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For example, acoustically speaking English /l/ and /r/ can be quite similar (especially in clusters, such as 'grass' vs. 'glass'), yet visual information can show a clear contrast. This is demonstrated by the more frequent mishearing of words on the telephone than in person. Some linguists have argued that speech is be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseme |
Atomism or social atomism is a sociological theory arising from the scientific notion atomic theory, coined by the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus and the Roman philosopher Lucretius. In the scientific rendering of the word, atomism refers to the notion that all matter in the universe is composed of basic indivisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism_(social) |
Political theorists such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes extend social atomism to the political realm. They assert that human beings are fundamentally self-interested, equal, and rational social atoms that together form an aggregate society of self-interested individuals. Those participating in society must sacrifice a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism_(social) |
According to the philosopher Charles Taylor, The term "atomism" is used loosely to characterize the doctrines of social contract theory which arose in the seventeenth century and also successor doctrines which may not have made use of the concept of social contract but which inherited a vision of society as in some sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism_(social) |
Those who criticize the theory of social atomism believe that it neglects the idea of the individual as unique. The sociologist Elizabeth Wolgast asserts that, From the atomistic standpoint, the individuals who make up a society are interchangeable like molecules in a bucket of water – society a mere aggregate of indiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism_(social) |
Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS) is a web-based educational software resource designed to facilitate the teaching and learning of Materials science, at the tertiary level for free. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
The DoITPoMS project originated in the early 1990s, incorporating customized online sources into the curriculum of the Materials Science courses in the Natural Sciences Tripos of the University Cambridge. The initiative became formalized in 2000, with the start of a project supported by the UK national Fund for the Dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
This was done by creating an archive of background information, such as video clips, micrographs, simulations, etc, and libraries of teaching and learning packages (TLPs) that covers a particular topic, which were designed both for independent usage by students and as a teaching aid for educators. A vital feature of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
The background science to the resources within DoITPoMS has all been input by unpaid volunteers, most of whom have been academics based in universities. A single person retains responsibility for a particular resource, and these people are credited to the site. While the logo of University of Cambridge does appear on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
The set of resources currently available on the site comprises Libraries of TLPs (~75), Micrographs (~900), Video clips (~150), Lecture demonstration packages (5), and Stand-alone simulations (2). These all have slightly different purposes, and the modes of usage cover a wide range. In each TLP, several simulations typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
This to enable students to explore areas in their way and facilitates the creation of exercises by educators. Each TLP has a set of questions at the end, designed to test whether the main points of the TLP have been understood.The TLPs cover many diverse topics within the broad field of Materials science, ranging from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoITPoMS |
Konstanze Krüger-Farrouj (née Konstanze Deubner, born 22 January 1968) is a German zoologist and behaviour researcher. She is Professor of Horse Management at Nürtingen-Geislingen University of Applied Science, and her special field of research is the social system of horses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Krüger studied veterinary medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). After completing her studies in 1996, she accepted a position as scientific assistant at the Institute for Animal Anatomy and Histology at the LMU in Munich. From April 1999 to February 2006, she ran the Einthal Equestrian Park in O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
In October 2008 she organised the 1st International Equine Science Meeting. On 1 March 2012, she became Germany's first Professor of Horse Management, taking charge of the department at the Nürtingen-Geislingen University of Applied Science. In March 2012, she organised the 2nd International Equine Science Meeting at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Social cognition in horses Social ecology of horses Innovative Behaviour in horse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Longterm field Studies Social Network Analysis Hierarchy Calculations Behaviour Test | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Behaviour of horses in the "round pen technique"The behaviour of horses in the Join-Up-Method is a learned response specific to a particular location, and not a natural "language" as claimed by Monty Roberts in his books. The research explains how and why this training can be generalised to other people and places and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
For the last 30 years, horses have been described as being incapable of demonstrating social learning (Baer et al. 1983.; Baker and Crawford 1986; Clarke et al. 1996; Lindberg et al. 1999) because the social complexity of horses was underestimated and the experimental designs were therefore not suitably constructed. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Krueger, K., Flauger, B., Farmer, K., & Hemelrijk, C. (2014). Movement initiation in groups of feral horses. Behav. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Process., 103, 91–101. Krueger K, Farmer K, Heinze J (2013) The effects of age, rank and neophobia on social learning in horses. Anim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Cogn 17, 645-655 Schneider, G.; Krueger, K. (2012) Third-party interventions keep social partners from exchanging affiliative interactions with others Anim. Behav. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
83 377–387. Krueger, K; Farmer, K. (2011) Laterality in the Horse mup 4 160–167. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Krueger, K.; Flauger, B.; Farmer, K.; Maros, K. (2011) Horses (Equus caballus) use human local enhancement cues and adjust to human attention Anim. Cogn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
14 187–201. Farmer, K.; Krueger, K.; Byrne, R. (2010) Visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) interacting with humans Anim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Cogn. 13 229–238. Krueger, K.;Heinze, J. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
(2008) Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses' behavior Anim. Cogn. 11 431–439. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Krueger, K.; Flauger, B. (2008) Social feeding decisions in horses (Equus caballus) Behav. Process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
78 76–83. Krueger, K.; Flauger, B. (2007) Social learning in horses from a novel perspective Behav. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Process. 76 37–39. Krueger, K. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
(2007) Behaviour of horses in the "round pen technique" Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 104 162–170. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Trainingslehre Für Dressurpferde Das Pferd im Blickpunkt der Wissenschaft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Krueger K. 2008–2009. Journal Bayerns Pferde Zucht und Sport, Der Linksdrall: Sensorische Einseitigkeit bei Pferden 2008, 10, pp. 66–68 Pferdeverhalten: So integriere ich mein Pferd in die Herde. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
2008, 12, pp. 64–69 Das Sozialsystem des Pferdes: Das Know-how für den täglichen Umgang. 2009, 1, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
72–76 Das Sozialsystem des Pferdes, Teil II: Führungspersönlichkeiten. 2009, 2, pp. 76–80 Visuelle Fähigkeiten der Pferde. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
2009 Die Erkennung von Artgenossen und Menschen. 2009 Das Gedächtnis der Pferde, 2009, 7 Die Unarten des Pferdes, 2009, 9, pp. 84–89 Charakterpferde, 2009, 12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
Opening Speaker 43. Internationale Tagung Angewandte EthologieDie sensorische Lateralität als Indikator für emotionale und kognitive Reaktionen auf Umweltreize beim Tier (Übersichtreferat) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanze_Krüger |
A committee machine is a type of artificial neural network using a divide and conquer strategy in which the responses of multiple neural networks (experts) are combined into a single response. The combined response of the committee machine is supposed to be superior to those of its constituent experts. Compare with ens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_machine |
In this class of committee machines, the responses of several predictors (experts) are combined by means of a mechanism that does not involve the input signal, hence the designation static. This category includes the following methods: Ensemble averagingIn ensemble averaging, outputs of different predictors are linearl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_machine |
In this second class of committee machines, the input signal is directly involved in actuating the mechanism that integrates the outputs of the individual experts into an overall output, hence the designation dynamic. There are two kinds of dynamic structures: Mixture of expertsIn mixture of experts, the individual res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_machine |
The AgroEurasia International Agriculture Fair (Turkish: Avrasya Tarim) is one of the largest agricultural exhibitions in Eurasia. Since 2006, it has been held in December in the Tuyap Fair and Congress Center in Istanbul, Turkey. With an exhibition area of roughly 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft), an average of 35... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgroEurasia |
John Walter Thibaut (1917–1986) was a social psychologist, one of the last graduate students of Kurt Lewin. He spent a number of years as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and was the first editor of the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thibaut |
The research group which he headed at UNC was regularly attended by Harry Upshaw, Jack Brehm, Kurt Back, and Edward E. Jones. He is best known for "A Social Psychology of Groups", co-authored by his long-time collaborator Harold Kelley. The examination of social exchange led Thibaut and Kelley to develop Interdependenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thibaut |
The early variations of Interdependence Theory stem from Alvin Ward Gouldner's (1960) norm of reciprocity, which argues that people ought to return benefits given to them in a relationship. Peter M. Blau built on the work done by George C. Homans in Exchange and Power in Social Life (1964). Later modifications to this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thibaut |
Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3(3), 307–312. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thibaut |
Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 92–99. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thibaut |
Parasocial interaction (PSI) refers to a kind of psychological relationship experienced by an audience in their mediated encounters with performers in the mass media, particularly on television and on online platforms. Viewers or listeners come to consider media personalities as friends, despite having no or limited in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Positive information learned about the media persona results in increased attraction, and the relationship progresses. Parasocial relationships are enhanced due to trust and self-disclosure provided by the media persona.Media users are loyal and feel directly connected to the persona, much as they are connected to thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Media personas have a significant amount of influence over media users, positive or negative, informing the way that they perceive certain topics or even their purchasing habits. Studies involving longitudinal effects of parasocial interactions on children are still relatively new, according to developmental psychologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Parasocial interaction was first described from the perspective of media and communication studies. In 1956, Horton and Wohl explored the different interactions between mass media users and media figures and determined the existence of a parasocial relationship (PSR), where the user acts as though they are involved in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Perse and Rubin (1989) contested this view, finding that parasocial interactions occurred as a natural byproduct of time spent with media figures.Although the concept originated from a psychological topic, extensive research of PSI has been performed in the area of mass communication with manifold results. Psychologist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The concept of parasocial interaction and detailed examination of the behavioral phenomena that it seeks to explain have considerable potential for developing psychological theory.The conceptual development of parasocial interaction (PSI) and parasocial relationship (PSR) are interpreted and employed in different ways ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Schmid & Klimmt (2011) further argue that PSI and PSR are progressive states such that what begins as a PSI has the potential to become a PSR. Dibble, Hartmann and Rosaen (2016) suggest that a PSR can develop without a PSI occurring, such as when the characters do not make a direct connection with the viewer.In sum, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
: 21 To test their assertion, they tested for parasocial indicators with two different scales used for parasocial inquiry: the traditional PSI-Scale and the newer EPSI-Scale, and compared results between the two.The traditional PSI-Scale, along with modified forms of it, is the most widely used measure of PSI assessmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Studying social interaction, and by extension parasocial interaction (PSI), follows a social cognitive approach to defining individual cognitive activity. Accordingly, there are similar psychological processes at work in both parasocial relationships and face-to-face interactions. However, the parasocial relationship d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Many who possess a dismissive attachment style to others may find the one-sided interaction to be preferable in lieu of dealing with others, while those who experience anxiety from typical interactions may find comfort in the lives of celebrities consistently being present. Additionally, whatever a celebrity or online ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The research of PSI obtained significant interest after the advent of the uses and gratifications approach to mass communication research in the early 1970s. A study of early soap opera identified two essential functions of PSI: companionship and personal identity. Rosengren and Windahl further argued that PSI could be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
This is an important distinction, because identification has a longer history than PSI. Subsequent research has indicated that PSI is evident when identification is not present.During the last several decades, PSI has been documented in the research analyzing the relationship between audience members and television new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Although different PSI scales have been employed in these studies, PSI was clearly documented with each persona.Noticing the importance of media in the area of psychological research, academic David Giles asserted in his 2002 paper that there is a need for PSI research to move away from the field of mass communication ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The author found that one dimension of homophily (i.e., attitude) was the best predictor of parasocial interaction.Hataway indicated that although there seems to be prevailing to analyze PSI in the domain of social psychology, a solid connection to psychological theory and developmental theory has been missing. Hataway... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
: 18 He saw that the majority of PSI research has been conducted by mass communication scholars as a weakness and called for psychologists to refer to Giles's 2002 paper for directions of studies.Another important consideration for the study of PSI at a psychological level is that there is a form of PSI existing even i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
This may finally constitute a new way of interpreting social interaction. A further consideration is application of social cognitive approaches in individual levels. It is traditionally accepted that this approach is inadequate by itself for the study of relationships.However, a number of growing literature on the role... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The formation of parasocial relationships occurs frequently among adolescents, often creating one-sided and unreciprocated bonds with celebrities they encounter in the media. Parasocial interaction is best explored across a lifespan, which explains the growing focus on parasocial interaction in children and adolescents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The primary effect is that of learning: consistent with Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory, much evidence shows that children learn from positive and negative televised role models, and acquire norms and standards for conduct through media outlets such as television and video games. This is supported by a study b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The lack of actual contact with these idealized figures can offer positive social interactions without risk of rejection or consequent feelings of unworthiness. One cannot know everything about a media figure or icon, allowing adolescents to attach fantasized attributes onto these figures in order to meet their own spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
A study by Rosaen and Dibble examined correlation between realism of favorite television character and strength of parasocial relationships. Results showed a positive correlation between social realism (how realistic the character is) and strength of parasocial relationships. Results also show age-related differences a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Parasocial relationships may be formed during an individual's early childhood. In particular, toddlers have a tendency to form parasocial connections with characters that they are exposed to from TV shows and film. Children's television shows, such as Dora the Explorer, involve the show's characters directly addressing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The result is young children participating in "pseudo-conversations" with the on-screen characters. The process of engagement and interaction lead children to creating a one-sided bond where they believe that they have formed a relationship with these fictional characters, viewing them as friends. Exposure to this type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Research has shown that children are more capable of grasping a concept if a character that they are parasocially connected to is the one to present it to them.The ability to learn from parasocial relationships is directly correlated to the strength of the relationship, as has been shown in work by Sandra L. Calvert an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Children were better able to learn from the socially meaningful character (Elmo) than from the character who was less easily recognized (DoDo).Children could become better able to learn from less socially-relevant characters such as DoDo, by developing a parasocial relationship with that character. Accordingly, after c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
In place of DoDo and Elmo, a 2014 study instead gave children Scout and Violet dolls. These interactive plush toy dogs can be programmed to say a child's name and have particular favorites (i.e., a favorite food, color, and song). 18-month-old children were given either personalized toys (matched for gender, programmed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
At the end of the study, children who had received personalized dolls were better able to learn from their characters than were children who had received non-personalized toys. Children also nurtured personalized toys more than non-personalized toys. It seems that perceived similarities increase children's interest and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
In the past two decades, people have become increasingly interested in the potential negative impacts media has on people's behavior and cognition. Many researchers have begun to look more closely at how people's relationships with various media outlets affect behavior, self-perception and attachment styles, and specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Further research has examined these relationships with regard to body image and self-perception. Interest in this more narrow area of research has increased as body image issues have become more prevalent in today's society.A study was conducted to examine the relationship between media exposure and adolescents' body i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
In addition to the direct negative impact, the study indicated that parasocial relationships with favorite characters, motivations to self-compare, and engagement in social comparison with characters amplified the negative effects on kids' body images. Furthermore, the researchers found that making social comparisons w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The results from this study indicated a significant impact on body image, particularly when exposed to muscular superhero characters. Research conducted by Ariana F. Young, Shira Gabriel, and Jordan L. Hollar in 2013 showed that men who did not form a parasocial relationship with a muscular superhero had poor self-perc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
However, if the men had a PSR with the superhero, the negative effects on body satisfaction were eliminated.The increasing presence of beauty filters on social media has also played a large role in users' body image. On Facebook, within the first year filters were available, over 400,000 creators released and utilized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Further studies have looked into parasocial relationships and more specifically at the impacts on violent and aggressive behavior. A study done by Keren Eyal and Alan M. Rubin examined aggressive and violent television characters and the potential negative impacts they may have on viewers. The study was based on social... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The study found that more aggressive viewers were more likely to identify with aggressive characters and further develop parasocial relationships with the aggressive characters.Parasocial interaction has been linked to psychological attachment theory and its consequences have seen the same dramatic effects as real rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
While much research focuses on the formation and maintenance of parasocial relationships, other research has begun to focus on what happens when a parasocial relationship is dissolved. Eyal and Cohen define parasocial breakup as "a situation where a character with whom a viewer has developed a PSR goes off the air". Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
However, the emotional distress experienced after the parasocial breakup was weaker than that of the real life interpersonal relationship.Lather and Moyer-Guse also considered the concept of parasocial breakup, but in a more temporary sense. While the study focused on parasocial breakups as a result of the writers' str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
In 1998, John Eighmey, from Iowa State University, and Lola McCord, from the University of Alabama, published a study titled "Adding Value in the Information Age: Uses and Gratifications of Sites on the World Wide Web." In the study, they observed that the presence of parasocial relationships constituted an important d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The study explained that websites may feature "personae" that host to the visitors to the sites in order to generate public interest.Personae, in some cases, are nothing more than the online representations of the actual people, often prominent public figures, but sometimes, according to the study, will be the fictiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Webmasters might foster parasocial interactions through a conversational writing style, extensive character development and opportunities for email exchange with the website's persona.Hoerner used the Parasocial Interaction (PSI) scale, developed by Rubin, Perse, and Powell in 1985, and modified the scale to more accur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Data showed that websites with described "strong personae" did not attract significantly more hits than other websites selected by the study conductors. "The literal, mediated personality from the newscast or soap opera of the past is gone. The design metaphor, flow of the web experience, and styles of textual and gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Though most literature has focused on parasocial interaction as a television and film phenomenon, new technologies, namely the Internet, have necessitated a closer look at such interactions. The applications of PSI to computer-mediated environments are continuously documented in literature of the last decade. Many rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Research has shown that interacting with individuals through blogs and social media such as Twitter can influence the perceptions of those individuals. As Internet users become more active on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, followers often feel more engaged with them, making the parasocial relation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
While the usage of social media for personal means is common, the use of social media by celebrities has given them an opportunity to have a larger platform for personal causes or brand promotion by facilitating word-of-mouth.Social media networks inherit at least one key attribute from the Internet, in that they offer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
This, however, remains subject to an ongoing debate within research.Through presence on social media platforms, stars and celebrities attempt on the one hand to participate in the production of their image; on the other hand, they must remain present in these media in order to stay on the media's and consequently on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Twitter is one of the most popular social media platforms and a common choice for celebrities who want to chat with their fans without divulging personal access information. In 2013, the analysis from Stever and Lawson assumed that Twitter can be used to learn about parasocial interaction and the study provided a first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
It is an entertaining way for most fans since Twitter enables them to be a part of life that they enjoy.The more followers one has on Twitter, the greater perceived social influence one has. This is particularly because tweets are broadcast to every follower, who may then retweet these posts to their own followers, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Academics at the 2022 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences referred to interactions on livestreaming services as "cyber-social relations"; they stated that these interactions "take a middle position between" social (there are no spatial proximity and no bodily contact) and parasocial relations (as there i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
YouTube, a social media platform dedicated to sharing video-related content produced by its users, has grown in popularity to become a form of media that's likened to television for the current generation. By content creators granting insight into their daily lives through the practice of vlogging, viewers form close o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Megan Farokhmanesh, for The Verge, wrote that parasocial relationships "are vital to YouTubers' success, and they are what turns viewers into a loyal community. ... Viewers who feel friendship or intimacy with their favorite creators can also have higher expectations and stronger reactions when those expectations are d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Twitch, a video livestreaming service with focuses such as video game live streaming, creative content, and "in real life" streams, has also grown in popularity since launching in June 2011. Twitch's platform encourages creators to directly engage with their fans. According to research, a large draw towards the website... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Twitch livestreams create a digital "third place", a term coined by Ray Oldenburg that describes a public and informal get-together of individuals that are foundational to building a community. This sense of community is further enhanced when users become regular participants of a stream, either by watching live shows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
This is a considered a form of digital patronage where audiences pay money to financially support a creator. Forming what an audience member perceives as a personal relationship with their favourite streamer plays a large role in whether or not they choose to subscribe.Wired stated that Twitch pioneered "the digital pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
David Finch, in the book Implications and Impacts of eSports on Business and Society, highlighted that streamers on Twitch have many options to monetize their content such as donations through Twitch, channel subscriptions and ad revenue; additionally, Twitch is more associated with livestreaming than YouTube and has "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
: 74 Academics Time Wulf, Frank Schneider, and Stefan Beckert found that parasocial relationships are a key component to a Twitch streamer's success and the audience's enjoyment of Twitch; particularly, Twitch's chat features can foster this relationship. They highlighted that "professional streamers have a personal sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
The stronger bonds between viewers and streamers grow, the more users may root for their favorite streamer's success". The Guardian also highlighted the interactive nature of Twitch and that the "format is extremely good at cultivating community, a virtual hangout spot for its millions of teenage and college-age users"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
Cecilia D'Anastasio, for Kotaku, wrote that "Twitch streamers are like digital-age geisha. They host, they entertain, they listen, they respond. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_breakup |
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