text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
One useful discovery made from the research of microspheres is a way to fight cancer on a molecular level. According to Wake Oncologists, SIR-Spheres microspheres are radioactive polymer spheres that emit beta radiation. Physicians insert a catheter through the groin into the hepatic artery and deliver millions of micr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
The SIR-Spheres microspheres target the liver tumors and spare healthy liver tissue. Cancer microsphere technology is the latest trend in cancer therapy. It helps the pharmacist to formulate the product with maximum therapeutic value and minimum or negligible range side effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
A major disadvantage of anticancer drugs is their lack of selectivity for tumor tissue alone, which causes severe side effects and results in low cure rates. Thus, it is very difficult to target abnormal cells by the conventional method of the drug delivery system. Microsphere technology is probably the only method tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
Microparticles can be released as extracellular microvesicles from red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or endothelial cells. These biological microparticles are thought to be shed from the plasma membrane of the cell as lipid bilayer-bound entities that are typically larger than 100 nm in diameter. "Micropar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle |
Subject access refers to the methods and systems by which books, journals, and other documents are accessed in a given bibliographic database (e.g. a library classification system). The single records in a bibliographic file are structured in fields and each field can be searchable and combined with other fields. Such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_access |
Other kinds of access points contain information such as title words, classification codes, indexing terms ,etc. They are termed subject access points.However, a subject access point is defined as any access point useful for subject searching. There is no precise border between descriptive access points and subject acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_access |
Uni Research Health is a department in Uni Research, one of the largest research companies in Norway. The Research Director of Uni Research Health is Professor Hege R. Eriksen.Uni Research Health has approximately 125 employees, most of them located in Bergen, Norway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Health |
The research and educational activities of Uni Health are concentrated in the following research units: Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Child Protection Research Unit Dental Biomaterials: Adverse Reaction Unit GAMUT (the Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre) HEMIL Centre (Research Centre f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Health |
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury. The person may be unable to state their name, where they are, and what time it is. When continuous m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
While PTA lasts, new events cannot be stored in the memory. About a third of patients with mild head injury are reported to have "islands of memory", in which the patient can recall only some events. During PTA, the patient's consciousness is "clouded". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Because PTA involves confusion in addition to the memory loss typical of amnesia, the term "post-traumatic confusional state" has been proposed as an alternative.There are two types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia (loss of memories that were formed shortly before the injury) and anterograde amnesia (problems with creati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The most prominent symptom of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a loss of memory of the present time. As a result, patients are often unaware of their condition and may behave as if they are going about their regular lives. This can cause complications if patients are confined to a hospital and may lead to agitation, dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Other symptoms include agitation, confusion, disorientation, and restlessness.Patients also often display behavioral disturbances. Patients may shout, swear and behave in a disinhibited fashion. There have been cases in which patients who do not recognize anyone will ask for family members or acquaintances that they ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Some patients exhibit childlike behavior. Other patients show uncharacteristically quiet, friendly and loving behavior. Although this behavior may seem less threatening because of its lack of aggressiveness, it may be equally worrisome.PTA patients are often unaware of their surroundings and will ask questions repeated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Attention is a cognitive resource that contributes to many mental functions. The ability to engage attention requires a certain level of conscious awareness, arousal and concentration, all mechanisms that are generally impaired by traumatic brain injury. The involvement of attention in such a vast array of cognitive pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Automatic attention processes (such as counting forwards) are recovered before simple memory skills (such as a recognition test of verbal material) in individuals with mild to moderate brain injury. This implies that the recovery of attentional ability precedes the progression of memory recovery after injury, helping t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
By omitting attention, the test is omitting some crucial aspects of a person's cognitive capabilities. In addition, assessing attention during the period of PTA may help determine whether the patient is still in a state of PTA or if they are experiencing a more permanent form of memory deficit. In patients with mild TB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Sometimes, injury of the brainstem was also observed. In these cases, there is likely the presence of an attentional deficit without a true amnesiac state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In more severely brain-damaged individuals, the damage to the temporal lobes and the frontal lobes serves as good indication that amnesia will result. Patients with more chronic forms of memory impairment showed poor performance when tested with PTA scales, making differentiation between the two types of memory impairm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The effects of PTA on communication skills were studied using the Revised Edinburgh Functional Communication Profile (REFCP), which measures both linguistic elements (related to speech) and pragmatic elements (related to body language and other non-verbal communication skills). PTA has effects on memory, perception and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Currently, the pathophysiological mechanisms which produce post-traumatic amnesia are not completely known. The most common research strategy to clarify these mechanisms is the examination of the impaired functional capabilities of people with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) after a traumatic brain injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Research on the effect of emotional trauma on memory retention and amnesic symptoms has shown that exposure to prolonged levels of extreme stress has a direct effect on the hippocampus. Elevated stress levels can lead to an increase in the production of enkephalins and corticosteroids, which can produce abnormal neural... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Diaschisis refers to the sudden dysfunction of portions of the brain due to lesions in distant but connected neurons. Diaschisis is implicated as playing an important role in PTA, more particularly in the declarative memory impairments observed in patients experiencing an episode of PTA. The loss of function observed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This idea is supported by the fact that there is an increase in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain after head injury. Animal studies have shown that concussive injuries in rats lead to changes in the central nervous system's cholinergic system. This increase in acetylcholine levels has also been tied to behavior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Brain imaging techniques are useful for examining the changes in the brain that occur as a result of damage. Metting et al. (2001) used CT scans to examine the pathophyiological damage in patients currently experiencing an episode of PTA, patients with resolved PTA, and a control group that had not experienced PTA. Blo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This encouraging finding points to the positive long term prognosis of PTA; most patients return to normal levels of functioning. The frontal lobes are associated with explicit memory retrieval, and deficits on explicit memory tasks are often found with patients experiencing PTA. Working memory deficits are a common sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The duration of an episode of PTA was correlated with reduced bloodflow to the right hemisphere, a finding which was consistent with functional MRI studies that link working memory with right frontal activity. The prefrontal cortex, which plays an important role in explicit memory retrieval, was also found to have decr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers have also found that individuals experiencing PTA show accelerated forgetting. This contrasts with the normal forgetting observed by patients with normal amnesia related to brain damage. The temporal lobes are often the most vulnerable to the diffuse (widely distributed) and focal (more specifically localiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Bilateral damage to the temporal lobes also causes severe anterograde amnesia, making it likely that lesions to this area would be involved in PTA. Patients exhibit a temporal gradient with memory loss, meaning that older memories are preserved at the expense of newer memories. Temporal lobe damage has been linked to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The scores of those currently experiencing an episode of PTA were compared to individuals who had previously had a traumatic brain injury resulting in PTA. Those still experiencing PTA performed significantly worse on both the performance and the verbal subscales of the WAIS. Also, people in early stages of PTA have su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
For example, in the case report of a patient referred to as "JL", Demery et al. noted that his memory impairments were so severe following his injury that he had forgotten that he had attended a Major League Baseball game less than 30 minutes after returning to the center where he was being treated.The majority of neur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
PTA has been proposed to be the best measure of head trauma severity, but it may not be a reliable indicator of outcome. However, PTA duration may be linked to the likelihood that psychiatric and behavioral problems will occur as consequences of TBI.Classification systems for determining the severity of TBI may use dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Duration of PTA usually correlates well with GCS and usually lasts about four times longer than unconsciousness.PTA is considered a hallmark of concussion, and is used as a measure of predicting its severity, for example in concussion grading scales. It may be more reliable for determining severity of concussion than G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Duration of PTA may be difficult to gauge accurately; it may be overestimated (for example, if the patient is asleep or under the influence of drugs or alcohol for part of the time) or underestimated (for example, if some memories come back before continuous memory is regained). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
It can be used to assess the duration of PTA; this particular GOAT assessment has been found to strongly predict functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale, return to productivity, psychosocial function and distress.An alternative to the GOAT is the Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) which e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Before the development of the current tests for the assessment of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), a retrospective method was used to determine the patient's condition, consisting of one or more interviews with the patient after the episode of PTA was judged to be over. The retrospective method, however, fails to account ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Patients may also unconsciously or consciously bias their answers because they want to appear more healthy or more ill than they truly were, or because of poor insight. The retrospective method is also flawed because there is no standard measurement procedure. Although the retrospective method may provide useful subjec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) is the most frequently used test for assessing PTA in the United States and Canada. The test consists of 10 items that involve the recall of events that occurred right before and after the injury, as well as questions about disorientation. Scores of 75 or more on this s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) is commonly used in Australia and New Zealand. It questions twelve questions that examine orientation to person, place and time, in addition to the ability to consistently remember new information from one day to the next. The scale is administered once each day, until ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although the GOAT has proved useful in acute care, recent research has called attention to some of its drawbacks. The GOAT's assessment of orientation may put too much of a focus on memory as the main mechanism behind orientation. The range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with PTA seems to indicate that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The severity of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is directly related to its duration, although a longer duration does not necessarily indicate more severe symptoms. The duration of PTA in brain-injured patients is a useful predictor of the expected long-term effects of the injury, along with the duration of loss of conscio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In patients experiencing PTA for the duration of: Up to one hour – the injury is very mild in severity and full recovery is expected. The patient may experience a few minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–24 hours – the injury is moderate in severity and full recovery is expected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The patient may experience some minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–7 days – the injury is severe, and recovery may take weeks to months. The patient may be able to return to work, but may be less capable than before the injury. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
1–2 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take many months. The patient is likely to experience long-lasting cognitive effects such as decreased verbal and nonverbal intelligence as well as decreased performance on visual tests. Patients should, however, still be able to return to work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
2–12 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take a year or more. The patient is likely to exhibit permanent deficits in memory and cognitive function, and the patient is unlikely to be able to return to work. 12+ weeks – injury is very severe and accompanied by significant disabilities that will r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Early research pointed to vasopressin as a potential treatment for improving the memory of patients living with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Lysine vasopressin, a modified form of the vasopressin molecule, had positive effects on memory when administered by injection to patients with amnesia resulting from traumatic b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Particularly encouraging was the finding that a short treatment period produced long-lasting improvements, in both humans and rats. However, the animal models of PTA are highly limited, as the dimension of self-awareness and orientation is almost impossible to model adequately. PTA in animals, especially rats, is often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
One subsequent human study found no effects of vasopressin on memory. The nonsignificant results were attributed to the study's many potential flaws, particularly its small sample size, the inability of vasopressin to penetrate the blood brain barrier when administered as a nasal spray, inadequate dosing and difference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Diaschisis, as mentioned earlier, has been linked to the mechanism of PTA. The noradrenergic systems may play a role in diaschisis. Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenalin, is a catecholamine neurotransmitter. Administering a norepinephrine receptor agonist (a substance that initiates a cell response when it binds w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Conversely, the administration of norepinephrine antagonists slowed recovery, and could lead to the reinstatement of deficits when administered after recovery. Noradrenergic antagonists were not prescribed for the purposes of slowing the recovery of memory. Rather, these findings are based on the effects of other commo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The North Star Project was developed by researchers at McGill University. Researchers developed a "reality orientation", which involved discussing general facts (e.g. date, time, names of family members, etc.) with amnesic patients twice a day in an attempt to lessen their confusion during the early stages of their rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
A comprehensive analysis of literature based on the effects of early rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury concluded that there is no strong evidence linking any one particular practice of post-injury care to a reduced severity in symptoms. However, even in the absence of a concrete correlation between a specific re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although Franklin described PTA, it was the British physician C. P. Symonds who first discussed the specific amnesiac symptoms that often follow a cerebral contusion, which is a specific kind of traumatic brain injury. Symonds observed that the patient remains "stuperose, restless and irritable" after recovering consci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Although there was a general lack of knowledge about its mechanisms, a review of patients seen during WWI combat reveals the symptoms of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) in many soldiers. The term shell shock was used to refer to the acute psychological state that accompanied exposure to exploding shells, and more generall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Many of the symptoms of shell shock are highly similar to those of PTA. The following excerpt from a case report illustrates the loss of personal information observed in one patient: A soldier was assessed three days after having been admitted into a field ambulance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
He was unable to give his name, regiment, or number, and he could not be identified. He could remember being found on the outskirts of a village, but his military history and all events in his past including his childhood were a complete blank. Researchers found that physicians had documented reports of combatants wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Patients displayed gaps in memory recollection for the period following the trauma, sometimes up to the time of hospitalization, which could be weeks later. An initial assessment supported the role of concussions in causing these symptoms. Concussions could account for the anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia obs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
However, many soldiers who showed these amnesiac effects did not experience injuries that would have led to concussions. As a result, there was controversy over the possible causes of PTA in these non-concussed soldiers, with a separation between proponents of Freudian repression and those supporting a dissociative vie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers have investigated the relationship between posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). 282 outpatients, who were an average of 53 days post-TBI in their recovery, were divided... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The IES measures symptoms of PTSD and contains questions regarding the intrusiveness of the traumatic event (ex. nightmares) and avoidant behaviours related to the traumatic event (ex. avoiding a certain location). The GHQ was used as an indicator of overall psychological health. The majority of subjects were in Group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
There were no statistical differences found with regards to age, gender, marital status and type of injury. There was an increase in the severity of all indicators of brain damage for the longest durations of PTA; specifically, the GCS scores for this group decreased and the number of patients with an abnormal CT scan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Grey and white matter are both found in the many areas of the brain, as well as throughout the central nervous system. Grey matter is more involved in nerve function, and white matter is more involved in nerve maintenance, as well as the regulation of unconscious functions. However, both are important for memory and le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
Researchers hypothesized that the lesions of both grey and white matter would be larger in older individuals and in those with more severe traumatic brain injuries, and longer episodes of PTA, and the volume of grey and white matter would be smaller in those injured at an older age. A group of 98 participants, predomin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
This is consistent with the fact that older individuals who had experienced PTA showed greater cognitive impairments than a control group of individuals of the same age who had not experienced PTA. The duration of the episode of PTA was related to the size of the grey matter lesion; longer episodes of PTA correlated wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
On the topic of trauma and memory, Richard McNally (2005) wrote that memories are not videotapes of our experiences, meaning that they are not unchangeable records. The mechanism that retrieves a memory involves activation of several areas of the brain. Similarly, the mechanism that encodes a memory requires the use of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
An example of the latter is the well-known phenomenon where a person being robbed at gunpoint is so distracted by the gun that they don't have time to encode the robber's face.Misconstruing retrieval failure as traumatic amnesia is not the same phenomenon as post-traumatic amnesia, which describes amnesia for the curre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
The topic of repressed memory is controversial within psychology; many clinicians argue for its importance, while researchers remain skeptical of its existence. A more viable explanation for this forgetting is childhood amnesia, a phenomenon describing the fact that most children do not have recall of events in their l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia |
In linguistics, a form-meaning mismatch is a natural mismatch between the grammatical form and its expected meaning. Such form-meaning mismatches happen everywhere in language. Nevertheless, there is often an expectation of a one-to-one relationship between meaning and form, and indeed, many traditional definitions are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
For example, Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous. The future tense... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
There are three types of mismatch. Many forms correspond to one function/meaning One form corresponds to many functions/meanings The meaning cannot be derived from the forms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Syncretism is "the relation between words which have different morphosyntactic features but are identical in form." For example, the English first person genitive pronouns are distinct for dependent my and independent mine, but for he, there is syncretism: the dependent and independent pronouns share the form his (e.g.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
The subject of a sentence is often defined as a noun phrase that denotes the semantic agent or "the doer of the action".a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that usually comes before a main verb and represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, or about which something is stated.But in many cases, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Dummy there in there's a book on the table, is the grammatical subject, but there isn't the doer of the action or the thing about which something is stated. In fact it has no semantic role at all. The same is true of it in it's cold today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In the case of object raising, the object of one verb can be the agent of another verb. For example, in we expect JJ to arrive at 2:00, JJ is the object of expect, but JJ is also the person who will be doing the arriving. Similarly, in Japanese, the potential form of verbs can raise the object of the main verb to the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
From a semantic point of view, a definite noun phrase is one that is identifiable and activated in the minds of the first person and the addressee. From a grammatical point of view in English, definiteness is typically marked by definite determiners, such as this. “The theoretical distinction between grammatical defini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Grammatical number is typically marked on nouns in English, and present-tense verbs show agreement with the subject. But there are cases of mismatch, such as with a singular collective noun as the subject and plural agreement on the verb (e.g., The team are working hard). The pronoun you also triggers plural agreement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
For example, consider the following verb forms for the verb "to give" in Toda: kwēś- (non-honorific singular form) kwēśt- (non-honorific plural form) kwēśt- (honorific form, used for both singular and plural)In the case of the honorific form kwēśt-, there is a form-meaning mismatch regarding number, as the same form is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In some cases, the grammatical gender of a word appears to be a mismatch with its meaning. For example, in German, das Fräulein means the unmarried woman. A woman is naturally feminine in terms of social gender, but the word here is neuter gender.Also, in Chichewa, a Bantu language, the word for "child" is mwaná (class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
German and English compounds are quite different syntactically, but not semantically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Form-meaning mismatches can lead to language change. An example of this is the split of the nominal gerund construction in English and a new “non-nominal” reference type becoming the most dominant function of the verbal gerund construction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
The syntax-semantics interface is one of the most vulnerable aspects in L2 acquisition. Therefore, L2 speakers are found to either often have incomplete grammar, or have highly variable syntactic-semantic awareness and performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
In morphology, a morpheme can get trapped and eliminated. Consider this example: the Old Norwegian for "horse's" was hert-s, and the way to mark that as definite and genitive ("the" + GEN) was -in-s. When those went together, the genitive of hert-s was lost, and the result is hest-en-s ("the horse" + GEN) in modern Nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-meaning_mismatch |
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is the title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his 1859 translation from Persian to English of a selection of quatrains (rubāʿiyāt) attributed to Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of Persia". Although commercially unsuccessful at first, FitzGerald's work was popularised from 18... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
The extreme popularity of FitzGerald's work led to a prolonged debate on the correct interpretation of the philosophy behind the poems. FitzGerald emphasized the religious skepticism he found in Omar Khayyam. In his preface to the Rubáiyát, he describes Omar's philosophy as Epicurean and claims that Omar was "hated and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Richard Nelson Frye also emphasizes that Khayyam was despised by a number of prominent contemporary Sufis. These include figures such as Shams Tabrizi, Najm al-Din Daya, Al-Ghazali, and Attar, who "viewed Khayyam not as a fellow-mystic, but a free-thinking scientist". : 663–664 The skeptic interpretation is supported b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
1172–1248), who in his The History of Learned Men reports that Omar's poems were only outwardly in the Sufi style but were written with an anti-religious agenda. He also mentions that Khayyam was indicted for impiety and went on a pilgrimage to avoid punishment.Critics of FitzGerald, on the other hand, have accused the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Dougan (1991) likewise says that attributing hedonism to Omar is due to the failings of FitzGerald's translation, arguing that the poetry is to be understood as "deeply esoteric". Idries Shah (1999) similarly says that FitzGerald misunderstood Omar's poetry.The Sufi interpretation is the view of a minority of scholars.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Aminrazavi (2007) states that "Sufi interpretation of Khayyam is possible only by reading into his Rubaiyat extensively and by stretching the content to fit the classical Sufi doctrine". : 128 FitzGerald's "skepticist" reading of the poetry is still defended by modern scholars. Sadegh Hedayat (The Blind Owl, 1936) was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
In his introductory essay to his second edition of the Quatrains of the Philosopher Omar Khayyam (1922), Hedayat states that "while Khayyam believes in the transmutation and transformation of the human body, he does not believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, our bodily particles would be used in the making of a j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald's text was published in five editions, with substantial revisions: 1st edition – 1859 2nd edition – 1868 3rd edition – 1872 1878, "first American edition", reprint of the 3rd ed. 4th edition – 1879 5th edition – 1889 Of the five editions published, four were published under the authorial control of FitzG... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
It was issued in numerous revised editions. This edition combined FitzGerald's texts of the 1st and 4th editions and was subtitled "The First and Fourth Renderings in English Verse". A bibliography of editions compiled in 1929 listed more than 300 separate editions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Many more have been published since.Notable editions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (1887, 1888, 1894); Doxey, At the Sign of the Lark (1898, 1900), illustrations by Florence Lundborg; The Macmillan Company (1899); Methuen (1900) with a commentary by H.M. Batson, and a biogra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Ross; Little, Brown, and Company (1900), with the versions of E.H. Whinfield and Justin Huntly McCart; Bell (1901); Routledge (1904); Foulis (1905, 1909); Essex House Press (1905); Dodge Publishing Company (1905); Duckworth & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
(1908); Hodder and Stoughton (1909), illustrations by Edmund Dulac; Tauchnitz (1910); East Anglian Daily Times (1909), Centenary celebrations souvenir; Warner (1913); The Roycrofters (1913); Hodder & Stoughton (1913), illustrations by René Bull; Dodge Publishing Company (1914), illustrations by Adelaide Hanscom. Sully ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald's translation is rhyming and metrical, and rather free. Many of the verses are paraphrased, and some of them cannot be confidently traced to his source material at all. Michael Kearney claimed that FitzGerald described his work as "transmogrification". To a large extent, the Rubaiyat can be considered origin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
FitzGerald was open about the liberties he had taken with his source material: My translation will interest you from its form, and also in many respects in its detail: very un-literal as it is. Many quatrains are mashed together: and something lost, I doubt, of Omar's simplicity, which is so much a virtue in him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
(letter to E. B. Cowell, 9/3/58) I suppose very few people have ever taken such Pains in Translation as I have: though certainly not to be literal. But at all Costs, a Thing must live: with a transfusion of one's own worse Life if one can't retain the Originals better. Better a live Sparrow than a stuffed Eagle. (lette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Multilingual edition, published in 1955 by Tahrir Iran Co./Kashani Bros. Two English editions by Edward Henry Whinfield (1836–1922) consisted of 253 quatrains in 1882 and 500 in 1883. This translation was fully revised and some cases fully translated anew by Ali Salami and published by Mehrandish Books. Whinfield's tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
His was also a free, rhyming translation. Quatrain I. 20 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above): Justin Huntly McCarthy (1859–1936) (Member of Parliament for Newry) published prose translations of 466 quatrains in 1889. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Quatrain 177 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above): Richard Le Gallienne (1866–1947) produced a verse translation, subtitled "a paraphrase from several literal translations", in 1897. In his introductory note to the reader, Le Gallienne cites McCarthy's "charming prose" as the chief infl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.