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One useful discovery made from the research of microspheres is a way to fight cancer on a molecular level. According to Wake Oncologists, SIR-Spheres microspheres are radioactive polymer spheres that emit beta radiation. Physicians insert a catheter through the groin into the hepatic artery and deliver millions of microspheres directly to the tumor site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
The SIR-Spheres microspheres target the liver tumors and spare healthy liver tissue. Cancer microsphere technology is the latest trend in cancer therapy. It helps the pharmacist to formulate the product with maximum therapeutic value and minimum or negligible range side effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
A major disadvantage of anticancer drugs is their lack of selectivity for tumor tissue alone, which causes severe side effects and results in low cure rates. Thus, it is very difficult to target abnormal cells by the conventional method of the drug delivery system. Microsphere technology is probably the only method that can be used for site-specific action (grossly overstated), without causing significant side effects on normal cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
Microparticles can be released as extracellular microvesicles from red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or endothelial cells. These biological microparticles are thought to be shed from the plasma membrane of the cell as lipid bilayer-bound entities that are typically larger than 100 nm in diameter. "Microparticle" has been used most frequently in this sense in the hemostasis literature, usually as a term for platelet EVs found in the blood circulation. Because EVs retain the signature membrane protein composition of the parent cell, MPs and other EVs may carry useful information including biomarkers of disease. They can be detected and characterized by methods such as flow cytometry, or dynamic light scattering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
Subject access refers to the methods and systems by which books, journals, and other documents are accessed in a given bibliographic database (e.g. a library classification system). The single records in a bibliographic file are structured in fields and each field can be searchable and combined with other fields. Such searchable data from fields of records are termed access points. Some of these access points contain information such as author name, number of pages, the language of publication, name of publisher ,etc. These are in library jargon termed "descriptive data". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_access |
Other kinds of access points contain information such as title words, classification codes, indexing terms ,etc. They are termed subject access points.However, a subject access point is defined as any access point useful for subject searching. There is no precise border between descriptive access points and subject access points. In theory, any access point may hypothetically be used for subject searching. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_access |
Uni Research Health is a department in Uni Research, one of the largest research companies in Norway. The Research Director of Uni Research Health is Professor Hege R. Eriksen.Uni Research Health has approximately 125 employees, most of them located in Bergen, Norway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Health |
The research and educational activities of Uni Health are concentrated in the following research units: Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Child Protection Research Unit Dental Biomaterials: Adverse Reaction Unit GAMUT (the Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre) HEMIL Centre (Research Centre for Health Promotion) National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care Occupational and Environmental Medicine Research Unit for General Practice in Bergen Research Centre for Sick Leave and Rehabilitation Stress, Health and Rehabilitation (formerly the Research Unit of the Norwegian Network for Back Pain) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Health |
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury. The person may be unable to state their name, where they are, and what time it is. When continuous memory returns, PTA is considered to have resolved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
While PTA lasts, new events cannot be stored in the memory. About a third of patients with mild head injury are reported to have "islands of memory", in which the patient can recall only some events. During PTA, the patient's consciousness is "clouded". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Because PTA involves confusion in addition to the memory loss typical of amnesia, the term "post-traumatic confusional state" has been proposed as an alternative.There are two types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia (loss of memories that were formed shortly before the injury) and anterograde amnesia (problems with creating new memories after the injury has taken place). PTA may refer to only anterograde forms, or to both retrograde and anterograde forms.A common example in sports concussion is the quarterback who was able to conduct the complicated mental tasks of leading a football team after a concussion, but has no recollection the next day of the part of the game that took place after the injury. Individuals with retrograde amnesia may partially regain memory later, but memories are not regained with anterograde amnesia because they were not encoded properly.The term "post-traumatic amnesia" was first used in 1940 in a paper by Symonds to refer to the period between the injury and the return of full, continuous memory, including any time during which the patient was unconscious. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The most prominent symptom of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a loss of memory of the present time. As a result, patients are often unaware of their condition and may behave as if they are going about their regular lives. This can cause complications if patients are confined to a hospital and may lead to agitation, distress and anxiety. Many patients report feeling as though they were being "held prisoner" and being prevented from carrying on with their daily lives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Other symptoms include agitation, confusion, disorientation, and restlessness.Patients also often display behavioral disturbances. Patients may shout, swear and behave in a disinhibited fashion. There have been cases in which patients who do not recognize anyone will ask for family members or acquaintances that they have not seen in years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Some patients exhibit childlike behavior. Other patients show uncharacteristically quiet, friendly and loving behavior. Although this behavior may seem less threatening because of its lack of aggressiveness, it may be equally worrisome.PTA patients are often unaware of their surroundings and will ask questions repeatedly. Patients may also have a tendency to wander off, which can be a major concern in those who have sustained additional injuries at the time of trauma, such as injured limbs, as it may lead to the worsening of these secondary injuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Attention is a cognitive resource that contributes to many mental functions. The ability to engage attention requires a certain level of conscious awareness, arousal and concentration, all mechanisms that are generally impaired by traumatic brain injury. The involvement of attention in such a vast array of cognitive processes has led to the suggestion that attentional deficit may act as an underlying factor in the range of cognitive deficits observed in patients experiencing post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Attention has been regarded as an important factor in the healthy functioning of encoding, verbal comprehension and new learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Automatic attention processes (such as counting forwards) are recovered before simple memory skills (such as a recognition test of verbal material) in individuals with mild to moderate brain injury. This implies that the recovery of attentional ability precedes the progression of memory recovery after injury, helping to pave the way to regain ability for new learning. In terms of more severe brain injuries, this automatic attention task performance recovers before disorientation completely resolves.One of the weaknesses of the method most often used in assessing PTA, the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), is that it does not include any assessment of attention, which could help give a better indication of potential for recovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
By omitting attention, the test is omitting some crucial aspects of a person's cognitive capabilities. In addition, assessing attention during the period of PTA may help determine whether the patient is still in a state of PTA or if they are experiencing a more permanent form of memory deficit. In patients with mild TBI, the damage consists primarily of diffuse axonal injury (widespread damage to white matter) without any focal damage (damage to specific areas). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Sometimes, injury of the brainstem was also observed. In these cases, there is likely the presence of an attentional deficit without a true amnesiac state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In more severely brain-damaged individuals, the damage to the temporal lobes and the frontal lobes serves as good indication that amnesia will result. Patients with more chronic forms of memory impairment showed poor performance when tested with PTA scales, making differentiation between the two types of memory impairment very difficult. PTA patients exhibit poor simple reaction time, reduced information processing speed and reduced verbal fluency, which are all attentional deficits that could be used to distinguish these patients from those with more severe and permanent memory problems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The effects of PTA on communication skills were studied using the Revised Edinburgh Functional Communication Profile (REFCP), which measures both linguistic elements (related to speech) and pragmatic elements (related to body language and other non-verbal communication skills). PTA has effects on memory, perception and attention, which are all important for communication. Patients showed mild deficits in verbal communication skills, and moderate to severe deficits in nonverbal communication skills such as maintaining eye contact, initiating greetings, and responding appropriately. Also, a negative correlation was found between the duration of a patient's episode of PTA and his REFCP score; the longer the PTA episode, the more severe the deficit in non-linguistic pragmatic skills. However, the small sample size of this study (only 10 males) means that the results must be interpreted with caution, as they may not generalize to larger samples or to the population at large. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Currently, the pathophysiological mechanisms which produce post-traumatic amnesia are not completely known. The most common research strategy to clarify these mechanisms is the examination of the impaired functional capabilities of people with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) after a traumatic brain injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Research on the effect of emotional trauma on memory retention and amnesic symptoms has shown that exposure to prolonged levels of extreme stress has a direct effect on the hippocampus. Elevated stress levels can lead to an increase in the production of enkephalins and corticosteroids, which can produce abnormal neural activity and disrupt long-term potentiation (a neural mechanism associated with learning) in the hippocampus. Individuals who have been subjected to repeated sexual abuse during childhood or who have experienced combat show significant impairment and atrophy of the hippocampal region of the brain. The amygdala, an area of the brain involved in emotional regulation, may be involved in producing remembrance for some aspects of the trauma. Even though the trace of a memory for trauma may be lost from the hippocampus, it may remain partially encoded in the form of an emotional memory in the amygdala where it can be subsequently recalled in the form of a flashback or partially recovered memory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Diaschisis refers to the sudden dysfunction of portions of the brain due to lesions in distant but connected neurons. Diaschisis is implicated as playing an important role in PTA, more particularly in the declarative memory impairments observed in patients experiencing an episode of PTA. The loss of function observed after traumatic brain injuries, as well as the resulting loss of consciousness, was thought to be mediated by the 'neural shock' associated with diaschisis.Diaschisis was originally believed to be a result of disruption to neural tissue, but more recent evidence implicates increased activity levels of choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the production of acetylcholine, as a major cause. Based on these findings, diaschisis could be helped through the use of drugs that would reduce cholinergic (acetylcholine) activity, and reduce the levels of acetylcholine in the brain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This idea is supported by the fact that there is an increase in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain after head injury. Animal studies have shown that concussive injuries in rats lead to changes in the central nervous system's cholinergic system. This increase in acetylcholine levels has also been tied to behavioral suppression and unconsciousness, both symptoms of PTA. In long-term recovery, acetylcholine levels associated with diaschisis may continue to play a role in maintaining memory deficits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Brain imaging techniques are useful for examining the changes in the brain that occur as a result of damage. Metting et al. (2001) used CT scans to examine the pathophyiological damage in patients currently experiencing an episode of PTA, patients with resolved PTA, and a control group that had not experienced PTA. Bloodflow to the occipital lobe, the caudate nucleus, and the grey matter of the frontal lobe was significantly reduced in patients who were scanned during the episode of PTA. No differences were seen between patients with resolved PTA and the control group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This encouraging finding points to the positive long term prognosis of PTA; most patients return to normal levels of functioning. The frontal lobes are associated with explicit memory retrieval, and deficits on explicit memory tasks are often found with patients experiencing PTA. Working memory deficits are a common symptom in patients with PTA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The duration of an episode of PTA was correlated with reduced bloodflow to the right hemisphere, a finding which was consistent with functional MRI studies that link working memory with right frontal activity. The prefrontal cortex, which plays an important role in explicit memory retrieval, was also found to have decreased neural activation in patients scanned during the episode of PTA. Researchers noted that the damage was related to vascularization and neural functionality, but not to structural injury, suggesting that the resolution of PTA is dependent on functional changes.Memory and new learning involve the cerebral cortex, the subcortical projections, the hippocampus, the diencephalon and the thalamus, areas that often experience damage as a result of TBI. Frontal lobe lesions may also play a role in PTA, as damage to these areas is associated with changes in behavior, including irritability, aggressiveness, disinhibition, and a loss of judgment. Damage to this area may account for the uncharacteristic behavior often exhibited in PTA patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers have also found that individuals experiencing PTA show accelerated forgetting. This contrasts with the normal forgetting observed by patients with normal amnesia related to brain damage. The temporal lobes are often the most vulnerable to the diffuse (widely distributed) and focal (more specifically localized) effects of TBI and it is possible that temporal lobe lesions may account for the accelerated forgetting observed in patients with PTA. These predictions were supported by the finding that most of the patients who showed rapid forgetting also had lesions to the temporal lobe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Bilateral damage to the temporal lobes also causes severe anterograde amnesia, making it likely that lesions to this area would be involved in PTA. Patients exhibit a temporal gradient with memory loss, meaning that older memories are preserved at the expense of newer memories. Temporal lobe damage has been linked to a temporal gradient of this sort, because older memories are less dependent on the hippocampus and thus are less influenced by its damage.There is a significant link between individuals currently experiencing PTA and their performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The scores of those currently experiencing an episode of PTA were compared to individuals who had previously had a traumatic brain injury resulting in PTA. Those still experiencing PTA performed significantly worse on both the performance and the verbal subscales of the WAIS. Also, people in early stages of PTA have substantial impairment to anterograde memory function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
For example, in the case report of a patient referred to as "JL", Demery et al. noted that his memory impairments were so severe following his injury that he had forgotten that he had attended a Major League Baseball game less than 30 minutes after returning to the center where he was being treated.The majority of neuropsychological studies available have suggested that the medial temporal lobes are the most important system in the pathophysiology of PTA. However, there is little research done on this topic, and as new research is done, more information should come forth concerning functionality in these areas in PTA patients. One MRI study showed that a long duration of PTA was correlated with damage in the hemispheric and central areas, regardless of whether the duration of the coma was relatively short. In patients who had a longer coma duration, deeper lesions in the central area were observed without extensive damage to the hemispheric area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
PTA has been proposed to be the best measure of head trauma severity, but it may not be a reliable indicator of outcome. However, PTA duration may be linked to the likelihood that psychiatric and behavioral problems will occur as consequences of TBI.Classification systems for determining the severity of TBI may use duration of PTA alone or with other factors such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) to divide TBI into categories of mild, moderate, and severe. One common system using all three factors and one using PTA alone are shown in the tables at right. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Duration of PTA usually correlates well with GCS and usually lasts about four times longer than unconsciousness.PTA is considered a hallmark of concussion, and is used as a measure of predicting its severity, for example in concussion grading scales. It may be more reliable for determining severity of concussion than GCS because the latter may not be sensitive enough; individuals with s concussion often quickly regain a GCS score of 15.Longer periods of amnesia or loss of consciousness immediately after the injury may indicate longer recovery times from residual symptoms from concussion. Increased duration of PTA is associated with a heightened risk for TBI complications such as post-traumatic epilepsy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Duration of PTA may be difficult to gauge accurately; it may be overestimated (for example, if the patient is asleep or under the influence of drugs or alcohol for part of the time) or underestimated (for example, if some memories come back before continuous memory is regained). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) exists to determine how oriented a patient is and how much material they are able to recall. The GOAT is the most widely used standardized scale for the prospective assessment of PTA in the United States and Canada. The test is made up of 10 items that assess orientation and recollection of the events before and after the injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
It can be used to assess the duration of PTA; this particular GOAT assessment has been found to strongly predict functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale, return to productivity, psychosocial function and distress.An alternative to the GOAT is the Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) which examines not only orientation to person, place and time, but also crucially the ability to consistently remember new information from one day to the next. It consists of twelve questions (seven orientation questions, and five memory items) and is administered once daily, each and every day, until the patient scores a perfect score of 12/12 on three consecutive days. It is suitable for patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. The WPTAS is the most common post-traumatic amnesia scale used in Australia and New Zealand. An abbreviated version has been developed to assess patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale (AWPTAS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Before the development of the current tests for the assessment of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), a retrospective method was used to determine the patient's condition, consisting of one or more interviews with the patient after the episode of PTA was judged to be over. The retrospective method, however, fails to account for the apparent lucidity of patients who are still experiencing substantial disorientation, or the finding that the recovery from post-traumatic amnesia is often characterized by the presence of "islands of memory" (short periods of clarity). A failure to take these facts into consideration may have biased retrospective methods towards underestimating the length and severity of an episode of PTA. Also, the retrospective method relies on retrospective memory, one's memory for past events, which is not very reliable in healthy individuals, and even less so in patients who have recently experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Patients may also unconsciously or consciously bias their answers because they want to appear more healthy or more ill than they truly were, or because of poor insight. The retrospective method is also flawed because there is no standard measurement procedure. Although the retrospective method may provide useful subjective data, it is not a useful tool for measurement or categorization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) is the most frequently used test for assessing PTA in the United States and Canada. The test consists of 10 items that involve the recall of events that occurred right before and after the injury, as well as questions about disorientation. Scores of 75 or more on this scale (out of a total possible score of 100) correspond to the termination of the PTA episode. The GOAT typically classifies orientation into three categories: orientation to the person, orientation to the place, and orientation to the time. The idea behind these questions is that each of these classifications places a large demand on the patient's memory and learning abilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) is commonly used in Australia and New Zealand. It questions twelve questions that examine orientation to person, place and time, in addition to the ability to consistently remember new information from one day to the next. The scale is administered once each day, until the patient scores 12/12 on three consecutive days. The WPTAS is suitable for patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. An abbreviated version of the WPTAS, the Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale (AWPTAS) assesses patients with mild traumatic brain injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although the GOAT has proved useful in acute care, recent research has called attention to some of its drawbacks. The GOAT's assessment of orientation may put too much of a focus on memory as the main mechanism behind orientation. The range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with PTA seems to indicate that the patient's disorientation is more than just a memory deficit. Consequently, it may be beneficial to incorporate tests of other cognitive functions, such as attention, which relate to both memory and orientation.Another recent study compared the success of the GOAT and the Orientation Log (O-Log) in predicting rehabilitation outcomes, and found that, while the O-Log and the GOAT perform similarly as measures of PTA severity and duration, the O-Log provides a more accurate picture of rehabilitation.While the GOAT is a useful tool, these results suggest that using alternative methods of assessing PTA may increase the amount of information available to physicians and may help in predicting rehabilitative success. The international cognitive (INCOG) expert panel has recommended the use of a validated PTA scale such as the GOAT or WPTAS for assessing PTA duration in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury on a daily basis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The severity of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is directly related to its duration, although a longer duration does not necessarily indicate more severe symptoms. The duration of PTA in brain-injured patients is a useful predictor of the expected long-term effects of the injury, along with the duration of loss of consciousness(LOC), and scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures degrees of consciousness, with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. A score of three indicates complete unconsciousness, and a score of 15 indicates normal functioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In patients experiencing PTA for the duration of: Up to one hour – the injury is very mild in severity and full recovery is expected. The patient may experience a few minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–24 hours – the injury is moderate in severity and full recovery is expected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The patient may experience some minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–7 days – the injury is severe, and recovery may take weeks to months. The patient may be able to return to work, but may be less capable than before the injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
1–2 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take many months. The patient is likely to experience long-lasting cognitive effects such as decreased verbal and nonverbal intelligence as well as decreased performance on visual tests. Patients should, however, still be able to return to work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
2–12 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take a year or more. The patient is likely to exhibit permanent deficits in memory and cognitive function, and the patient is unlikely to be able to return to work. 12+ weeks – injury is very severe and accompanied by significant disabilities that will require long-term rehabilitation and management. The patient is unlikely to be able to return to work.Note: return to work is meant to indicate a return to a reasonable level of functionality, both in professional and personal arenas.The long-term prognosis of PTA is generally positive. Many patients do recover a great deal of cognitive function, although they may not return to their pre-injury state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Early research pointed to vasopressin as a potential treatment for improving the memory of patients living with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Lysine vasopressin, a modified form of the vasopressin molecule, had positive effects on memory when administered by injection to patients with amnesia resulting from traumatic brain injury and Korsakoff's syndrome. Subsequent animal studies with rats found similar results, particularly in aversion and avoidance learning tasks. Rats lacking adequate vasopressin, either due to genetic defect or hypophysectomy (surgical removal of the pituitary gland), exhibited significant improvements in memory and learning functions when exogenous vasopressin was administered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Particularly encouraging was the finding that a short treatment period produced long-lasting improvements, in both humans and rats. However, the animal models of PTA are highly limited, as the dimension of self-awareness and orientation is almost impossible to model adequately. PTA in animals, especially rats, is often observed post-trauma (commonly post-surgery), but it is often only measured in terms of impaired learning or unusual behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
One subsequent human study found no effects of vasopressin on memory. The nonsignificant results were attributed to the study's many potential flaws, particularly its small sample size, the inability of vasopressin to penetrate the blood brain barrier when administered as a nasal spray, inadequate dosing and differences in severity of head injury between the samples. However, Eames et al. (1999) found statistically significant improvements on several tests of memory with the use of a vasopressin nasal spray, with no reported ill effects. Although the degree of improvement was mild, and it could be attributed to numerous other factors of the rehabilitative program, the lack of any ill effects suggests that vasopressin is, at the least, a possible enhancement for a treatment regimen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Diaschisis, as mentioned earlier, has been linked to the mechanism of PTA. The noradrenergic systems may play a role in diaschisis. Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenalin, is a catecholamine neurotransmitter. Administering a norepinephrine receptor agonist (a substance that initiates a cell response when it binds with a receptor) to patients promoted the recovery of memory and many other cognitive functions after a traumatic brain injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Conversely, the administration of norepinephrine antagonists slowed recovery, and could lead to the reinstatement of deficits when administered after recovery. Noradrenergic antagonists were not prescribed for the purposes of slowing the recovery of memory. Rather, these findings are based on the effects of other commonly prescribed drugs that happen to block noradrenergic receptors. The alpha-1 adrenergic receptor is specifically implicated. Although it has not yet been thoroughly investigated, there is potential for stimulants, which promote catecholamine release, to be an effective treatment in the early stages of recovery from brain trauma, and these positive effects could reduce the symptoms of PTA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The North Star Project was developed by researchers at McGill University. Researchers developed a "reality orientation", which involved discussing general facts (e.g. date, time, names of family members, etc.) with amnesic patients twice a day in an attempt to lessen their confusion during the early stages of their recovery. Younger patients often had shorter amnesic episodes than older patients, especially those in the North Star group. Although more improvements were noted in the North Star group than in the control group, researchers did not find a statistically significant effect of their intervention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
A comprehensive analysis of literature based on the effects of early rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury concluded that there is no strong evidence linking any one particular practice of post-injury care to a reduced severity in symptoms. However, even in the absence of a concrete correlation between a specific rehabilitation program and improved outcomes, the evidence and research available can provide many good suggestions for how to proceed with treatment. All rehabilitation strategies reviewed had positive effects on recovery, but none more so than the others.The most accurate measure of determining the length of amnesia is still the a behavioural measure, the duration of the episode of post-traumatic amnesia, rather than a neuroimaging technique or an electrophysiological or biochemical technique. The length of amnesia is also one of the most accurate predictors for determining later cognitive problems, even more so than the duration of either the coma or the period of loss of consciousness. The duration of amnesia after TBI, therefore, can be very useful in the planning the length and intensity of rehabilitation programs for persons affected by PTA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although Franklin described PTA, it was the British physician C. P. Symonds who first discussed the specific amnesiac symptoms that often follow a cerebral contusion, which is a specific kind of traumatic brain injury. Symonds observed that the patient remains "stuperose, restless and irritable" after recovering consciousness. He also identified a recovery period of days to weeks for this post-concussive state. Presumably, shorter durations of PTA, which are now included in the definition, were not thought to be serious enough for documentation. Most importantly, he identified the amnesia that the patient experiences during this period of recovery, and recommended the use of "formal tests for memory and retention" to assess recovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although there was a general lack of knowledge about its mechanisms, a review of patients seen during WWI combat reveals the symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) in many soldiers. The term shell shock was used to refer to the acute psychological state that accompanied exposure to exploding shells, and more generally, exposure to combat conditions. There are a number of documented cases of people with shell shock . These soldiers commonly displayed dizziness, varying degrees of consciousness, a loss of non-traumatic personal information, and a lack of normal self-awareness lasting anywhere from hours to days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Many of the symptoms of shell shock are highly similar to those of PTA. The following excerpt from a case report illustrates the loss of personal information observed in one patient: A soldier was assessed three days after having been admitted into a field ambulance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
He was unable to give his name, regiment, or number, and he could not be identified. He could remember being found on the outskirts of a village, but his military history and all events in his past including his childhood were a complete blank. Researchers found that physicians had documented reports of combatants where "oth central and peripheral details of the traumatic experience were lost." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Patients displayed gaps in memory recollection for the period following the trauma, sometimes up to the time of hospitalization, which could be weeks later. An initial assessment supported the role of concussions in causing these symptoms. Concussions could account for the anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia observed in patients, as well as the periods of fluctuating consciousness or delirium that sometimes followed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
However, many soldiers who showed these amnesiac effects did not experience injuries that would have led to concussions. As a result, there was controversy over the possible causes of PTA in these non-concussed soldiers, with a separation between proponents of Freudian repression and those supporting a dissociative view of the condition. This dissociative view was ultimately supported, and accounted for the fugue state seen in soldiers who were thought to have dissociated from normal consciousness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers have investigated the relationship between posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). 282 outpatients, who were an average of 53 days post-TBI in their recovery, were divided into four groups: PTA episode lasting less than one hour; PTA episode lasting between one hour and 24 hours; PTA episode lasting between 24 hours and one week; and PTA episode lasting for longer than one week. The patients' personal details were used as variables classified for age, gender, marital status, time elapsed between injury and assessment, and type of injury (motor vehicle accident, pedestrian, assault and other). Patients were given two self-report inventories: the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The IES measures symptoms of PTSD and contains questions regarding the intrusiveness of the traumatic event (ex. nightmares) and avoidant behaviours related to the traumatic event (ex. avoiding a certain location). The GHQ was used as an indicator of overall psychological health. The majority of subjects were in Group 1 (PTA episode lasting less than one hour), injured in motor vehicle accidents, and male. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
There were no statistical differences found with regards to age, gender, marital status and type of injury. There was an increase in the severity of all indicators of brain damage for the longest durations of PTA; specifically, the GCS scores for this group decreased and the number of patients with an abnormal CT scan increased. There were significant differences in IES scores when comparing the group with the least serious episode of PTA, lasting less than an hour, to all other groups, with the duration of the episode of PTA lasting longer than an hour. The group with an episode of PTA lasting less than an hour had higher IES scores and more intrusive and avoidant symptoms. The fact that GHQ scores were constant throughout all groups, although there were differences in IES scores, suggests that the two scores measure different phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Grey and white matter are both found in the many areas of the brain, as well as throughout the central nervous system. Grey matter is more involved in nerve function, and white matter is more involved in nerve maintenance, as well as the regulation of unconscious functions. However, both are important for memory and learning. The volume of grey and white matter in the brains of aging individuals has been correlated with working memory and retention of cognitive function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers hypothesized that the lesions of both grey and white matter would be larger in older individuals and in those with more severe traumatic brain injuries, and longer episodes of PTA, and the volume of grey and white matter would be smaller in those injured at an older age. A group of 98 participants, predominantly male, were examined using fMRI. The results supported these hypotheses, leading researchers to suggest that the impact of traumatic brain injury gets more severe as age progresses.Although grey and white matter volume was reduced throughout the brain, researchers noted that the grey matter of the neocortical brain regions was particularly affected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This is consistent with the fact that older individuals who had experienced PTA showed greater cognitive impairments than a control group of individuals of the same age who had not experienced PTA. The duration of the episode of PTA was related to the size of the grey matter lesion; longer episodes of PTA correlated with larger grey matter lesions. Advanced age also correlated with reduced glial activity. With less grey matter, the patient is less able to retrieve memories effectively, as neuron function is impaired. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
On the topic of trauma and memory, Richard McNally (2005) wrote that memories are not videotapes of our experiences, meaning that they are not unchangeable records. The mechanism that retrieves a memory involves activation of several areas of the brain. Similarly, the mechanism that encodes a memory requires the use of different parts of the brain. Any fault in the encoding-retrieval system will degrade memory, and there are many potential faults, such as distortion by emotion, or focusing on the peripheral details at the expense of central details. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
An example of the latter is the well-known phenomenon where a person being robbed at gunpoint is so distracted by the gun that they don't have time to encode the robber's face.Misconstruing retrieval failure as traumatic amnesia is not the same phenomenon as post-traumatic amnesia, which describes amnesia for the current elapsing time post-trauma, not amnesia for trauma from the past. Typically, "repressed memory" is the term used to explain this sort of traumatic amnesia; the experience was so horrific that the adult cannot process what occurred years before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The topic of repressed memory is controversial within psychology; many clinicians argue for its importance, while researchers remain skeptical of its existence. A more viable explanation for this forgetting is childhood amnesia, a phenomenon describing the fact that most children do not have recall of events in their lives before the age of three, partially due to the lack of development of cognitive elements such as language. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In linguistics, a form-meaning mismatch is a natural mismatch between the grammatical form and its expected meaning. Such form-meaning mismatches happen everywhere in language. Nevertheless, there is often an expectation of a one-to-one relationship between meaning and form, and indeed, many traditional definitions are based on such an assumption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
For example, Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous. The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now). While this accurately captures the typical behaviour of these three tenses, it's not unusual for a futurate meaning to have a present tense form (I'll see you before I go) or a past tense form (If you could help, that would be great). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
There are three types of mismatch. Many forms correspond to one function/meaning One form corresponds to many functions/meanings The meaning cannot be derived from the forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Syncretism is "the relation between words which have different morphosyntactic features but are identical in form." For example, the English first person genitive pronouns are distinct for dependent my and independent mine, but for he, there is syncretism: the dependent and independent pronouns share the form his (e.g., that's his book; it's his). As a result, there is no consistent match between the form and function of the word. Similarly, Slovak nouns typically mark case as in the word for "dog", which is pes in nominative case but psa in accusative. But slovo "word" the nominative and accusative have come to share the same form, which means that it does not reliably indicate whether it is a subject or an object. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
The subject of a sentence is often defined as a noun phrase that denotes the semantic agent or "the doer of the action".a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that usually comes before a main verb and represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, or about which something is stated.But in many cases, the subject does not express the expected meaning of doer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Dummy there in there's a book on the table, is the grammatical subject, but there isn't the doer of the action or the thing about which something is stated. In fact it has no semantic role at all. The same is true of it in it's cold today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In the case of object raising, the object of one verb can be the agent of another verb. For example, in we expect JJ to arrive at 2:00, JJ is the object of expect, but JJ is also the person who will be doing the arriving. Similarly, in Japanese, the potential form of verbs can raise the object of the main verb to the subject position. For example, in the sentence 私は寿司が食べられる (Watashi wa sushi ga taberareru, "I can eat sushi"), 寿司 ("sushi") is the object of the verb 食べる ("eat") but functions as the subject of the potential form verb 食べられる ("be able to eat"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
From a semantic point of view, a definite noun phrase is one that is identifiable and activated in the minds of the first person and the addressee. From a grammatical point of view in English, definiteness is typically marked by definite determiners, such as this. “The theoretical distinction between grammatical definiteness and cognitive identifiability has the advantage of enabling us to distinguish between a discrete (grammatical) and a non-discrete (cognitive) category” So, in a case such as I met this guy from Heidleberg on the train, the underlined noun phrase is grammatically definite but semantically indefinite; there is a form-meaning mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Grammatical number is typically marked on nouns in English, and present-tense verbs show agreement with the subject. But there are cases of mismatch, such as with a singular collective noun as the subject and plural agreement on the verb (e.g., The team are working hard). The pronoun you also triggers plural agreement regardless of whether it refers to one person or more (e.g., You are the only one who can do this). This is similar to the use of honorific constructions in the Toda language, where subject-verb agreement for number is generally marked by different verb conjugations, but there are exceptions with certain honorific forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
For example, consider the following verb forms for the verb "to give" in Toda: kwēś- (non-honorific singular form) kwēśt- (non-honorific plural form) kwēśt- (honorific form, used for both singular and plural)In the case of the honorific form kwēśt-, there is a form-meaning mismatch regarding number, as the same form is used to show respect to a single person or multiple people.In some cases, the mismatch may be apparent rather than real due to a poorly chosen term. For example, "plural" in English suggest more than one, but "non-singular" may be a better term. We use plural marking for things less than one (e.g., 0.5 calories) or even for nothing at all (e.g., zero degrees). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In some cases, the grammatical gender of a word appears to be a mismatch with its meaning. For example, in German, das Fräulein means the unmarried woman. A woman is naturally feminine in terms of social gender, but the word here is neuter gender.Also, in Chichewa, a Bantu language, the word for "child" is mwaná (class 1) in the singular and aná (class 2) in the plural. When referring to a group of mixed-gender children, the plural form, aná, is used even though it belongs to a different noun class from that of the singular form, mwaná. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
German and English compounds are quite different syntactically, but not semantically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Form-meaning mismatches can lead to language change. An example of this is the split of the nominal gerund construction in English and a new “non-nominal” reference type becoming the most dominant function of the verbal gerund construction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
The syntax-semantics interface is one of the most vulnerable aspects in L2 acquisition. Therefore, L2 speakers are found to either often have incomplete grammar, or have highly variable syntactic-semantic awareness and performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In morphology, a morpheme can get trapped and eliminated. Consider this example: the Old Norwegian for "horse's" was hert-s, and the way to mark that as definite and genitive ("the" + GEN) was -in-s. When those went together, the genitive of hert-s was lost, and the result is hest-en-s ("the horse" + GEN) in modern Norwegian. The result is a form-meaning mismatch. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is the title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his 1859 translation from Persian to English of a selection of quatrains (rubāʿiyāt) attributed to Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of Persia". Although commercially unsuccessful at first, FitzGerald's work was popularised from 1861 onward by Whitley Stokes, and the work came to be greatly admired by the Pre-Raphaelites in England. FitzGerald had a third edition printed in 1872, which increased interest in the work in the United States. By the 1880s, the book was extremely popular throughout the English-speaking world, to the extent that numerous "Omar Khayyam clubs" were formed and there was a "fin de siècle cult of the Rubaiyat".FitzGerald's work has been published in several hundred editions and has inspired similar translation efforts in English, Hindi and in many other languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
The extreme popularity of FitzGerald's work led to a prolonged debate on the correct interpretation of the philosophy behind the poems. FitzGerald emphasized the religious skepticism he found in Omar Khayyam. In his preface to the Rubáiyát, he describes Omar's philosophy as Epicurean and claims that Omar was "hated and dreaded by the Sufis, whose practice he ridiculed and whose faith amounts to little more than his own when stripped of the Mysticism and formal recognition of Islamism under which Omar would not hide". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Richard Nelson Frye also emphasizes that Khayyam was despised by a number of prominent contemporary Sufis. These include figures such as Shams Tabrizi, Najm al-Din Daya, Al-Ghazali, and Attar, who "viewed Khayyam not as a fellow-mystic, but a free-thinking scientist". : 663–664 The skeptic interpretation is supported by the medieval historian Al-Qifti (ca. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
1172–1248), who in his The History of Learned Men reports that Omar's poems were only outwardly in the Sufi style but were written with an anti-religious agenda. He also mentions that Khayyam was indicted for impiety and went on a pilgrimage to avoid punishment.Critics of FitzGerald, on the other hand, have accused the translator of misrepresenting the mysticism of Sufi poetry by an overly literal interpretation. Thus, the view of Omar Khayyam as a Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard (1915). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Dougan (1991) likewise says that attributing hedonism to Omar is due to the failings of FitzGerald's translation, arguing that the poetry is to be understood as "deeply esoteric". Idries Shah (1999) similarly says that FitzGerald misunderstood Omar's poetry.The Sufi interpretation is the view of a minority of scholars. Henry Beveridge states that "the Sufis have unaccountably pressed this writer into their service; they explain away some of his blasphemies by forced interpretations, and others they represent as innocent freedoms and reproaches". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Aminrazavi (2007) states that "Sufi interpretation of Khayyam is possible only by reading into his Rubaiyat extensively and by stretching the content to fit the classical Sufi doctrine". : 128 FitzGerald's "skepticist" reading of the poetry is still defended by modern scholars. Sadegh Hedayat (The Blind Owl, 1936) was the most notable modern proponent of Khayyam's philosophy as agnostic skepticism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
In his introductory essay to his second edition of the Quatrains of the Philosopher Omar Khayyam (1922), Hedayat states that "while Khayyam believes in the transmutation and transformation of the human body, he does not believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, our bodily particles would be used in the making of a jug of wine". He concludes that "religion has proved incapable of surmounting his inherent fears; thus Khayyam finds himself alone and insecure in a universe about which his knowledge is nil". In his later work (Khayyam's Quatrains, 1935), Hedayat further maintains that Khayyam's usage of Sufic terminology such as "wine" is literal, and that "Khayyam took refuge in wine to ward off bitterness and to blunt the cutting edge of his thoughts." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald's text was published in five editions, with substantial revisions: 1st edition – 1859 2nd edition – 1868 3rd edition – 1872 1878, "first American edition", reprint of the 3rd ed. 4th edition – 1879 5th edition – 1889 Of the five editions published, four were published under the authorial control of FitzGerald. The fifth edition, which contained only minor changes from the fourth, was edited posthumously on the basis of manuscript revisions FitzGerald had left. Numerous later editions were published after 1889, notably an edition with illustrations by Willy Pogany first published in 1909 (George G. Harrap, London). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
It was issued in numerous revised editions. This edition combined FitzGerald's texts of the 1st and 4th editions and was subtitled "The First and Fourth Renderings in English Verse". A bibliography of editions compiled in 1929 listed more than 300 separate editions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Many more have been published since.Notable editions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (1887, 1888, 1894); Doxey, At the Sign of the Lark (1898, 1900), illustrations by Florence Lundborg; The Macmillan Company (1899); Methuen (1900) with a commentary by H.M. Batson, and a biographical introduction by E.D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Ross; Little, Brown, and Company (1900), with the versions of E.H. Whinfield and Justin Huntly McCart; Bell (1901); Routledge (1904); Foulis (1905, 1909); Essex House Press (1905); Dodge Publishing Company (1905); Duckworth & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
(1908); Hodder and Stoughton (1909), illustrations by Edmund Dulac; Tauchnitz (1910); East Anglian Daily Times (1909), Centenary celebrations souvenir; Warner (1913); The Roycrofters (1913); Hodder & Stoughton (1913), illustrations by René Bull; Dodge Publishing Company (1914), illustrations by Adelaide Hanscom. Sully and Kleinteich (1920). Critical editions have been published by Decker (1997) and by Arberry (2016). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald's translation is rhyming and metrical, and rather free. Many of the verses are paraphrased, and some of them cannot be confidently traced to his source material at all. Michael Kearney claimed that FitzGerald described his work as "transmogrification". To a large extent, the Rubaiyat can be considered original poetry by FitzGerald loosely based on Omar's quatrains rather than a "translation" in the narrow sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald was open about the liberties he had taken with his source material: My translation will interest you from its form, and also in many respects in its detail: very un-literal as it is. Many quatrains are mashed together: and something lost, I doubt, of Omar's simplicity, which is so much a virtue in him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
(letter to E. B. Cowell, 9/3/58) I suppose very few people have ever taken such Pains in Translation as I have: though certainly not to be literal. But at all Costs, a Thing must live: with a transfusion of one's own worse Life if one can't retain the Originals better. Better a live Sparrow than a stuffed Eagle. (letter to E. B. Cowell, 4/27/59) For comparison, here are two versions of the same quatrain by FitzGerald, from the 1859 and 1889 editions: This quatrain has a close correspondence in two of the quatrains in the Bodleian Library ms., numbers 149 and 155. In the literal prose translation of Edward Heron-Allen (1898): | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Multilingual edition, published in 1955 by Tahrir Iran Co./Kashani Bros. Two English editions by Edward Henry Whinfield (1836–1922) consisted of 253 quatrains in 1882 and 500 in 1883. This translation was fully revised and some cases fully translated anew by Ali Salami and published by Mehrandish Books. Whinfield's translation is, if possible, even more free than FitzGerald's; Quatrain 84 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above) reads: John Leslie Garner published an English translation of 152 quatrains in 1888. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
His was also a free, rhyming translation. Quatrain I. 20 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above): Justin Huntly McCarthy (1859–1936) (Member of Parliament for Newry) published prose translations of 466 quatrains in 1889. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Quatrain 177 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above): Richard Le Gallienne (1866–1947) produced a verse translation, subtitled "a paraphrase from several literal translations", in 1897. In his introductory note to the reader, Le Gallienne cites McCarthy's "charming prose" as the chief influence on his version. Some example quatrains follow: Edward Heron-Allen (1861–1943) published a prose translation in 1898. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
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