factors would influence their decisions as the campaign progressed. The People's Choice, a book based on this study presented the theory of "the two-step flow of communications", which later came to be associated with the so-called "limited effects model" of mass media: the idea that ideas often flow from radio and print to local "opinion leaders" who in turn pass them on to those with more limited political knowledge, or "opinion followers." The results of the research led to the conclusion that sometimes person to person communication can be more effective than traditional media outlets such as newspapers, TV, radio etc. This idea developed further in the book Personal Influence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
In 1944, Paul Lazarsfeld contacted McFadden Publications in regards to his first book, The People's Choice. The two collaborated forming a mutually beneficial partnership in which Macfadden saw a way to financially profit from advertising to the female population and Lazarsfeld saw a way to gain more information on social influence. Out of this came the study conducted by the Bureau of Applied Social Research in which 800 female residents of Decatur, Illinois, where interviewed through panel interviews to discover what and who primarily influenced their decision making. Lazarsfeld worked with Robert Merton and thus hired C. Wright Mills to head the study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
Another part of the research team, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, trained local Decatur women to administer surveys to targeted women in town. By 1955. the Decatur study was published as part of Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld's book Personal Influence. The book concluded that ultimately, face to face interaction is more influential than traditional media influence and thus confirmed the two-step flow model of communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The original two-step flow hypothesis—that ideas flow from the media to opinion leaders and then to less active sections of the population—has been criticised. In 1960, conclusions from Deutschmann and Danielson assert, "we would urge that the Katz-Lazarsfeld two-stage flow hypothesis, as a description of the initial information process, be applied to mass communication with caution".Everett Rogers' "Diffusion of Innovations" cites one study in which two-thirds of respondents accredited their awareness to the mass media rather than face-to-face communication. Similarly, critics argue that most of Lazarsfeld's findings pertain to learning factors involved with general media habits rather than the learning of particular information.However, Lazarsfeld's two-step hypothesis is an adequate description to understand the media's influence on belief and behavior. Troldahl finds that media exposure is a first step to introduce discussion, at which point opinion leaders initiate the second-step flow.According to Hilbert today's digital media landscape simultaneously facilitate one-step, two-step and more complex multi-step flow models of communication. For example, in Twitter networks it is no contradiction that average Twitter users mainly mention intermediating opinion leaders in their tweets (two-step flow), while at the same time traditional mass media outlets receive 80-90 % of their mentions directly through a direct one-step flow from the same users. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication |
The director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) is the chief executive officer of the World Health Organization and the principal advisor to the United Nations on matters pertaining global health. The director general is elected by and answers to the World Health Assembly (WHA). The current director-general is Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who was appointed on 1 July 2017, and re-appointed on 24 May 2022. The Director-General also leads the WHO Secretariat and is also the ex-officio Secretary of the World Health Assembly, the WHO Executive Board, and of all commissions and committees, and conferences convened by the Organization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Health_Organization |
Candidates for Director-General can be proposed by Member States, then nominated by the executive board and appointed by the World Health Assembly.The appointment process begins more than one year prior to the May vote, when the WHO sends out a letter informing Member States that the nomination process has begun. The nomination period ends in mid-September, and candidates are announced at the end of October. If there are multiple candidates, the executive board of the WHO — a panel of members from 34 member countries representing the various WHO regions — interviews the nominees.The term of the Director-General lasts for five years. Office holders can be and have been appointed for multiple subsequent terms, such as Marcolino Gomes Candau who served for four consecutive terms. The Director-General is typically appointed in May, when the WHA meets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Health_Organization |
Harvey Albert Dillon is an Australian expert in auditory science and linguistics.Dillon did research for many years at the Australian National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL), where he was appointed Director in 2000. From 1991 to 2007, Dillon was also a deputy director of the Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant and Hearing Aid Innovations. While at NAL, Dillon created, jointly with Denis Byrne, the Client Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI) questionnaire for guiding improvements in hearing ability. In 2016, while Director at NAL, Dillon was awarded the Aram Glorig Award ‘for lifelong dedication to Audiology and in recognition of his achievements for the science and practice of Audiology’ at the World Congress of Audiology held in Vancouver.In 2003, the American Academy of Audiology (AAA) gave Dillon a Research Achievement Award for significant impact in the field of audiology/hearing research.in 2013, the Callier Center for Communication Disorders at the University of Texas at Dallas awarded Dillon its biennial Callier Prize in Communication Disorders.In 2018, Dillon was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for "distinguished service to science, and to engineering, as a researcher in the field of hearing loss assessment, electrophysiology, and rehabilitation, and to improved auditory technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Dillon |
"Dillon is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie University. He is a Fellow at the International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology (ICRA). == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Dillon |
The Department of Information Studies is a department of the UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities.The School of Librarianship of the University of London was created in 1919 as a school of University College London. The school was the first school of librarianship that was full-time. The school was shut in 1939 and opened again in 1945. It later changed its name to School of Library, Archive and Information Studies and then to Department of Information Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Department of Information Studies centenary was celebrated in the academic year 2019/2020. The school formerly awarded a Diploma in Librarianship. From 1970 onwards, this Diploma was known as a Diploma in Library and Information Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
From 1947, the school also awarded a Diploma in Archive Administration. From 1966, the school also awarded Master of Arts (MA, by examination), Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in Librarianship or Archives (the MPhil and PhD degrees are awarded for a thesis or dissertation). From 1972, the school also awarded a Master of Science (MSc) degree in information studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Department currently offers taught postgraduate study in MA Archives and Records Management, MA/MSc Digital Humanities, MSc Information Science, MA Library and Information Studies, MA Publishing, and MRes in Information Studies. The MA Library and Information Studies and the MSc Information Studies programmes are accredited by Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP), and is in the candidacy stage of accreditation by the American Library Association (ALA) (Accreditation decision in June 2024). Scholarships and bursaries are available such as the scholarship awarded by the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
UCL Department of Information Studies is a centre for research in librarianship, information science, archives and records management, digital humanities and publishing. UCL is currently ranked 10th in the world, and is the UK's largest department of information studies. In September 2017, UCL was ranked fifth in the world for the study of arts and humanities.The Department currently offers taught postgraduate study in MA Archives and Records Management, MA/MSc Digital Humanities, MSc Information Science, MA Library and Information Studies, Postgraduate Diploma in Library and Information Studies, MA Publishing, and MRes in Information Studies. The PG Dip/MA Library and Information Studies, and the MSc Information Studies programmes are accredited by Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP), and the MA LIS is in the candidacy stage of accreditation by the American Library Association (ALA) (accreditation decision in June 2024). The school is part of the iSchools consortium of information schools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
UCL is one of the main institutions in London's Knowledge Quarter, comprising the area around King's Cross, the Euston Road and Bloomsbury. The Department of Information Studies is located in the heart of UCL's Bloomsbury Campus, in Foster Court. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The UCL library system comprises 17 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called Explore. The libraries contain a total of over 2 million books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
It is now the largest Library but it origins as the Small Library in the Wilkins Building. It is located on the 1st floor of the Wilkins Building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
It is the earliest library opened in the Wilkins Building just over a year after the first UCL Librarian, Revd Dr Francis Augustus Cox was appointed in 1827. The first UCL Librarian, Revd Dr Francis Augustus Cox, was appointed in 1827. The first purpose-built General Library opened in 1849 and was later renamed after the Professor of Architecture who designed it, Thomas Leverton Donaldson. In 1907 the Library expanded to take up the whole length of the first floor of the Wilkins Building and became the Main Library, still very popular with students today and often appearing in films and television programmes. It contains collections relating to the arts and humanities, economics, history, law and public policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
Each of the following persons was director of the School of Librarianship, the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, or the Department of Information Studies, during the period specified after their name: Ernest A. Baker (1919-1934) John Duncan Cowley (1934-1944) Raymond Irwin (1944-1969) Prof. Arthur Brown (1969-1973) Brian Campbell Vickery (1973-1983) A.G. Watson (1984- 1990) Robin C. Alston (1990-1995) Ia Mcllwaine (1995-2001) Susan Hockey (2001-2004) David Nicholas (2004-2011) Claire Warwick (2011-2013) Rob Miller (2013-2018) Elizabeth Shepherd (2018-2023) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Department is structured around four research centres, which also engage in interdisciplinary and cross-domain research. Centre for Digital Humanities ICARUS] (International Centre for Archives and Records Management Research Centre for Publishing Forum on Information Literacy KIDS (Knowledge Information and Data Science Group) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The UCL Centre for Digital Humanities was founded in 2010. It offers research opportunities at postgraduate level, as well as short-courses. Its research its multidisciplinary, covering the intersection of digital technologies with the humanities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The International Centre for Archives and Records Management Research was founded in 2005 and defines its research as the following:Developing and contributing to an active, international, inclusive and sustainable network of critical and reflective thinking on archives and records management practice. Facilitating the ethical and effective utilisation of archives, records, information, heritage and the work of managing them, in support of wider societal goals including social justice, social cohesion and more equitable access to information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Centre for Publishing offers a research-led MA in Publishing as well as the opportunity to engage with nearby publishing organisations in Central London. The Centre also engages in collaborative interdisciplinary research, in areas including information science, digital humanities, and library and archive studies. There is a strong emphasis on the digital aspects of publishing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
Founded at UCL in 2019, the Forum on Information Literacy is a researchers' alliance with an interest in groundbreaking and disruptive research into information literacy in all its forms. It represents a space for academic researchers who are active in the field of information literacy research in the UK, to discuss and challenge ideas, and to engage in critical reflection on theory, practice and praxis oriented research, including the following goals: Identify the critical challenges that information literacy addresses and produce research, evidence and ideas that move the IL agenda forward nationally and globally Explore new theoretical and methodological approaches to deepen understanding of IL practice Address real world problems, encouraging and extending collaboration in, & co-production of, IL research via disciplinary, interdisciplinary and practitioner contexts Challenge and interrogate the discourse communities around IL research and contribute to deeper understanding of IL as a social practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
KIDS is an active research group with interests and expertise that span across a number of disciplines including: knowledge representation, reasoning about actions, natural language processing, probabilistic logics, non-monotonic logics, argumentation, Bayesian reasoning, statistical machine learning, data science and crowdsourcing. Their overarching research objective is to develop methodologies, algorithms and paradigms that build bridges between logic-based AI and statistical machine learning approaches, as well as finding practical applications in robust real-world applications. UCL Human Informatics (UCLHI) is an interest group within KIDS that collaborating with UCL Psychology and Brain Science explores multidisciplinary aspects of human activities with information systems.KIDS facilitates PhD research in topics related to knowledge organisation, knowledge representation or knowledge-based reasoning, as well as interaction with research communities in the wider profession, including the International Society for Knowledge Organisation, the Universal Decimal Classification Consortium, and the Bliss Classification Association. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
Library and Information Science S. R. Ranganathan (b. 1892- d. 1972) - Mathematician and Librarian Lynne Brindley (b. 1950) - first female Chief Executive of the British Library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
Richard Ovenden (b. 1964) - Bodley's Librarian, Bodleian Library, 2014–present. Brian Vickery (b.1918- d.2009) - founder of the Classification Research Group, Director of SLAIS (now DIS) at UCL, 1973–1983. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
David McKitterick (b. 1948-) - now Emeritus Honorary Professor of Historical Bibliography at Trinity College, Cambridge. Andrew Dalby (b.1947) Stephen Robertson (computer scientist) (b. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
1946) - Now retired, Robertson is Professor Emeritus at City University, and a Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at UCL. The Stephen Robertson prize for the best dissertation in the UCL MA/MSc in Digital Humanities is named after him. Nicholas Belkin - Professor at the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University Publishing Iain Stevenson (d.2017) - Professor Emeritus in Publishing at the UCL Centre for Publishing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
At the time of its opening, the School of Librarianship was advertised as being "organised so as to give a systematic training on a broad basis to Students who are already Librarians or who propose to adopt Librarianship as their profession. It will also be available for others who desire to increase their knowledge in one or other of the branches of its work." Admission was subject to "such enquiries as may deem necessary in each case, and after receiving reports from the appropriate College officers. The Tutor to Women Students advises the Provost as to the admission of Women Students." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
In its first session, 1919–1920, the following programme of study was available to students: A. General Subjects (Courses in Latin, English, French, German, other Modern Languages, History, and other Arts and Science subjects.) B. Day Courses Bibliography Cataloguing and Indexing Classification Library Organisation Public Library Law Library Routine Literary History and Book Selection Palaeography and Archives Demonstrations and VisitsC. Evening Courses Cataloguing and Indexing Literary History and Book SelectionD. Practical Instruction E. Public Lectures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The UCL Department of Information Studies offers three prizes every year for the Library and Information Studies programme: Sir John MacAlister Medal founded in 1926 in the memory of Sir John MacAlister, who founded the School of Librarianship. The medal is awarded to the most distinguished candidate in the MA in Library and Information Studies. The medal was awarded to Brooke Cambie in 2022, Grace Troth in 2021, Alex Plane in 2020, Chris Fripp in 2019, Anne Binsfeld in 2018, Eve Burman-Lacey in 2017, Emma Sillett in 2016, Amy McEwan in 2015, Katherine Williams in 2014, Natalie Kent in 2013, Matthew Seddon in 2012, Joanna Maddocks in 2011 and Vanessa Freedman in 2010. Cowley Prize founded in 1950 in memory of John D. Cowley, the late director of the School of Librarianship, with the royalties received from the publication entitled The Libraries in London, being a course of lectures given at the Easter Vacation Course in Librarianship in 1948; awarded to two distinguished candidates for the MA Degree in Library and Information Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The prizes were awarded to Alex Hewitt, Catherine Drewry and Ella Burrows in 2022, Madeleine Ahern and Lauren Ward in 2021, Sally Hamer and Ruth Long in 2020, Simon Cloudesley and Rachael Seculer-Faber in 2019, Catherine Chorley and Lucy Royle in 2018, Lauren Dolman and Hannah Rowe in 2017, Niamh Delaney and Rebecca Scott in 2016, George Bray and Sarah Etheridge in 2015, Sarah Charles and Oliver Henderson Smith in 2014, Alice Dowhyj and Amy Icke in 2013, Erika Delbecque and Victoria Wilson in 2012, Sarah Fletcher and Fiona Godber in 2011, and Paul Stephens and Tabitha Tuckett in 2010. Mary Piggott Prize in memory of Mary Piggott, who taught Cataloguing and Classification in the school from 1947-1974; awarded to the student on the MA or Postgraduate Diploma in LIS who achieves the highest total mark for Cataloguing and Classification. The prize was awarded to Brooke Cambie and Andrew Frampton in 2022, David Smith in 2021, Jess Miller in 2020, Chris Fripp in 2019, Catherine Chorley, Cathy Goodin and Anna Zajda in 2018, Eve Burman-Lacey in 2017, Lauran Richards in 2016, Emily Delahaye and Elżbieta Szubarczyk in 2015, Dorothy Fouracre and Julija Paskova in 2014, Ed Lacey in 2013, Evelyn Jamieson in 2012, Fiona Godber in 2011, and Lesley Ruthven and Tabitha Tuckett in 2010.UCL LIS students have also been successful within national awards: The CILIP Student Prize was awarded to UCL students, Simon Cloudesley in 2020, Lucy Royle in 2019 and Eve Burman Lacey in 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Sherif Student Award was awarded to UCL students Catherine Drewry in 2022, Amelia Brookins in 2021, Abigail Chapman in 2020, Morgan Wilkinson in 2018 and Alex Keane in 2017. The E.T. Bryant Memorial Prize was awarded to UCL students Andrew Frampton in 2022, Amy McMullen in 2018, Julia Paskova in 2014, Amelie Roper in 2005 and Catherine Wilson in 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The BIALL Student Award was awarded to UCL students Steve Mishkin in 2016 and Chris Cooper in 2009.The Archives and Records Management programme awards the following two prizes: Sir Hilary Jenkinson Prize in memory of Hilary Jenkinson, the archive theorist who influenced the University of London's decision to establish a Diploma in Archive Studies; awarded annually to a student of distinction in the MA in Archives and Records Management. The prize was awarded to Nigel Nugawela in 2018–2019, Camille Johnson in 2016–2017, Jenny Marsden in 2015–2016, Helen Wong in 2014–2015, Katrina Harrington in 2013–2014, Etienne Joseph in 2012–2013, Thomas Barnes in 2011–2012, Carly Donaldson-Randall and Kelda Roe in 2010-2011 and Meirian Jump in 2009–2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
Churchill-Jenkinson Prize awarded to an outstanding student on the Archives and Records Management programme. The prize was awarded to Philip Milnes-Smith in 2017–2018, Sarah Singh in 2016–2017, Katherine Chorley in 2015–2016, Georgina Orgill in 2014–2015, Helen Sumping in 2013–2014, Sean Rippington in 2012–2013, Elizabeth Moody in 2011–2012, Jonathan Cable in 2010-2011 and Elizabeth Morgan in 2009–2010. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Department_of_Information_Studies |
The Rhineland-Palatinate General Directorate for Cultural Heritage (German: Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz or Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe RLP) is a state agency responsible for monument protection and preservation in the Rhineland-Palatinate. In addition to the Directorate of Castles, Palaces and Antiquities, its responsibilities include the three state museums in Koblenz, Mainz and Trier as well as the State Monument Preservation and State Archaeology Directorates as monument authorities.In 2021, Markus Poschmann of the State Archaeology Directorate at Koblenz, who is an expert in prehistoric sea scorpions of the eurypterid order, co-authored a study with Andrew Rozenfeldz of Queensland Museum in Australia, describing a possible second species in the Woodwardopterus genus. Named Woodwardopterus freemanorum, the specimen gained extra significance when it was found to be the last known fossil of eurypterid in the world, having lived not long before the end of Permian extinction event, in which around 96 per cent of species went extinct. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate_General_Directorate_for_Cultural_Heritage |
Patch collecting or badge collecting (also, scutelliphily, from Latin scutellus meaning little shield, and Greek phileein meaning to love) is the hobby of collecting patches or badges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
Souvenir patches are usually shield-shaped and generally contain a coat of arms, a map or a miniature view. The patches can be made of any material, but are usually woven or embroidered fabric, though they can also be made from paper or, increasingly, plastic. Other types of collectible patches include police or service patches, space mission patches, Scout patches, fashion patches, political and sports stickers, walking stick labels, car window pennants, and pin badges. Collecting metal badges or pins, either military or civil is known as faleristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
Badges have been collected since ancient times. Greek and Roman pilgrims to pagan shrines made collections of miniature images of gods and goddesses or their emblems, and Christian pilgrims later did the same. Usually medieval Christian pilgrim badges were metal pin badges - most famously the shell symbol showing the wearer had been to the shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
These were stuck in hats or into clothing and hardworking pilgrims could assemble quite a collection, as mentioned by Chaucer in his 'Canterbury Tales'. The growth in the 19th century of travel for ordinary people saw a huge increase in the souvenir industry, as these new secular pilgrims - like their medieval counterparts - wanted to bring back reminders of their holidays/vacations and sightseeing, ranging from china plates to postcards. The production of stick-on souvenir badges seems to have started in mainland Europe during the early 20th-century, probably in Germany shortly after the First World War when hiking became popular, and people began sewing badges of resort towns onto their backpacks and jackets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
In the U.S., the development of the National parks system and the growing popularity of vacationing saw a similar development of patch collecting. After the Second World War, American GIs occupying Germany sent badges back to their loved ones, showing where they were stationed. These badges became known as sweetheart patches. They were also imported to Britain by Sampson Souvenirs Ltd., which also began producing badges of British tourist spots, and went on to become (and still is) the largest British manufacturer of souvenir badges. The biggest American manufacturer is Voyager Emblems of Sanborn, New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
See Police patch collecting Another patch collecting specialty is police agencies such as sheriff, police, highway patrol, marshal, constable, park rangers, law enforcement explorer scouts, or other law enforcement related personnel. Emblems worn on uniforms have been exchanged between officials as a sign of cooperation for decades, and displays of patches are found in police stations. The publishing of reference books on law enforcement insignia over the past decade has made law enforcement patch collecting a popular way to preserve law enforcement history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
Similar to police patches, fire department patches are also traded amongst fire agencies and some are sold to the general public. Station patches are available amongst large fire departments in North America. Some station patches are worn by firefighters, but mostly not on official uniforms. The patch design is sometimes found on fire vehicles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_collecting |
The International Neuropsychological Society is an international non-profit learned society dedicated to promoting research in neuropsychology. It was established in 1967 with only a few members, with its membership growing to about 5,000 by 2015. Its first president was Karl H. Pribram. It was originally founded as the European International Neuropsychology Society, and was renamed to its current name in 1973. Its official journal is the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Neuropsychological_Society |
Presidents of the International Neuropsychological Society include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Neuropsychological_Society |
The Neil George Safety System (or 5-Point Safety System) is an occupational health and safety program developed, used in underground mining. The system was developed in 1942 by Canadian engineer Neil George, who at the time was an employee of Inco Limited in Sudbury, Ontario. The program is used throughout Canada and internationally.The program is made up of five components: Check entrance and travelway to workplace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_George_Safety_System |
Are workplace and equipment in good working order? Are employees working properly? Do an act of safety. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_George_Safety_System |
Can and will employees continue to work properly?Points one through three are done by the employee, and verified by the supervisor upon arrival to the workplace. The fourth step is safety discussion between the employee and the supervisor, while the fifth is a verification by the employee that he or she has the correct training, experience, and motivation to continue working safely. This is also verified by the supervisor prior to his or her leaving the workplace. == Notes == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_George_Safety_System |
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering new scientific developments in veterinary oncology and comparative oncology. It was established in 2003 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Veterinary Cancer Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 2.613, ranking it 29 out of 146 journals in the category 'Veterinary Sciences'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_and_Comparative_Oncology_(journal) |
A World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) is a type of aeronautical chart used for navigation by pilots of moderate speed aircraft and aircraft at high altitudes. They are at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (about 1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles or 16 statute miles). These charts are similar to sectional charts, and the symbols are the same. However, there is less detail at the smaller scale, so it is seldom used for visual flight rules flight at slower speeds or for local flights. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_aeronautical_chart |
WACs show topographic information, airports and radio navigational aids. They are useful for strategic flight planning, where a view of the entire flight area is useful. These charts are revised annually, except for several Alaskan charts and the Mexican/Caribbean charts which are revised every 2 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_aeronautical_chart |
Australian WAC charts are amended every 3 to 5 years. On June 25, 2015, the USA's Federal Aviation Administration announced the discontinuation of all WACs covering the USA.A set of 12 WACs covered the continental United States and 8 others covered Alaska. Canadian airspace is covered by a set of 18 WACs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_aeronautical_chart |
The 43 Australian WACs are indexed according to a geographic name or a corresponding 4-digit number.Unlike sectional charts, North American WACs are named according to an international "grid system" having a combination of letters and numbers. For example, WAC CF-16 covered the Pacific Northwest, and E-15 covers the British Columbia area. Letters progress from A at the north pole to U at the southern tip of Argentina. The numbers generally progress from 1 at the Greenwich meridian and increasing to the east, to a maximum of 29, depending upon the number of charts required at that latitude. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_aeronautical_chart |
Uniterm is a subject indexing system introduced by Mortimer Taube in 1951. The name is a contraction of "unit" and "term", referring to its use of single words as the basis of the index, the "uniterms". Taube referred to the overall concept as "Coordinate Indexing", but today the entire concept is generally referred to as Uniterm as well. Uniterm is designed to allow rapid lookups on topic keywords and then cross-reference those keywords across multiple topics in order to find documents that match all of the terms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
The result of a uniterm search is a set of accession numbers that can then be used to retrieve the matching documents. Uniterm is based on existing accession numbers, so it is technically a post-coordinate system. This is opposed to a pre-coordinate system, where the subject of the document results it being given a particular number, as in the Dewey Decimal Classification. Uniterm was among the most popular post-coordinate indexing systems, although some of its success was due to Taube's company winning contracts to index huge technical libraries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
The development of Uniterm, and other new indexing systems, ultimately traces its history to the late World War II period. Aware of the advanced aircraft and rocket technologies developed in Germany, the US formed Operation Lusty and UK the similar Fedden Mission in order to gather as much of these materials as possible. Along with examples of the aircraft and various weapons, these efforts returned millions of pages of technical documentation. The desire to ease access into these enormous collections led to a great expansion in the field of information retrieval.In the US, the aeronautical collection was first sent to US Army Air Force at Wright Field, but over time it was merged with similar caches of US research to form an ever-growing collection of technical papers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
The collection grew so large and varied that a new operational group, the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA), was formed in 1951 to manage it. This group eventually came under the management of the Atomic Energy Commission. ASTIA began running experiments in indexing the collection, and it was from this work that Uniterm emerged.Taube introduced the Uniterm concept in a 1951 paper, "Coordinate Indexing of Scientific Fields", part of the Symposium on Mechanical Aids to Chemical Documentation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
The next year, in partnership with Gerald Sophar, Taube formed Documentation, Inc. The company offered commercial retrieval and indexing services. Among their largest efforts was a 1958 contract with the newly formed NASA to index their entire technical library, and later, make microfilm copies of it.Taube's original paper indicates that a significant advantage of the Uniterm concept is its ability to be automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
In essence, the uniterm lookup process is looking for the intersection of several terms, or as Taube referred to it, the "coordinates". To this end, they partnered with IBM to develop the "Continuous Multiple Access Collator", or COMAC. Users would make search term selections on a punch card writer and then feed them into the COMAC, also known as the IBM 9900. The COMAC pulled those uniterm cards and then used optical systems to find matching items. It then returned a new card with those numbers that was then sent into the IBM 305 RAMAC, the first computer with a hard drive, which returned the complete document information for those numbers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
Uniterm is based on the concept of making a separate card catalog that refers to the documents in the collection by their accession numbers. The accession numbers have no meaning in the Uniterm index, so they may use any of the common systems like the Dewey Decimal Classification or Universal Decimal Classification, or in many cases, simply an incrementing serial number.As new works are added to the collection, the librarian will make a normal index card for the primary card index as they would for any work. Additionally, they will select a small number of keywords from the title or body of the work that can be used to look it up, and these are also written on the card. For instance, a document on icing of air ducts in aircraft might be filed under "air", "ducts" and "icing", but perhaps not "aircraft" which would be found on too many documents.The librarian then looks in the Uniterm catalog for cards with those terms on them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
If they are not found, they are created by writing the keyword at the top of the card and then dividing the lower portion into ten vertical sections, labeled 0 to 9. The last digit of the accession number is then written on the card in that column, for instance, if the last digit of the accession number is 5, the entire accession number would be written in column 5. If the card for that term is found in the collection, the new accession is simply added to the correct column of the existing card.To retrieve a document, the user selects potentially useful key terms and extracts those cards from the uniterm index. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
To find this article, the user might select "indexing" and "library", and retrieves those cards from the uniterm catalog. These cards will have numbers for many different documents, for instance, the "library" card might contain a listing for a book on the Library of Alexandria. However, only those documents on "library indexing" will appear on both cards.The user then scans the card to see if a particular accession number appears on both cards; splitting the cards into 10 columns is intended to make the visual scanning process simpler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
Numbers that appear on both cards are likely relevant to the search, and can then be looked up directly or by looking in the main card catalog if partial accession numbers are used.The cards in the main catalog also contain the uniterms used to file that entry, forming a cross-index. A user that selects the cards for "propeller" and "aeroplane" may find many intersecting works on the cards. Returning to the main index they can look at the uniterms recorded on the main index cards and find that there are other terms that commonly appear, perhaps "aerodynamics". These might suggest additional terms that could be used to narrow their search. They can then return to the uniterm catalog to apply these new terms to return additional documents or further focus their search. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
Uniterm was popular in the United States for large technical collections, which led to considerable study on the system. One particularly useful effort was the National Security Agency's effort to catalog their 70,000-work collection.They found one major advantage of the Uniterm system was that the librarians did not have to have an understanding of the material in order to correctly catalog it. Simply selecting terms that appeared in the title or were obviously important within the text would often result in a useful uniterm entry. This contrasted with traditional hierarchical approaches, where selecting the proper spot within the hierarchy often required some, or considerable, knowledge of the underlying field.The same effort also revealed a number of problems and suggested solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
One was that synonyms presented a problem; was a paper on "air ducts" the same or different than one on "air intakes"? They suggested this could be addressed by splitting the works into sets of about 1,000 entries and building the catalog out in sections. The first set of 1,000 documents might produce 1,000 uniterms, which were then studied to weed out synonyms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
When synonyms were found, they added "see also" headings to those cards. The second set would then be added, using those synonyms. They found that the addition of new terms started to flatten out at about 4,000 entries, and after 10,000 only very specific technical terms were being added.A concern that was raised when the concept was first introduced was that the terms might return a large number of false positives due to terms being used to describe completely different concepts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
In particular, terms that might mean different things depending on their order were believed to be an issue. If one was looking for "American exports to Canada", "Canada", "US" and "exports" would return a large number of documents on Canadian exports into the US as well, perhaps overwhelming the result set.However, this was found not to be a serious problem in practice, and those few examples that did crop up were solved by adding "delta cards", see-also entries that incorporated a direction. In this case, the "US" card would have a see-also entry for "USΔ", that card would only contain those entries from the US. Uniterms on the USΔ page are only those for US exports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniterm |
Ilinx is a kind of play, described by sociologist Roger Caillois, a major figure in game studies. Ilinx creates a temporary disruption of perception, as with vertigo, dizziness, or disorienting changes in direction of movement. Caillois identified several categories of play in Les Jeux et Les Hommes (ISBN 978-2070326723; 1958, in English as Man, Play and Games ISBN 978-0-252-07033-4; 2001.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinx |
In the book, Caillois described the category of ilinx as games that: "...are based on the pursuit of vertigo and which consist of an attempt to momentarily destroy the stability of perception and inflict a kind of voluptuous panic upon an otherwise lucid mind. In all cases, it is a question of surrendering to a kind of spasm, seizure, or shock which destroys reality with sovereign brusqueness. "Caillois's other categories, which should be considered alongside ilinx as any form of play rarely fits wholly and discretely into one category, are "agon", "alea" and "mimesis" (or "mimicry"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinx |
Cities Alliance is a global partnership fighting urban poverty and supporting cities to deliver sustainable development. To manage its activities, the Cities Alliance operates a multi-donor fund with UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS), as host and trustee. Different members provide direction, financing and advocacy. Cities Alliance aims to deliver solutions to urban poverty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_Alliance |
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