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"Plantegenest" (or "Plante Genest") was a 12th-century nickname for Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou and duke of Normandy; Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York adopted Plantagenet as his family name in the 15th century, perhaps to emphasise his status as a patrilineal descendant of Geoffrey. Plant surnames are found in other languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_epithet |
For example, in Sweden, where "Lind" means the Lime or Linden tree, the 100 most common surnames in 2015 included at 17 Lindberg (Lime-hill), at 21 Lindström (Lime-stream), at 22 Lindqvist (Lime-twig), at 23 Lindgren (Lime-branch), and at 99 Lindholm (Lime-island). Other tree names in the top 100 were 46 Björk (Birch), 56 Löfgren (Leaf-branch), 66 Björklund (Birchwood), 77 Ekström (Oak-stream), 79 Hedlund (Heathwood) and 87 Ek (Oak). Many of these names are toponymic; however, suffixes like -gren and -qvist are often metaphorical, meaning an offshoot of a family. From around 1686, Swedish soldiers started to adopt military surnames; short monosyllabic tree-names like Al (Alder), Alm (Elm) and Ek (Oak) were popular.In France, the surnames Laplante (the plant) and Levigne (the vine) denote the owner of a vineyard, or may be toponymic. Tree names also occur in France, where for example the surname Chene (oak) is not uncommon in Loire-Atlantique and Maine-et-Loire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_epithet |
Gerald Robert Vizenor (born 1934) is an American writer and scholar, and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, White Earth Reservation. Vizenor also taught for many years at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was Director of Native American Studies. With more than 30 books published, Vizenor is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Gerald Vizenor was born to a mother who was Swedish-American and a father who was Anishinaabe. When he was less than two years old, his father was murdered in a homicide that was never solved. He was raised by his mother and paternal Anishinaabe grandmother, along with a succession of paternal uncles, in Minneapolis and on the White Earth Reservation. His mother's partner acted as his informal stepfather and primary caregiver. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Following that man's death in 1950, Vizenor lied about his age and at 15 entered the Minnesota National Guard. Honorably discharged before his unit went to Korea, Vizenor joined the army two years later. He served with occupation forces in Japan, as that nation was still struggling to recover from the vast destruction of the nuclear attacks that ended World War II. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
During this period, he began to learn about the Japanese poetic form of haiku. Later he wrote Hiroshima Bugi (2004), what he called his "kabuki novel. "Returning to the United States in 1953, Vizenor took advantage of G.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Bill funding to complete his undergraduate degree at New York University. He followed this with postgraduate study at Harvard University and the University of Minnesota, where he also undertook graduate teaching. After returning to Minnesota, he married and had a son. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
After teaching at the university, between 1964 and 1968, Vizenor worked as a community advocate. During this time he served as director of the American Indian Employment and Guidance Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which brought him into close contact with numerous Native Americans from reservations. Many found it difficult to live in the city, and struggled against white racism and cheap alcohol. This period is the subject of his short-story collection Wordarrows: Whites and Indians in the New Fur Trade, some of which was inspired by his experiences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
His work with homeless and poor Natives may have been the reason Vizenor looked askance at the emerging American Indian Movement (AIM), seeing radical leaders such as Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt as being more concerned with personal publicity than the "real" problems faced by American Indians.Vizenor began working as a staff reporter on the Minneapolis Tribune, quickly rising to become an editorial contributor. He investigated the case of Thomas James White Hawk, convicted of murder. Vizenor's perspective allowed him to raise difficult questions about the nature of justice in a society dealing with colonized peoples. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
His work was credited with enabling White Hawk to have his death sentence commuted.During this period Vizenor coined the phrase "cultural schizophrenia" to describe the state of mind of many Natives, who he considered torn between Native and White cultures. His investigative journalism into American Indian activists revealed drug dealing, personal failings, and failures of leadership among some of the movement's leaders. As a consequence of his articles, he was personally threatened. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Beginning teaching full-time at Lake Forest College, Illinois, Vizenor was appointed to set up and run the Native American Studies program at Bemidji State University. Later he became professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (1978–1985). He later satirized the academic world in some of his fiction. During this time he also served as a visiting professor at Tianjin University, China. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Vizenor worked and taught for four years at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he was also Provost of Kresge College. He had an endowed chair for one year at the University of Oklahoma. Vizenor next was appointed as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He is professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico. Vizenor was influenced by the French post-modernist intellectuals, particularly Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Vizenor has published collections of haiku, poems, plays, short stories, translations of traditional tribal tales, screenplays, and many novels. He has been named as a member of the literary movement which Kenneth Lincoln dubbed the Native American Renaissance, a flourishing of literature and art beginning in the mid-20th century.His first novel, Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart (1978), later revised as Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles (1990), brought him immediate attention. One of the few science fiction novels written by a Native American, it portrayed a procession of tribal pilgrims through a surreal, dystopian landscape of an America suffering an environmental apocalypse brought on by white greed for oil. Simultaneously postmodern and deeply traditional, inspired by N. Scott Momaday's pioneering works, Vizenor drew on poststructuralist theory and Anishinaabe trickster stories to portray a world in the grip of what he called "terminal creeds" – belief systems incapable of change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
In one of the most noted and controversial passages, the character Belladonna Darwin Winter-Catcher proclaims that Natives are better and purer than whites. She is killed with poisoned cookies, purportedly for her promoting racial separatism.In Vizenor's subsequent novels, he used a shifting and overlapping cast of trickster figures in settings ranging from China to White Earth Reservation to the University of Kent. Frequently quoting European philosophers such as Umberto Eco, Roland Barthes and Jean Baudrillard, Vizenor has written a fiction that is allusive, humorous and playful, but deeply serious in portraying the state of Native America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
He has refused to romanticize the figure of the Native and opposes continued oppression. Vizenor's major theme is that the idea of "Indian" as one people was an "invention" of European invaders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Before Columbus arrived, no one defined Indian as other; there were only the indigenous peoples of various tribes (such as Anishinaabe or Dakota). (They defined "other" among themselves, often divided by languages and associated cultures.) To deconstruct the idea of "Indianness," Vizenor uses strategies of irony and Barthesian jouissance. For instance, in the lead-up to Columbus Day in 1992, he published the novel, The Heirs of Columbus, in which Columbus is portrayed as a Mayan Indian trying to return home to Central America. In Hotline Healers, he claims that Richard Nixon, the American president who he said did more for American Indians than any other in restoring sovereign rights and supporting self-determination, did so as part of a deal in exchange for traditional "virtual reality" technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Vizenor has written several studies of Native American affairs, including Manifest Manners and Fugitive Poses. He has edited several collections of academic work related to Native American writing. He is the founder-editor of the American Indian Literature and Critical Studies series at the University of Oklahoma Press, which has provided an important venue for critical work on and by Native writers. In his own studies, Vizenor has worked to deconstruct the semiotics of Indianness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
His title, Fugitive Poses is derived from Vizenor's assertion that the term Indian is a social-science construction that replaces native peoples, who become absent or "fugitive". Similarly, the term, "manifest manners," refers to the continued legacy of Manifest Destiny. He wrote that native peoples were still bound by "narratives of dominance" that replace them with "Indians". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
In place of a unified "Indian" signifier, he suggests that Native peoples be referred to by specific tribal identities, to be properly placed in their particular tribal context, just as most Americans would distinguish among the French, Poles, Germans and English. In order to cover more general Native studies, Vizenor suggests using the term, "postindian," to convey that the disparate, heterogeneous tribal cultures were "unified" and could be addressed en masse only by Euro-American attitudes and actions towards them. He has also promoted the neologism of "survivance", a cross between the words "survival" and "resistance." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
he uses it to replace "survival" in terms of tribal peoples. He coined it to imply a process rather than an end, as the ways of tribal peoples continue to change (as do the ways of others). He also notes that the survival of tribal peoples as distinct from majority cultures, is based in resistance.He continues to criticize both Native American nationalism and Euro-American colonial attitudes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Both his fiction and academic studies have contributed to his being honored as a major Anishinaabe and American intellectual and writer. 1983, Film-in-the-Cities Award, Sundance Festival 1984, Best American Indian Film, San Francisco Film Festival 1986, New York Fiction Collective Award 1988, American Book Award for 1988, New York Fiction Collective Prize 1989, Artists Fellowship in Literature, California Arts Council, 1989 1990, PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award 1996, PEN Excellence Award 2001, Lifetime Achievement Award, Native Writers' Circle of the Americas 2005, Distinguished Achievement Award, Western Literature Association 2005, Distinguished Minnesotan, Bemidji State University 2011, MELUS Lifetime Achievement Award, 2011. 2011, American Book Award for Shrouds of White Earth (2011). 2020, Lifetime Achievement Award, Paul Bartlett Re Peace Prize 2021, Honorary Curator, American Haiku Archives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Blue Ravens (Wesleyan University Press, 2014) Shrouds of White Earth (SUNY P) Father Meme (U of New Mexico P) Hiroshima Bugi: Atomu 57 (Nebraska UP) Chancers (Oklahoma UP) Hotline Healers: An Almost Browne Novel (Wesleyan UP) Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles (Minnesota UP) (revised version of Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart) The Heirs of Columbus (Wesleyan UP) Griever: An American Monkey King in China (Minnesota UP) The Trickster of Liberty: Tribal Heirs to a Wild Baronage (Emergent Literatures) Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent (Minnesota UP) Landfill Meditation: Crossblood Stories (Wesleyan UP) Dead Voices: Natural Agonies In The New World (U. of Oklahoma Press) Chair of Tears (U of Nebraska Press) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Thomas James Whitehawk: Investigative Narrative in the Trial, Capital Punishment, and Commutation of the Death Sentence of Thomas James Whitehawk (Four Winds Press, 1968) Touchwood: A Collection of Ojibway Prose (Many Minnesotas Project, No 3) (New Rivers Press) The People Named the Chippewa: Narrative Histories (Minnesota UP) The Everlasting Sky; New Voices from the People Named the Chippewa (MacMillan) Manifest Manners: Postindian Warriors of Survivance (Wesleyan UP) (later renamed Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance) Crossbloods; Bone Courts, Bingo, and Other Reports (Minnesota UP) Wordarrows: Indians and Whites in the New Fur Trade (Minnesota UP) Shadow Distance: A Gerald Vizenor Reader (Wesleyan UP) Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence (Nebraska UP, 1998) Native Liberty: Natural Reason and Cultural Survivance (Nebraska UP, 2009) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Poems Born in the Wind (1960) The Old Park Sleepers (1961) Two Wings the Butterfly (privately printed, 1962) South of the Painted Stones (1963) Summer in the Spring: Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories (Oklahoma UP) Slight Abrasions: A Dialogue in Haiku, with Jerome Downes (Nodin Press, 1966) Water Striders (Moving Parts Press) Seventeen Chirps (Nodin Press) Raising the Moon Vines (Nodin Press) Matsushima: Pine Island (Nodin Press, 1984) Cranes Arise: Haiku Scenes (Nodin Press, 1999) Empty Swings (Haiku in English Series) (Nodin Press) Bear Island: The War At Sugar Point (Minnesota UP, 2006) Almost Ashore (Salt Publishing, 2006) Quasi en terra (Valencia, Denes, 2009), transl. Carme Manuel Cuenca | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology (1997) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures (Oklahoma UP) Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence (Nebraska UP, 2008) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Interior Landscapes: Autobiographical Myths and Metaphors (Minnesota UP) Postindian Conversations, with A. Robert Lee (Nebraska UP) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Gerald Vizenor: Writing in the Oral Tradition, by Kimberley Blaeser Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor, by A. Robert Lee Four American Indian Literary Masters: N. Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Marmon Silko and Gerald Vizenor, by Alan R. Velie Gerald Vizenor: Profils Americains 20, ed. Simone Pellerin. Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée, 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
(In English) Gerald Vizenor: Texts and Contexts, ed. A. Robert Lee and Deborah Madsen, 2011. Understanding Gerald Vizenor, by Deborah Madsen, 2010. The Poetry and Poetics of Gerald Vizenor, by Deborah Madsen, 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Transmotion: Journal of Vizenor Studies and Indigenous Studies, ed. David J. Carlson, James Mackay, David Stirrup and Laura Adams Weaver. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers Visit Teepee Town: Native Writings After the Detours, Diane Glancy, Mark Nowak (Editors), Coffeehouse Press. Stories Migrating Home: Anishnaabe Prose, Kimberly Blaeser (Editor), Loonfeather Press: Wisconsin Talking Leaves: Contemporary Native American Short Stories, Craig Lesley, Katheryn Stavrakis (Editor) Dell Books Earth Song, Sky Spirit: Short Stories of the Contemporary Native American Experience, Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor) Earth Power Coming: Short Fiction in Native American Literature, Simon J. Ortiz (editor), Navajo Community College Press Songs from This Earth on Turtle's Back: An Anthology of Poetry by American Indian Writers, Joseph Bruchac (Editor), Greenfield Review Press Smoke Rising: The Native North American Literary Companion, Janet Witalec, Visible Ink Press. Words in the Blood: Contemporary Indian Writers of North and South America, Jamake Highwater (Editor), New American Library. Blue Dawn, Red Earth: New Native American Storytellers, Clifford E. Trafzer (Editor), Anchor Books The Lightning Within: An Anthology of Contemporary American Indian Fiction, Edited and with an Introduction by Alan R. Velie, University of Nebraska Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
American Indian Literature: An Anthology, Alan R. Velie, University of Oklahoma Press. Harper's Anthology of 20th century Native American Poetry, Duane Niatum (Editor) HarperCollins Twenty Six Minnesota Writers, Monico D. Degrazia (Editor), Nodin Press. After Yesterday's Crash: The Avant-Pop Anthology, Larry McCaffery (Editor), Penguin USA The New Native American Novel: Works in Progress, Mary Bartlett (Editor), University of New Mexico Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
The Writer's Notebook, Howard Junker, HarperCollins. Listening to Ourselves: More Stories from 'the Sound of Writing', Alan Cheuse, Caroline Marshall (Editor), Anchor Books. Avant-Pop: Fiction for a Daydream Nation, Larry McCaffery (Editor), Fc2/Black Ice Books Before Columbus Foundation Fiction Anthology: Selections from the American Book Awards 1980–1990, Ishmael Reed, Kathryn Trueblood, Shawn Wong (Editor), W W Norton & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Without Discovery: A Native Response to Columbus (Turning Point Series), Ray Gonzalez (Editor), Broken Moon Press. A Gathering of Flowers: Stories About Being Young in America, Joyce Carol Thomas (Editor), Harpercollins Juvenile Books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
American Short Fiction, Spring 1991 by Laura Furman, University of Texas Press. An Illuminated History of the Future by Curtis White (Editor), Fc2/Black Ice Books. Fiction International, San Diego State University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
An Other Tongue: Nation and Ethnicity in the Linguistic Borderlands, Alfred Arteaga (Editor), Duke University Press. Contemporary Archaeology in Theory, (Social Archaeology), Robert Preucel (Editor), Ian Hodder (Editor), Blackwell Pub. Encyclopedia of North American Indians, by Frederick E. Hoxie (Editor), Houghton Mifflin Co. A Companion to American Thought (Blackwell Reference), Richard Wightman Fox (Editor), James T. Kloppenberg (Editor), Blackwell Pub. Culture and the Imagination, Proceedings of the Third Stuttgart Seminar on Cultural Studies, Verlag Für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995 From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, Ronald Takaki (Editor), Oxford University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
"Constitutional Narratives: A Conversation with Gerald Vizenor," Gerald Vizenor and James Mackay. In Centering Anishinaabeg Studies: Understanding the World through Stories, ed. Jill Doerfler, Niiganwewidam James Sinclair and Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark, (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2013) Postindian Conversations, Gerald Robert Vizenor, A. Robert Lee, University of Nebraska Press. Excavating Voices: Listening to Photographs of Native Americans, Michael Katakis (Editor), University of Pennsylvania Museum Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Mythic Rage and Laughter: An Interview with Gerald Vizenor, Dallas Miller, 1995, Studies in American Indian Literatures, 7, 77, 1995 Survival This Way: Interviews With American Indian Poets, Joseph Bruchac III (Editor), (Sun Tracks Books, No 15) University of Arizona Press. Winged Words: American Indian Writers Speak, Laura Coltelli, University of Nebraska Press. Contemporary Authors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Autobiography Series (Vol 22. ISSN 0748-0636), Gale Research American Contradictions: Interviews With Nine American Writers, Wolfgang Binder (Editor), Helmbrecht Breinig (Editor), Wesleyan University Press. First published in German as Facing America, Multikulturelle Literatur def heutigen USA in Texten und Interviews, Rotpunktverlag, Leipzig, Germany, 1994. I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers, Brian Swann, Arnold Krupat, Brompton Books Corp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Contemporary Authors: Biography – Vizenor, Gerald Robert (1934–), Thomson Gale. Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture, (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies Series), Jace Weaver, Univ. Oklahoma Press. Subverting the Dominant Paradigm: Gerald Vizenor's Trickster Discourse, Kerstin Schmidt, Studies in American Indian Literatures, 7, 65, 1995 Spring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community, Jace Weaver, Oxford University Press. Text as trickster: postmodern language games in Gerald Vizenor's 'Bearheart.' (Maskers and Tricksters), An article from: MELUS, by Elizabeth Blair Gerald Vizenor and his 'Heirs of Columbus': a postmodern quest for more discourse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
An article from: The American Indian Quarterly by Barry E Laga Monkey kings and mojo: postmodern ethnic humor in Kingston, Reed, and Vizenor, An article from: MELUS, by John Lowe "Vizenorian Jurisprudence: Legal Interventions, Narrative Shadows and Other Interpretive Possibilities," (Critical Essay) by Juana Maria Rodriguez in Loosening the Seams: Interpretations of Gerald Vizenor, edited by A. Robert Lee, 2000. "Real Stories: Memory, Violence, and Enjoyment in Vizenor's 'Bearheart'" by Jon Hauss in 'Literature & Psychology,' Fall 1995. Postmodern bears in the texts of Gerald Vizenor (Critical Essay), An article from: MELUS, by Nora Baker Barry "Bad Breath": Gerald Vizenor's Lacanian fable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
(Critical Essay), An article from: Studies in Short Fiction by Linda Lizut Helstern Native American Writers of the United States, (Dictionary of Literary Biography, V. 175), Kenneth M. Roemer (Editor), Gale Research. Woodland word warrior: An introduction to the works of Gerald Vizenor, A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
"Gerald Vizenor's Shadow Plays: Narrative Meditations and Multiplicities of Power" (Critical Essay) by Juana Maria Rodriguez in SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literatures), (October 1, 1993): 23–30. Partial Recall: With Essays on Photographs of Native North Americans, Lucy Lippard (Editor) Native American Autobiography: An Anthology (Wisconsin Studies in American Autobiography), Arnold Krupat (Editor), University of Wisconsin Press. Growing Up in Minnesota: Ten Writers Remember Their Childhoods, Chester G. Anderson, University of Minnesota Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Inheriting the Land: Contemporary Voices from the Midwest, Mark Vinz (Editor), Thom Tammaro (Editor), University of Minnesota Press. Gerald Vizenor, a special edition, Louis Owens (Editor), Studies in American Indian Literatures, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 1997, including: "Interior Dancers": Transformations of Vizenor's Poetic Vision, Kimberly M. Blaeser The Ceded Landscape of Gerald Vizenor's Fiction, Chris LaLonde Blue Smoke and Mirrors: Griever's Buddhist Heart, Linda Lizut Helstern Liberation and Identity: Bearing the Heart of The Heirship Chronicles, Andrew McClure Liminal Landscapes: Motion, Perspective and Place in Gerald Vizenor's Fiction, Bradley John Monsma Waiting for Ishi: Gerald Vizenor's Ishi and the Wood Ducks and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, Elvira Pulitano Doubling in Gerald Vizenor's Bearheart: The Pilgrimage Strategy or Bunyan Revisited, Bernadette Rigel-Cellard Legal and Tribal Identity in Gerald Vizenor's The Heirs of Columbus, Stephen D. Osborne Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel, (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies, Vol 3), Louis Owens, University of Oklahoma Press. Mediation in Contemporary Native American Fiction (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies, Vol 15), James Ruppert, University of Oklahoma Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Native American Perspectives on Literature and History, (American Indian Literature and Critical Studies Series, Vol 19) by Alan R. Velie (Editor), University of Oklahoma Press. (Articles by Juana Maria Rodriguez, Alan R. Velie, Robert Alan Warrior and Kimberley Blaeser address Vizenor's writings.) The Turn to the Native, by Arnold Krupat, University of Nebraska Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Cultural Difference and the Literary Text: Pluralism and the Limits of Authenticity in North American Literatures, Edited by Winfried Siemerling and Katrin Schwenk Buried Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit, Martin Zanger (Editor), Mark A. Lindquist, University of Wisconsin Press. Sacred Trusts: Essays on Stewardship and Responsibility, Michael Katakis, Russell Chatham (Illustrator), Mercury House. Native American Testimony: A Chronicle of Indian-White Relations from Prophecy to Present, 1492–1992, Peter Nabokov, Penguin USA Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, Russell Ferguson, Martha Gever, Mit Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Listening to Native Americans: Making Peace with the Past for the Future, John Barry Ryan, in Listening: Journal of Religion and Culture, Vol. 31, No.1 Winter 1996 pp. 24–36. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Transformation in Progress by Annalee Newitz and Jillian Sandell, in Bad Subjects, an online journal. Spring Wind Rising: The American Indian Novel and the Problem of History, Stripes, James D., A dissertation. Jobin, Danne (July 1, 2019). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
"Gerald Vizenor's Transnational Aesthetics in Blue Ravens". Transmotion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
5 (1): 33–55. doi:10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.572. ISSN 2059-0911. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
The McGraw-Hill Introduction to Literature, Gilbert H. Muller, McGraw Hill Text. Ways in: Approaches to Reading and Writing About Literature, Gilbert H. Muller, John A. Williams, McGraw Hill Text. The Harper American Literature, Volume 1; 2nd Edition, Donald McQuade, Robert Atwan, Martha Banta, Justin Kaplan, Harpercollins College Div. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor |
Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The remnants of the old, empty exoskeleton are called exuviae.After moulting, an arthropod is described as teneral, a callow; it is "fresh", pale and soft-bodied. Within one or two hours, the cuticle hardens and darkens following a tanning process analogous to the production of leather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
During this short phase the animal expands, since growth is otherwise constrained by the rigidity of the exoskeleton. Growth of the limbs and other parts normally covered by the hard exoskeleton is achieved by transfer of body fluids from soft parts before the new skin hardens. A spider with a small abdomen may be undernourished but more probably has recently undergone ecdysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Some arthropods, especially large insects with tracheal respiration, expand their new exoskeleton by swallowing or otherwise taking in air. The maturation of the structure and colouration of the new exoskeleton might take days or weeks in a long-lived insect; this can make it difficult to identify an individual if it has recently undergone ecdysis. Ecdysis allows damaged tissue and missing limbs to be regenerated or substantially re-formed. Complete regeneration may require a series of moults, the stump becoming a little larger with each moult until it is a normal, or near normal, size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
The term ecdysis comes from Ancient Greek ἐκδύω (ekduo) 'to take off, strip off'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
In preparation for ecdysis, the arthropod becomes inactive for a period of time, undergoing apolysis or separation of the old exoskeleton from the underlying epidermal cells. For most organisms, the resting period is a stage of preparation during which the secretion of fluid from the moulting glands of the epidermal layer and the loosening of the underpart of the cuticle occurs. Once the old cuticle has separated from the epidermis, a digesting fluid is secreted into the space between them. However, this fluid remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Then, by crawling movements, the organism pushes forward in the old integumentary shell, which splits down the back allowing the animal to emerge. Often, this initial crack is caused by a combination of movement and increase in blood pressure within the body, forcing an expansion across its exoskeleton, leading to an eventual crack that allows for certain organisms such as spiders to extricate themselves. While the old cuticle is being digested, the new layer is secreted. All cuticular structures are shed at ecdysis, including the inner parts of the exoskeleton, which includes terminal linings of the alimentary tract and of the tracheae if they are present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Each stage of development between moults for insects in the taxon endopterygota is called an instar, or stadium, and each stage between moults of insects in the Exopterygota is called a nymph: there may be up to 15 nymphal stages. Endopterygota tend to have only four or five instars. Endopterygotes have more alternatives to moulting, such as expansion of the cuticle and collapse of air sacs to allow growth of internal organs. The process of moulting in insects begins with the separation of the cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells (apolysis) and ends with the shedding of the old cuticle (ecdysis). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
In many species it is initiated by an increase in the hormone ecdysone. This hormone causes: apolysis – the separation of the cuticle from the epidermis secretion of new cuticle materials beneath the old degradation of the old cuticleAfter apolysis the insect is known as a pharate. Moulting fluid is then secreted into the exuvial space between the old cuticle and the epidermis, this contains inactive enzymes which are activated only after the new epicuticle is secreted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
This prevents the new procuticle from getting digested as it is laid down. The lower regions of the old cuticle, the endocuticle and mesocuticle, are then digested by the enzymes and subsequently absorbed. The exocuticle and epicuticle resist digestion and are hence shed at ecdysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Spiders generally change their skin for the first time while still inside the egg sac, and the spiderling that emerges broadly resembles the adult. The number of moults varies, both between species and sexes, but generally will be between five times and nine times before the spider reaches maturity. Not surprisingly, since males are generally smaller than females, the males of many species mature faster and do not undergo ecdysis as many times as the females before maturing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Members of the Mygalomorphae are very long-lived, sometimes 20 years or more; they moult annually even after they mature. Spiders stop feeding at some time before moulting, usually for several days. The physiological processes of releasing the old exoskeleton from the tissues beneath typically cause various colour changes, such as darkening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
If the old exoskeleton is not too thick it may be possible to see new structures, such as setae, from the outside. However, contact between the nerves and the old exoskeleton is maintained until a very late stage in the process. The new, teneral exoskeleton has to accommodate a larger frame than the previous instar, while the spider has had to fit into the previous exoskeleton until it has been shed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
This means the spider does not fill out the new exoskeleton completely, so it commonly appears somewhat wrinkled. Most species of spiders hang from silk during the entire process, either dangling from a drop line, or fastening their claws into webbed fibres attached to a suitable base. The discarded, dried exoskeleton typically remains hanging where it was abandoned once the spider has left. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
To open the old exoskeleton, the spider generally contracts its abdomen (opisthosoma) to supply enough fluid to pump into the prosoma with sufficient pressure to crack it open along its lines of weakness. The carapace lifts off from the front, like a helmet, as its surrounding skin ruptures, but it remains attached at the back. Now the spider works its limbs free and typically winds up dangling by a new thread of silk attached to its own exuviae, which in turn hang from the original silk attachment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
At this point the spider is a callow; it is teneral and vulnerable. As it dangles, its exoskeleton hardens and takes shape. The process may take minutes in small spiders, or some hours in the larger Mygalomorphs. Some spiders, such as some Synema species, members of the Thomisidae (crab spiders), mate while the female is still callow, during which time she is unable to eat the male. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
Eurypterids are a group of chelicerates that became extinct in the Late Permian. They underwent ecdysis similarly to extant chelicerates, and most fossils are thought to be of exuviae, rather than cadavers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis |
The HighScope Educational Research Foundation (known as HighScope or High/Scope) studies methods of early childhood education based on the methods of the 1962 Perry Preschool study. It was founded in 1970 by psychologist David Weikart. The Perry Preschool study has been noted for its "large effects on educational attainment, income, criminal activity, and other important life outcomes, sustained well into adulthood".The philosophy behind HighScope is based on child development theory and research, originally drawing on the work of Jean Piaget and John Dewey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
The curriculum was further developed to incorporate Lev Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and Jerome Bruner's related strategy of adult scaffolding. This method emphasizes the role of adults to support each child at their current developmental level and help them build upon it under a model of "shared control," where activities are both child-initiated and adult-guided. The adults working with the children see themselves more as facilitators or partners, rather than as managers or supervisors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
The original study was conducted from 1962-1967 in Ypsilanti, Michigan under the guidance of psychologist David Weikart and Perry Elementary School principal Charles Eugene Beatty. It was intended to boost the cognitive skills of 123 disadvantaged African American children with low IQs.Families were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the intervention and a control group. For 2 years during the regular school year (39 weeks a year), 3-4 year old children would come to a classroom for 2 and a half hours a day. Students worked on projects where "they planned tasks, they executed tasks, and then they reviewed the tasks collectively." The intervention also included weekly visits by the teachers to the homes of the children for about 1.5 hours per visit to improve parent-child interactions at home. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
By the time children were 10, there wasn't much of a difference in how children in the two groups performed on tests of cognitive ability. Because the study was conducted in the 1960s, researchers have been able to follow the children who went through the Perry Preschool Program through adulthood. Economist and Nobel laureate James Heckman has found that adults from the treatment group were "much more likely to graduate high school, much more likely to make earnings, much more likely to go on to college, much less likely to commit crime." At age 19, 67% of the preschool group graduated high school, compared to only 49% of the control group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
59% of the preschool group was employed, and 32% of the control group. Within the preschool group, 38% went to pursued higher education, while only 21% of the control group did. There was a 20 percentage point difference between the two groups in regards to having ever been detained or arrested (31% for the preschool group, 51% for the control).Heckman also found multigenerational benefits of the program: children of participants in the program appear to have benefitted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
According to Heckman, "We find some very strong effects. The children of the participants are healthier. The children of the participants are also earning more. They have better social and emotional skills, are more likely to graduate high school and go on to college, less likely to engage in the criminal justice system, so they're less likely to be incarcerated or even have ever been arrested." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
Heckman finds that the work with the parents was an important distinguishing component of the program, particularly because the parents stay in the children's lives beyond the program's 2-year duration. He also finds that the quality of the teachers (and consequently the expense of the program) was a critical component that allowed it to succeed in comparison with other, less expensive interventions.Due to the results, the organization Social Projects that Work finds the study as a strong candidate for further research, but warns that the study was relatively small (128 subjects; 123 after dropouts). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
James Heckman estimates that the Perry Project saved society $7 to $12 for every $1 invested, mostly due to reduced crime. HighScope itself reports that for every tax dollar invested in the early care and education program, $7 are saved for taxpayers by the time the participant is 27 years old, $13 are saved for tax payers by the time the participant is 40 years old, and that there is a $16 total return including increased income to the participants. See also Heckman, Moon, Pinto, Savelyev, & Yavitz (2010a, b). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighScope |
Johann Jakob Bachofen (22 December 1815 – 25 November 1887) was a Swiss antiquarian, jurist, philologist, anthropologist, and professor for Roman law at the University of Basel from 1841 to 1845. Bachofen is most often connected with his theories surrounding prehistoric matriarchy, or Das Mutterrecht, the title of his seminal 1861 book Mother Right: an investigation of the religious and juridical character of matriarchy in the Ancient World. Bachofen assembled documentation demonstrating that motherhood is the source of human society, religion, morality, and decorum. He postulated an archaic "mother-right" within the context of a primeval Matriarchal religion or Urreligion. Bachofen became an important precursor of 20th-century theories of matriarchy, such as the Old European culture postulated by Marija Gimbutas from the 1950s, and the field of feminist theology and "matriarchal studies" in 1970s feminism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Born into a wealthy Basel family active in the silk industry and attended the service of the French Reformed Church in Basel. After having attended the Gymnasium, Bachofen studied in Basel and in Berlin under August Boeckh, Karl Ferdinand Ranke and Friedrich Carl von Savigny as well as in Göttingen. After completing his doctorate in Basel, he studied for another two years in Paris, London and Cambridge. He was called to the Basel chair for Roman law in 1841. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
In 1842 he travelled to Rome accompanied by his father to according to him, see his spiritual homeland with his own eyes. Having returned to Basel, he was called to the appellate court and his next book on roman law received the acclaim of the academics. He would also become elected into the Grand Council of Basel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
He retired from his professorship in 1844, after in the local press it was suggested the wealth of his family would have helped him assume the job at the university. In 1845 he also quit from the Grand Council. As a judge he would stay for twenty-five years and resign after his marriage to Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
In 1848 he undertook a second journey to Rome in which he witnessed the Roman revolution, changed his research focus from the classical antiquity but the early antiquity. In 1851–1852 he travelled to Greece, Magna Graecia, and Etruria. He published most of his works as a private scholar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
His mother Valeria Merian Bachofen died in 1856 but he kept living in the same house as his father. It was the same house which would become the seat of the Civil Register of Basel between 1962 and 1983 and part of the Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig in the 1980s. In 1865, he married the at the time twenty five-years old Louise Bachofen-Burckhardt from a noble family of Basel. He would buy a house at the square before the Minster of Basel and a son was born. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Louise Bachofen Burckhardt would live in the house at the Minster Square after her husband would die in 1877. Johann Jakob Bachofen is buried at the Wolfgottesacker cemetery in Basel. The tomb was sculptured by Richard Kissling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Bachofen's 1861 Das Mutterrecht proposed four phases of cultural evolution which absorbed each other: Hetaerism: a wild nomadic 'tellurian' phase, characterised by him as communistic and polyamorous, whose dominant deity he believed to have been an earthy proto Aphrodite. Das Mutterecht: a matriarchal 'lunar' phase based on agriculture, characterised by him by the emergence of chthonic mystery cults and law. Its dominant deity was an early Demeter. The Dionysian: a transitional phase when earlier traditions were masculinised as patriarchy began to emerge. Its dominant deity was the original Dionysos. The Apollonian: the patriarchal 'solar' phase, in which all trace of the Matriarchal and Dionysian past was eradicated and modern civilisation emerged. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
De legis actionibus de formulis et de condictione. Dissertation Basel. Dieterich, Göttingen 1840. Das Naturrecht und das geschichtliche Recht in ihren Gegensätzen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Basel 1841. reprint: Off. Librorum, Lauterbach 1995, ISBN 3-928406-19-1 Römisches Pfandrecht. Schweighauser, Basel 1847. reprint: Keip, Goldbach 1997, ISBN 3-8051-0688-2 Ausgewählte Lehren des römischen Civilrechts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Leipzig 1848. reprint: Keip, Goldbach 1997, ISBN 3-8051-0689-0 Versuch über die Gräbersymbolik der Alten. Basel 1859 Oknos der Seilflechter: ein Grabbild: Erlösungsgedanken antiker Gräbersymbolik. Basel 1859. reprint: Beck, München 1923 Das Mutterrecht: eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Stuttgart: Verlag von Krais und Hoffmann, 1861 (Internet Archive link) abbreviated edition, ed. Hans-Jürgen Heinrichs. (Suhrkamp Taschenbücher Wissenschaft; Nr.135.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1975 ISBN 3-518-27735-9 excerpts edited as Mutterrecht und Urreligion: eine Auswahl, ed. Rudolf Marx. (Kröners Taschenausgabe; Band 52) Leipzig: A. Kröner, 1927; Stuttgart, 1954; 6th ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
1984 ISBN 978-3-520-05206-3. Antiquarische Briefe vornemlich zur Kenntniss der ältesten Verwandtschaftsbegriffe. 2 vols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Trübner, Strassburg 1880 & 1886. Römische Grablampen nebst einigen andern Grabdenkmälern vorzugsweise eigener Sammlung. Basel 1890 Gesammelte Werke (collected works) ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Karl Meuli. Basel: B. Schwabe, 1943–1967, in 8 volumes (I-IV, VI-VIII and X) I. Antrittsrede; politische Betrachtungen II. Das Mutterecht, erste Hälfte III. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Das Mutterecht, zweite Hälfte IV. Die Sage von Tanaquil VII. Die Unsterblichkeitslehre der orphanischen Theologie: Römische Grablampen VIII. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Antiquarische Briefe X. Briefe Myth, Religion and Mother Right Princeton University Press, translated by Ralph Manheim, 1967 ISBN 978-0-691-01797-6 An English Translation of Bachofen's Mutterrecht (Mother Right) (1861): A Study of the Religious and Juridical Aspects of Gynecocracy in the Ancient World Volumes 1-5: Vol 1. "Lycia," "Crete," and "Athens" Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 30 January 2008 ISBN 9780773451865 Vol 2. "Lemnos" and "Egypt" Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 April 2007 ISBN 9780773454798 Vol 3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
Orchomenus And the Minyan's And India And Central Asia Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 30 June 2006 ISBN 9780975995389 Vol 4. "Elis", "The Epizephyrian Locrians", and "Lesbos" Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 June 2005, ISBN 9780773462984 ISBN 978-0779919031 Vol 5. Mantinea; Pythagoreanism and Subsequent Doctrines; The Cantabri; Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, translated by David Partenheimer, 1 January 2003 ISBN 978-0779919048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Mutterrecht |
The Complementary and Alternative Medicine Program was created in 2003 by Georgetown University Medical Center in response to a nationwide NIH-funded educational initiative to incorporate CAM into medical and graduate school curricula. This program is focused on training students to objectively assess the safety and efficacy of various CAM modalities such as acupuncture, massage, herbs and supplements, and mind-body interactions and introducing scientific rigor to much needed research in this field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Program |
In Fall 2003, Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) introduced the first CAM-oriented, science-based Master of Science program at a US Medical Center. In 2010, over 90% of the 2004 graduates had started their residency programs or were in the process of completing their medical school.In Fall 2005, the Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUSOM) launched a 5-year MD/MS track, with the CAM MS course of study followed by the 4-year medical curriculum. The program was the first to implement the national initiative to integrate the critical scientific evaluation of CAM with medical education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Program |
The American public's use of CAM therapeutic modalities, herbal medicines, and supplements has grown exponentially. Georgetown University Medical Center recognizes the need to train a new generation of healthcare providers that has a grasp of what is called "integrative medicine" (medicine that incorporates beneficial evidence-based practices from CAM as well as mainstream medicine). The faculty of Georgetown University School of Medicine has made this institution one of the leaders in this field, by incorporating CAM into the education of medical students and into the graduate research programs. Physiology is the study of integrated function of the body, and trained physiologists are uniquely able to address, in their research and teaching, issues of biological and health-related effects of new or previously uninvestigated agents or treatments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Program |
The Complementary and Alternative Medicine Graduate Program is based on three pillars: an academically rigorous program that emphasizes the science of physiology, an innovative curriculum that offers students a broad insight into CAM disciplines and philosophies, and the skill to assess the evidence base that currently exists for various treatments and modalities. The program emphasizes critical thinking and a wide array of methods for scientific inquiry. The coursework also addresses legal, regulatory, and ethical issues involving CAM modalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Program |
The mission of this program is to educate open-minded health care providers and scientists eager to explore the state of the evidence in areas of complementary and integrative medicine with objectivity and rigor. The goal is to train students who will enter careers in the private and public sectors related to CAM research, education, and integrative healthcare, and provide them with a rigorous educational program that incorporates a firm foundation in biomedical science, exposure to CAM disciplines, and competence in assessment of evidence. A select number of the graduates go on to complete a doctorate and pursue research, while others may apply their education in CAM to pursue further training for a career as healthcare providers; and still others may have been previously trained as practitioners (physicians, nurse practitioners, acupuncturists, nutritionists, pharmacists, etc.), and wish to return to their careers with their additional perspective and education in evidence-based medicine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Program |
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