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His first son-in-law, Ernst Adolf Eschke, established a complementary site in Berlin, before assuming directorship of Leipzig after Heinicke's death. However, Eschke turned away from the oralist methods of his father-in-law in preference of Épée and Sicards manual sign language philosophies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The legacy in deaf education was further carried on by two more of Heinicke's son-in-laws, August Friedrich Petschke and Carl Gottlob Reich, respectively. Reich's own son-in-law, serves today as the school's current director.The school is still operational to date under the official name Saxon State School for the Hearing Impaired Samuel Heinicke Support Center, commonly referred to as simply Samuel Heinicke School. Today the institution utilizes a blended approach to the education of its students, but continues to apply emphasis to audio-verbal educational therapies and techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Gallaudet University was originally established as a grammar school for deaf and blind children under the name Columbia Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. The school was founded in 1857 by Amos Kendall (1789-1869) on his estate. It was later renamed in commemoration of progressive educator and advocate, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Amos Kendall hired Edward Miner Gallaudet, son of Thomas Gallaudet, as the school's first superintendent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
As a result of intensive lobbying on the school's behalf by Kendall and Gallaudet, on April 8, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that allowed the school to award college degrees to its graduating students. The first commencement ceremony took place in June 1869 with the graduation of three deaf men. The diplomas were signed by President Ulysses S. Grant and, since then, all diplomas from Gallaudet are signed by the sitting United States President. As a result of its new classification, the institution revised its name to the National College for the Deaf and Dumb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
1865 - The school's blind students were transferred to the Maryland Institution for the Blind, while the remaining institution was renamed the National Deaf-Mute College. 1885 - The school's Primary Department was moved into a new building to be known as the Kendall School in honor of namesake Amos Kendall. 1894 - The college was renamed to Gallaudet College in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. 1911 - The corporate name, inclusive of both the college and Primary Department, was renamed Columbia Institution for the Deaf. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
1954 - The corporate name was also consolidated to Gallaudet College. 1966 - Congress authorizes The Model Secondary School for the Deaf to be established, which opened on campus three years later. 1970 - President Nixon signed Public Law 91-587 allowing the Kendall School to become the Kendall Demonstration Elementary School. 1986 - President Ronald Reagan signed the Education of the Deaf Act and Gallaudet College was dubbed Gallaudet University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Gallaudet is known for its stalwart background in promoting the use of sign language as its primary modality of education and language acquisition. Among the primary influencers of this ideology was 18th-century physician Dr. Mason Fitch Cogswell. It was he who employed Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, his neighbor at the time, to pursue knowledge of deaf education in Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Gaulladet initially traveled to England wherein he attempted to gain insight on oral methods from an unwilling Thomas Braidwood. He then traveled to France where he became acquainted with a system derived from French Sign Language made popular by abbés Épée and Sicard. He later returned to the United States, accompanied by deaf educator, Laurent Clerc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and the school that would become his namesake, abandoned the original pursuit to bring oralism back to America at the time. As a result, the sign language used by the French Deaf community, as well as the system of manual French, were introduced into the United States. Over time, these evolved into what is now officially recognized as its own language: American Sign Language (ASL). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The preference for a sign language based modality had been adapted by the school's founders and began to root in Deaf communities across the country. However, oral methods would eventually make their way to the US, as well. In similar controversy, Edward Miner Gallaudet would later assert that oral instruction is usually of little value to the congenitally deaf. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Today, Gallaudet University is known with prestige for being the first institute of higher learning for deaf education. It is considered by both deaf and hearing people to be among the primary resources for all things related to deaf people, including education, ASL, Deaf culture, and other topics of relevance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The Israelite Institute for the Deaf of Germany was founded by a hearing man named Markus Reich. The school was opened to the public in 1873; however, its conception began around 1870-71 when Reich was taking his final teaching exams. At this time, he had noted the exclusionary treatment of the Jewish and Deaf communities, especially as it pertained to eligibility for education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The institution was originally located in a "small house in Fürstenwalde an der Spree". Reich was poor when he opened the institution and struggled to afford the school's expenses. He established a Jewish support organization for the deaf composed of wealthy community benefactors to help fund the continued efforts of the school. The support of this organization known as, "Jedide Ilmim" or "Friends of the Deaf", made possible, not only the continued security of Reich's institute, but also the opportunity for its expansion. In 1890, the institution was relocated to a larger facility in Weissensee near Berlin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The school had a high level of educational training for its staff. This was supported by the results seen from final exams of the school's former students. In memorandum, Reich was noted for having embraced the use and practice of sign language, both in his teaching modality and in his personal life. The school was considered to have offered curricula and upholding of educational standards in a manner that was competitively on par with other institutions of its time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Reich's successor, Felix Reich, suggested in 1930 that the school's primary difference, in terms of teaching philosophy, was that the use of sign language was not discouraged. In likeness to his father's ideals, Felix asserted that, "the development of the mind and spirit, and not simply the acquisition of language, was considered the greatest goal." In addition to the general education the institute also offered additional classes for gifted students or those with special needs of remedial instruction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
After Reich's death, Felix Reich, carried on his father's legacy from 1919 until the school's demise. The oppressive forces of Adolf Hitler's Nazi ideology made continuing the school's normal functions impossible. Nothing remains of this institution, save a well known plaque commemorating its existence. The plaque reads: "From this house 146 Jewish Deaf citizens were dragged by fascist bandits and murdered in 1942. Memorial to the dead. Reminder for the living." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines oralism as: "advocacy or use of the oral method of teaching the deaf". Oralism consists of various methods used in teaching the deaf how to read lips by recognizing formations of the mouth in spoken dialogue, practicing certain breathing patterns used to produce words and letters, and mimicking mouth shapes. Such methods can be traced as far back as 1648. Oralism gained popularity in America in the 1860s when it began being utilized in the education process of many schools for the deaf. The notion of oral methodology gained tread in deaf educational institutions as popular opinion believed it was paramount for the deaf community try to "assimilate" themselves into the hearing world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_institutions_for_deaf_education |
Shlomo Argamon is an American/Israeli computer scientist and forensic linguist. He is currently the chair of the computer science department as well as a tenured professor of computer science and interim director of the Active Computational Thinking (ACT) Center at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, IL. He founded their Master of Data Science program in 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Shlomo Argamon received his B.S. in applied mathematics from Carnegie-Mellon University and his MPhil and Ph.D. in computer science from Yale University, supervised by Drew McDermott. He spent two years doing postdoctoral research under a Fulbright Foundation fellowship with Sarit Kraus at Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Since the late 1990s, Argamon has worked primarily on computational linguistics analysis of non-denotational meaning, including computational analysis of language stylistics, sentiment analysis, and metaphor analysis. He has also published well-cited research on active learning (machine learning), metalearning, and robotic mapping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Argamon is best known for his work on computational stylistics, particularly author profiling. Together with Moshe Koppel and others, he has shown how statistical analysis of word usage can determine an author's age, sex, native language, and personality type with high accuracy in English-language texts. His work has also shown how textual features indicating differences between male and female authorship are consistent between languages and across time.He has also developed computational stylistic methods that provide insights into the meaning of stylistic differences. One of Argamon's key innovations for this purpose is the development of computational stylistic analysis using systemic functional linguistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
For example, together with Jeff Dodick and Paul Chase, he examined whether there are clear and consistent differences between scientific method in experimental sciences and historical sciences. Their work showed how using systemic functional features in computational stylistic analysis provides evidence for multiple scientific methodologies of the sorts posited previously by philosophers of science.Forensic Linguistics is viewed through its two major components, first one being Written Language and the Second one being Spoken Language. Written language is mainly used on transcripts for police interviews, for both the witnesses and the suspects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
The transcripts are considered examined text material from criminal messages, terrorist threats or blackmailing messages and translate them from one language to another and then reviewed to help in answering questions about the author if the message. Many different kinds of text materials can be examined, some being notes, phone messages, letters both typed and handwritten as well as text from social medias. Much more can be determined by combining computational stylistics and scientific methods in order to enhance Cybersecurity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Recently, Argamon has pushed for the increased use of linguistic analysis for attribution of cybersecurity attacks. He has pointed out how linguistic attribution techniques can often be used to good effect on natural language texts that arise in different attack scenarios, and has provided analyses for high-profile cases such as the Sony Pictures hack, the Democratic National Committee cyber attacks, and the Shadow Brokers NSA leak. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
In 2013, Argamon founded the Illinois Institute of Technology Master of Data Science program, which he currently directs. The program seeks to teach students "to think about the real problems that need to be solved, not to simply find technical solutions." Argamon views data scientists as "sensemakers", whose job is not merely to produce analytic results, but to help their clients make sense of a complex, uncertain, and fast-changing world through rigorous analysis and explanation of the data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Fellow of the British Computer Society. Distinguished Lecturer in Forensic Linguistics, Centre for Forensic Linguistics, Aston University, 2014. Fulbright Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow, 1994-1996. Hertz Foundation Doctoral Fellow, 1990-1994. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argamon |
Cunningham Park is a 358-acre (1.4 km2) park in the New York City borough of Queens. The park lies between the Grand Central Parkway to the south and the Long Island Expressway, and is bifurcated by the Clearview Expressway. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Park |
New York City acquired land to build a park, named Hillside Park, in 1928.Major W. Arthur Cunningham served in World War I as a member of the 165 Infantry of the United States Army. A resident of Forest Hills, Major Cunningham successfully ran as a Republican for the position of controller of New York City in 1933.After being sworn into office, Cunningham found that the city was deeply in debt and had insufficient funds to repay its debts. Cunningham also found that the city had been far behind in collecting property taxes from landowners. Cunningham said that the city must collect the delinquent property taxes, and that the property tax rate would likely need to be increased in order for the city to stay afloat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Park |
Cunningham disclosed all the financial troubles of the city in order to better inform the public.Cunningham died of a heart attack while riding a horse in Asharoken, Long Island. He was 39 years old. His body was buried in Calvary Cemetery near Long Island City. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Park |
Queens Borough President George U. Harvey considered Cunningham a dear friend of his, and he thought that Cunningham's untimely death was caused in part by his worries about the city's problems.In 1935, the Board of Aldermen voted in favor of renaming Hillside Park in honor of Cunningham. In June 1936, a memorial to Cunningham was erected in park in the following month. The memorial was a flagpole set in bronze with an inscribed stone base. Major Cunningham's seven-year-old son, John Arthur Cunningham, unveiled the plaque at a ceremony.In 1940, New York City bought a piece of land in order to connect discontinuous segments of Francis Lewis Boulevard and to expand Cunningham Park.A granite and bronze memorial to Major Cunningham was created by sculptor Emil Siebern and installed next to the Cunningham memorial flagpole in 1942. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Park |
The Long Island Motor Parkway provides a bike path through Cunningham Park, west to Kissena Park and east to Alley Pond Park, part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway.Mountain biking trails run throughout northern areas of the park which include two major sections connected by an overpass that runs across the Clearview Expressway. Trails are signed by level and range from beginner to expert.New York Road Runners hosts a weekly 2.7-mile Open Run. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_Park |
Food heritage is a term that encompasses the origins of plants and animals and their dispersal, the sites where people first cultivated plants and domesticated animals, as well as the earliest locations around the world where people first processed, prepared, sold and ate foods. These locations include farms, all types of mill, dairies, orchards, vineyards, breweries, restaurants and cafes, markets and groceries, hotels and inns. Food museums help to preserve global and local food heritage. Agropolis Museum in Montpellier, France is an example of a Food museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_heritage |
Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella type. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines can result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Migration of larvae to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause swelling of the face, inflammation of the whites of the eyes, fever, muscle pains, and a rash. Minor infection may be without symptoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Complications may include inflammation of heart muscle, central nervous system involvement, and inflammation of the lungs.Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts is eaten. In North America this is most often bear, but infection can also occur from pork, boar, and dog meat. Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
After the infected meat has been eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. They then invade the wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. After one week, the females release new larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles, where they form cysts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and confirmed by finding specific antibodies in the blood, or larvae on tissue biopsy.The best way to prevent trichinosis is to fully cook meat. A food thermometer can verify that the temperature inside the meat is high enough. Infection is typically treated with antiparasitic medication such as albendazole or mebendazole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Rapid treatment may kill adult worms and thereby stop further worsening of symptoms. Both medications are considered safe, but have been associated with side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Their use during pregnancy or in children under the age of 2 years is poorly studied, but appears to be safe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Treatment with steroids is sometimes also required in severe cases. Without treatment, symptoms typically resolve within three months.Worldwide, about 10,000 infections occur a year. At least 55 countries including the United States, China, Argentina, and Russia have had recently documented cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
While the disease occurs in the tropics, it is less common there. Rates of trichinosis in the United States have decreased from about 400 cases per year in the 1940s to 20 or fewer per year in the 2000s. The risk of death from infection is low. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The great majority of trichinosis infections have either minor or no symptoms and no complications. The two main phases for the infection are enteral (affecting the intestines) and parenteral (outside the intestines). The symptoms vary depending on the phase, species of Trichinella, quantity of encysted larvae ingested, age, sex, and host immunity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
A large burden of adult worms in the intestines promotes symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, dyspepsia, and diarrhea from two to seven days after infection, while small worm burdens generally are asymptomatic. Eosinophilia presents early and increases rapidly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The severity of symptoms caused by larval migration from the intestines depends on the number of larvae produced. As the larvae migrate through tissue and vessels, the body's inflammatory response results in edema, muscle pain, fever, and weakness. A classic sign of trichinosis is periorbital edema, swelling around the eyes, which may be caused by vasculitis. Splinter hemorrhage in the nails is also a common symptom.They may very rarely cause enough damage to produce serious neurological deficits (such as ataxia or respiratory paralysis) from worms entering the central nervous system (CNS), which is compromised by trichinosis in 10–24% of reported cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a very rare form of stroke (three or four cases per million annual incidence in adults). Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The classical agent is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, both domestic and sylvatic (wild), but seven primarily sylvatic species of Trichinella also are now recognized: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
T. spiralis is most adapted to swine, most pathogenic in humans, and is cosmopolitan in distribution. T. britovi is the second-most common species to infect humans; it is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and northern and western Africa, usually in wild carnivores, crocodiles, birds, wild boar, and domesticated pigs. T. murrelli also infects humans, especially from black bear meat; it is distributed among wild carnivores in North America. T. nativa, which has a high resistance to freezing, is found in the Arctic and subarctic regions; reservoir hosts include polar bears, Arctic foxes, walruses, and other wild game. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
T. nelsoni, found in East African predators and scavengers, has been documented to cause a few human cases. T. papuae infects both mammals and reptiles, including crocodiles, humans, and wild and domestic pigs; this species, found in Papua New Guinea and Thailand, is also nonencapsulated. T. pseudospiralis infects birds and mammals, and has demonstrated infection in humans; it is a nonencapsulated species. T. zimbabwensis can infect mammals, and possibly humans; this nonencapsulated species was detected in crocodiles in Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Adenophorea Order: Trichurida Family: Trichinellidae Genus: Trichinella | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The typical lifecycle for T. spiralis involves humans, pigs, and rodents. A pig becomes infected when it eats infectious cysts in raw meat, often porcine carrion or a rat (sylvatic cycle). A human becomes infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected pork (domestic cycle). In the stomach, the cysts from infected undercooked meat are acted on by pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which help release the larvae from the cysts into the stomach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The larvae then migrate to the small intestine, and burrow into the intestinal mucosa, where they molt four times before becoming adults.Thirty to 34 hours after the cysts were originally ingested, the adults mate, and within five days produce larvae. Adult worms can only reproduce for a limited time, because the immune system eventually expels them from the small intestine. The larvae then use their piercing mouthpart, called the "stylet", to pass through the intestinal mucosa and enter the lymphatic vessels, and then enter the bloodstream.The larvae travel by capillaries to various organs, such as the retina, myocardium, or lymph nodes; however, only larvae that migrate to skeletal muscle cells survive and encyst. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The larval host cell becomes a nurse cell, in which the larva will be encapsulated, potentially for the life of the host, waiting for the host to be eaten. The development of a capillary network around the nurse cell completes encystation of the larva. Trichinosis is not soil-transmitted, as the parasite does not lay eggs, nor can it survive long outside a host. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed by a combination of exposure history, clinical diagnosis, and laboratory testing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
An epidemiological investigation can be done to determine a patient's exposure to raw infected meat. Often, an infection arises from home-preparation of contaminated meat, in which case microscopy of the meat may be used to determine the infection. Exposure determination does not have to be directly from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal. Indirect exposure criteria include the consumption of products from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal, or sharing of a common exposure with a laboratory-confirmed infected human. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Clinical presentation of the common trichinosis symptoms may also suggest infection. These symptoms include eye puffiness, splinter hemorrhage, nonspecific gastroenteritis, and muscle pain. The case definition for trichinosis at the European Center for Disease Control states, "at least three of the following six: fever, muscle soreness and pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, facial edema, eosinophilia, and subconjunctival, subungual, and retinal hemorrhages." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Blood tests and microscopy can be used to aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis. Blood tests include a complete blood count for eosinophilia, creatine phosphokinase activity, and various immunoassays such as ELISA for larval antigens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Laws and rules for food producers may improve food safety for consumers, such as the rules established by the European Commission for inspections, rodent control, and improved hygiene. A similar protocol exists in the United States, in the USDA guidelines for farms and slaughterhouse responsibilities in inspecting pork. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Public education about the dangers of consuming raw and undercooked meat, especially pork, may reduce infection rates. Hunters are also an at-risk population due to their contact and consumption of wild game, including bear. As such, many states, such as New York, require the completion of a course in such matters before a hunting license can be obtained. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Testing methods are available for both individual carcasses and monitoring of the herds. Artificial digestion method is usually used for the testing of individual carcasses, while the testing for specific antibodies is usually used for herd monitoring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Larvae may be killed by the heating or irradiation of raw meat. Freezing is normally only effective for T. spiralis, since other species, such as T. nativa, are freeze-resistant and can survive long-term freezing. All meat (including pork) can be safely prepared by cooking to an internal temperature of 165 °F (74 °C) or higher for 15 seconds or more. Wild game: Wild game meat must be cooked thoroughly (see meat preparation above) Freezing wild game does not kill all trichinosis larval worms, because the worm species that typically infests wild game can resist freezing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Pork: Freezing cuts of pork less than 6 inches thick for 20 days at 5 °F (−15 °C) or three days at −4 °F (−20 °C) kills T. spiralis larval worms; but this will not kill other trichinosis larval worm species, such as T. nativa, if they have infested the pork food supply (which is unlikely, due to geography).Pork can be safely cooked to a slightly lower temperature, provided that the internal meat temperature is at least as hot for at least as long as listed in the USDA table below. Nonetheless, allowing a margin of error for variation in internal temperature within a particular cut of pork, which may have bones that affect temperature uniformity, is prudent. In addition, kitchen thermometers have measurement error that must be considered. Pork may be cooked for significantly longer and at a higher uniform internal temperature than listed below to be safe. Unsafe and unreliable methods of cooking meat include the use of microwave ovens, curing, drying, and smoking, as these methods are difficult to standardize and control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Incidence of infection can be reduced by: Keeping pigs in clean pens, with floors that can be washed (such as concrete) Not allowing hogs to eat carcasses of other animals, including rats, which may be infected with Trichinella Cleaning meat grinders thoroughly when preparing ground meats Control and destruction of meat containing trichinae, e.g., removal and proper disposal of porcine diaphragms prior to public sale of meatThe US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention make the following recommendation: "Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat does not consistently kill infective worms." However, under controlled commercial food processing conditions, some of these methods are considered effective by the USDA.The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for the regulations concerning the importation of swine from foreign countries. The Foreign Origin Meat and Meat Products, Swine section covers swine meat (cooked, cured and dried, and fresh). APHIS developed the National Trichinae Certification Program; this is a voluntary "preharvest" program for U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
swine producers "that will provide documentation of swine management practices" to reduce the incidence of Trichinella in swine. The CDC reports 0.013% of U.S. swine are infected with Trichinella. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
As with most diseases, early treatment is better and decreases the risk of developing disease. If larvae do encyst in skeletal muscle cells, they can remain infectious for months to years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Early administration of anthelmintics, such as mebendazole or albendazole, decreases the likelihood of larval encystation, particularly if given within three days of infection. However, most cases are diagnosed after this time. In humans, mebendazole (200–400 mg three times a day for three days) or albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 8–14 days) is given to treat trichinosis. These drugs prevent newly hatched larvae from developing, but should not be given to pregnant women or children under two years of age.Medical references from the 1940s described no specific treatment for trichinosis at the time, but intravenous injection of calcium salts was found to be useful in managing symptoms related to severe toxemia from the infection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
After infection, steroids, such as prednisone, may be used to relieve muscle pain associated with larval migration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Researchers trying to develop a vaccine for Trichinella have tried using either "larval extracts, excretory–secretory antigen, DNA, or recombinant antigen protein." Currently, no marketable vaccine is available for trichinosis, but experimental mouse studies have suggested possibilities. In one study, microwaved Trichinella larvae were used to immunize mice (orally or intraperitoneally), which were subsequently infected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Depending on the dosage and frequency of immunization, results ranged from a decreased larval count to complete protection from trichinosis. Another study used extracts and excretory–secretory products from first-stage larvae to produce an oral vaccine. To prevent gastric acids from dissolving the antigens before reaching the small intestine, scientists encapsulated the antigens in microcapsules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
This vaccine significantly increased CD4+ cell levels, and increased antigen-specific serum IgGq and IgA, resulting in a statistically significant reduction in the average number of adult worms in the small intestines of mice. The significance of this approach is that, if the white blood cells in the small intestine have been exposed to Trichinella antigens (through vaccination), when an individual does get infected, the immune system will respond to expel the worms from the small intestine fast enough to prevent the female worms from releasing their larvae. A DNA vaccine tested on mice "induced a muscle larva burden reduction in BALB/c mice by 29% in response to T. spiralis infection". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
About 11 million humans are infected with Trichinella; T. spiralis is the species responsible for most of these infections. Infection was once very common, but this disease is now rare in the developed world, but two known outbreaks occurred in 2015. In the first outbreak, around 40 people were infected in Liguria, Italy, during a New Year's Eve celebration. The second outbreak in France was associated with pork sausages from Corsica, which were eaten raw, affecting 14 people in total. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.China reports around 10,000 cases every year, so is the country with the highest number of cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
In China, between 1964 and 1998, over 20,000 people became infected with trichinosis, and more than 200 people died.Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked, but infections also arise in developed countries in Europe where raw or undercooked pork, wild boar and horse meat may be consumed as delicacies.In the developing world, most infections are associated with undercooked pork. For example, in Thailand, between 200 and 600 cases are reported annually around the Thai New Year. This is mostly attributable to a particular delicacy, larb, which calls for undercooked pork as part of the recipe.In parts of Eastern Europe, the World Health Organization reports, some swine herds have trichinosis infection rates above 50%, with correspondingly large numbers of human infections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
Historically, pork products were thought to have the most risk of infecting humans with T. spiralis. However, a trichinosis surveillance conducted between 1997 and 2001 showed a higher percentage of cases caused by consumption of wild game (the sylvatic transmission cycle). This is thought to be due to the Federal Swine Health Protection Act (Public Law 96-468) that was passed by Congress in 1980. Prior to this act, swine were fed garbage that could potentially be infected by T. spiralis. This act was put in place to prevent trichinella-contaminated food from being given to swine. Additionally, other requirements were put in place, such as rodent control, limiting commercial swine contact with wildlife, maintaining good hygiene, and removing dead pigs from pens immediately.Between 2002 and 2007, 11 trichinosis cases were reported to the CDC each year on average in the United States, and 2008–10 averaged 20 cases per year; these were mostly the result of consuming undercooked game (sylvatic transmission) or home-reared pigs (domestic transmission). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The kashrut and halal dietary laws of Judaism and Islam prohibit eating pork. In the 19th century, when the association between trichinosis and undercooked pork was first established, this association was suggested to be the reason for the prohibition, reminiscent of the earlier opinion of medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides that food forbidden by Jewish law was "unwholesome". This theory was controversial, and eventually fell out of favor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The disappearance of the pathogen from domestic pigs has led to a relaxation of legislation and control efforts by veterinary public health systems. Trichinosis has lately been thought of as a re-emerging zoonosis, supplemented by the increased distribution of meat products, political changes, a changing climate, and increasing sylvatic transmission.Major sociopolitical changes can produce conditions that favor the resurgence of Trichinella infections in swine and, consequently, in humans. For instance, "the overthrow of the social and political structures in the 1990s" in Romania led to an increase in the incidence rate of trichinosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
As early as 1835, trichinosis was known to have been caused by a parasite, but the mechanism of infection was unclear at the time. A decade later, American scientist Joseph Leidy pinpointed undercooked meat as the primary vector for the parasite, and two decades afterwards, this hypothesis was fully accepted by the scientific community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The circumstances surrounding the first observation and identification of T. spiralis are controversial, due to a lack of records. In 1835, James Paget, a first-year medical student, first observed the larval form of T. spiralis, while witnessing an autopsy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. Paget took special interest in the presentation of muscle with white flecks, described as a "sandy diaphragm". Although Paget is most likely the first person to have noticed and recorded these findings, the parasite was named and published in a report by his professor, Richard Owen, who is now credited for the discovery of the T. spiralis larval form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
A series of experiments conducted between 1850 and 1870 by the German researchers Rudolf Virchow, Rudolf Leuckart, and Friedrich Albert von Zenker, which involved feeding infected meat to a dog and performing the subsequent necropsy, led to the discovery of the lifecycle of Trichinella. Through these experiments, Virchow was able to describe the development and infectivity of T. spiralis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
The International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) was formed in Budapest in 1958. Its mission is to exchange information on the epidemiology, biology, pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of trichinosis in humans and animals. Prevention is a primary goal. Since the creation of the ICT, its members (more than 110 from 46 countries) have regularly gathered and worked together during meetings held every four years: the International Conference on Trichinellosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis |
In medicine, distress is an aversive state in which a person is unable to completely adapt to difficult situations and their resulting effects and shows maladaptive behaviors. It can be evident in the presence of various phenomena, such as inappropriate social interaction (e.g., aggression, passivity, or withdrawal). Distress is the opposite of eustress, a positive emotion that motivates people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_(medicine) |
Stress can be created by influences such as work, school, peers or co-workers, family and death. Other influences vary by age. People under constant distress are more likely to become sick, mentally or physically. There is a clear response association between psychological distress and major causes of mortality across the full range of distress.Higher education has been linked to a reduction in psychological distress in both men and women, and these effects persist throughout the aging process, not just immediately after receiving education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_(medicine) |
However, this link does lessen with age. The major mechanism by which higher education plays a role on reducing stress in men is more so related to labor-market resources rather than social resources as in women.In the clinic, distress is a patient reported outcome that has a huge impact on patient's quality of life. To assess patient distress, a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire is most commonly used. The score from the HADS questionnaire guides a clinician to recommend lifestyle modifications or further assessment for mental disorders like depression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_(medicine) |
People often find ways of dealing with distress, in both negative and positive ways. Examples of positive ways are listening to music, calming exercises, coloring, sports and similar healthy distractions. Negative ways can include but are not limited to use of drugs including alcohol, and expression of anger, which are likely to lead to complicated social interactions, thus causing increased distress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_(medicine) |
Forensic Economics as defined by the National Association of Forensic Economics (NAFE) is the scientific discipline that applies economic theories and methods to matters within a legal framework. Forensic economics covers, but is not limited to: the calculation of pecuniary damages in personal and commercial litigation; the analysis of liability, such as the statistical analysis of discrimination, the analysis of market power in antitrust disputes, and fraud detection; and, other matters subject to legal review, such as public policy analysis, and business, property, and asset valuation.The National Association of Forensic Economics is an organization for the advancement and exchange of research and methods in the field of forensic economics. In support of this mission, NAFE publishes the peer reviewed Journal of Forensic Economics; NAFE publishes a quarterly newsletter, The Forecast; sponsors academic and professional sessions at international, national, and regional meetings of economists; and maintains the NAFE Statement of Ethical Principles/Principles of Professional Practice (SE4P) which was updated effective January 4, 2020. NAFE has been Promoting the Advancement of Forensic Economics since 1985. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economics |
In a 2012 paper by Eric Zitzewitz entitled “Forensic Economics,” Journal of Economic Literature 2012, 50(3), 731–769, published by the American Economic Association, "Forensic Economics" was defined as the application of economics to the detection and quantification of harm from behavior that has become the subject of litigation. The only difference between these two definitions is that one suggests the application of science is itself a scientific discipline. Notwithstanding this distinction, both definitions refer to the application of economics. While courts may dictate what economic issues are to be addressed, the economic science that is applied must be that which is taught and practiced in the world at large. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economics |
Antitrust liability and economic damages Unfair practices in international trade Economic damages in copyright violation and patent infringement Liability from transfer pricing manipulations and abusive tax avoidance Economic analysis for detection of economically important hidden behavior and quantification of harm Contract violations Discrimination Economic damages in injury and death Economic damages related to physical and emotional abuse Child support calculations“Forensic Economics: An Overview” provides additional detail concerning the work of forensic economists. The article appeared as part of a “Symposium on Forensic Economics.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_economics |
Drapery is a general word referring to cloths or textiles (Old French draperie, from Late Latin drappus). It may refer to cloth used for decorative purposes – such as around windows – or to the trade of retailing cloth, originally mostly for clothing, formerly conducted by drapers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
Drape (draping or fabric drape) is the property of different textile materials how they fold, fall, or hang over a three-dimensional body. Draping depends upon the fiber characteristics and the flexibility, looseness, and softness of the material. Draped garments follow the form of the human body beneath them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
In art history, drapery refers to any cloth or textile depicted, which is usually clothing. The schematic depiction of the folds and woven patterns of loose-hanging clothing on the human form, with ancient prototypes, was reimagined as an adjunct to the female form by Greek vase-painters and sculptors of the earliest fifth century and has remained a major source of stylistic formulas in sculpture and painting, even after the Renaissance adoption of tighter-fitting clothing styles. After the Renaissance, large cloths with no very obvious purpose are often used decoratively, especially in portraits in the grand manner; these are also known as draperies. For the Greeks, as Kenneth Clark noted, clinging drapery followed the planes and contours of the bodily form, emphasizing its twist and stretch: "floating drapery makes visible the line of movement through which it has just passed.... Drapery, by suggesting lines of force, indicates for each action a past and a possible future." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
Clark contrasted the formalized draperies in the frieze at Olympia with the sculptural frieze figures of the Parthenon, where "it has attained a freedom and an expressive power that have never been equalled except by Leonardo da Vinci". Undraped male figures, Clark observed, "were kept in motion by their flying cloaks." In 18th century England, many of the leading portrait painters with a large workshop engaged the services of drapery painters, who were specialists who painted the dress, costumes and other accessories worn by the sitters in portrait paintings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
While the portraitist completed the face and hands, the drapery painter was responsible for the pose and costume. These specialists were not necessarily assistants in the workshop of the portrait painters but rather subcontractors. The Flemish painter Joseph van Aken was the leading drapery painter in 18th century England working for most portrait artists and as a consequence many of the works of English portrait artists of that period are often difficult to distinguish one from another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
In interior design, drapery refers almost exclusively to window treatments. It is often used as a focal point alongside the windows or as a way to help block sun/glare. There is general agreement that drapery in design is more substantial and weightier than other window treatments, such as curtain paneling. Drapes are also normally lined, whereas curtain panels normally are not. You can have drapery that is sheer, light filtering, room darkening or blackout; so they can be used in almost every room of the house if desired. Drapery is also considered a relatively permanent installation, adding an integral element to the room's design by adding color or pattern to complement the rest of the architectural and soft elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapery |
The Vital Dent Foundation is non-profit making organisation whose mission is to help spreading dental health habits and prevention. The Foundation is present in those countries where Vital Dent operates, such as Spain, Portugal and Italy. Main areas of activity are: Research Welfare projects Popularization programs Dentistry Sciences Institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
The Vital Dent Foundation sponsors dentistry research via the awarding of annual prizes which range from 10 to €40,000. Although originally prizes were awarded only in Spain, since the 5th Edition the scope of countries has been extended to Italy, Portugal and United States. In the last edition (6th edition), prizes have been split in 3 categories: Basic Research (€40,000) Medical Research (€35,000) Bibliographical systematic review (€10,000) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
With the collaboration of non-profit organizations, the Vital Dent Foundation and its team of volunteers focus on two lines of activity: the Smile Route and the Permanent Solidarity Centre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
Together with the NGO Solidariamente, the Vital Dent Foundation offers its experience in the dental field to people who happen not to be born in a country of the wrongly called First World. Three editions have already taken place, and they have managed to perform more than 24,000 interventions, including mouth cleanings, piece extractions, filling and sealing. These editions have developed in Morocco, although the plan is to extend the reach to other equally needed countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
The main objective is to create this centre in Morocco to insure that actions taken through the Smile Route initiative are not isolated and can be continuously developed on a daily basis with the help of Vital Dent dentist under local coordination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
One of the Foundation’s main objectives is to inform the young about the importance of dental care in their life’s health. Messages are passed with the help of a pet, the "Perez Mouse", who visits plenty of schools in Spain to make dental healthcare amusing for children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
The Institute’s objective is to provide continuous training to dentists to make available the newest and most advanced methodologies and techniques being used in the oral health field. The Institute runs five departments: Integrated Surgery, periodontics and dental implants Prosthodontics Orthodontics Endodontics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vital_Dent_Foundation |
Peter Robert Marler ForMemRS (February 24, 1928 – July 5, 2014) was a British-born American ethologist and zoosemiotician known for his research on animal sign communication and the science of bird song. A 1964 Guggenheim Fellow, he was emeritus professor of neurobiology, physiology and ethology at the University of California, Davis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Born in Slough, England, Marler graduated from University College London with a BSc in 1948, and a Ph.D. in botany in 1952. In 1954, he graduated from the University of Cambridge with a second Ph.D. in zoology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
From 1954 to 1956, he worked as a research assistant to William Homan Thorpe and Robert Hinde at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1957, he became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1966, he became a professor at Rockefeller University, in 1969 became director of the Institute for Research in Animal Behavior, a collaboration between the New York Zoological Society (now the Wildlife Conservation Society) and Rockefeller University and in 1972 became director of the Field Research Center for Ethology and Ecology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
In 1989, Marler became a professor at the University of California, Davis. He retired in 1994, but took over the management of the local Center for Animal Behavior from 1996 to 2000. He died on July 5, 2014, of pneumonia while his family was evacuated from his Winters home because of the nearby Monticello wildfire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
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