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Marler was an internationally recognized researcher in the field of bird song. Through his work with songbirds, he helped gain fundamental insights into the acquisition of song. He also studied the development of communication skills in several primate species: chimpanzees and gorillas, along with Jane Goodall and Hugo van Lawick, and the southern green monkey, in collaboration with Tom Struhsaker, Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Peter Marler developed the first properly semiotic approach to animal communication. His work greatly informed our understanding of memory, learning, and the importance of auditory and social experience. His work group included many well-known ornithologist and behavioral scientists, including Masakazu Konishi, Fernando Nottebohm, Susan Peters, Don Kroodsma, Bill Searcy, Steve Nowicki, Ken Yasukawa, and John Wingfield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Marler was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970, the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1971, and the American Philosophical Society in 1983. Marler was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2008. His nomination reads: Peter Marler is an extraordinarily distinguished behavioural biologist. He and his many graduate students, post doctoral workers and colleagues have played a central role in elucidating mechanisms of development of behaviour and the brain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
In particular, Marler is known for his work on the development of bird song, showing the subtle interactions between environmental influences and an individual's predispositions. This work has had a far reaching impact on studies of development in behaviour, linguistics, and psychology. Marler's outstanding contributions have been recognized by many prizes, memberships of acaedemies and other awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Palleroni, A., M. Hauser & P. Marler (2005). "Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?" Animal Cognition. (8): 200–210. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Partan, S.R. ; P. Marler (2005) "Issues in the classification of multimodal communication signals". American Naturalist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
(166): 231–245. Palleroni, A., C.T. Miller, M. Hauser, & P. Marler (2005). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
"Prey plumage adaptation against falcon attack". Nature. (434): 973–974. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Nelson, D.A. & P. Marler (2005). "Do bird nestmates learn the same songs?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Animal Behaviour. (69): 1007–1010. Marler, P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
(2005). "Ethology and the origins of behavioral endocrinology". Hormones and Behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
(47): 493–502. Marler, P. (2004). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
"Science and birdsong: The good old days". In: Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong, P. Marler & H. Slabbekoorn (eds.). Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
1–38. Marler, P. (2000). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
"Origins of music and speech: insights from animals". In: The Origins of Music, N. Wallin, B. Merker, and S. Brown (eds.). Cambridge: The MIT Press, 31–48. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Marler P. (1999). "How much does a human environment humanize a chimp". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
American Anthropologist. (101): 432–436. Marler P. and DF Sherry (1999). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
"The nature and nurture of developmental plasticity". Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress. Durban South Africa: University of Natal Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Marler, P. (1978). Affective and symbolic meaning: Some zoosemiotic speculations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed. ): Sight, Sound and Sense. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 113–123. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Marler, P (1970). "Birdsong and speech development: could there be parallels?". American Scientist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
58 (6): 669–673. JSTOR 27829317. PMID 5480089. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Marler |
Stanine (STAndard NINE) is a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two. Some web sources attribute stanines to the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Psychometric legend has it that a 1–9 scale was used because of the compactness of recording the score as a single digit but Thorndike claims that by reducing scores to just nine values, stanines "reduce the tendency to try to interpret small score differences (p. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanine |
131)". The earliest known use of stanines was by the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1943. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanine |
Test scores are scaled to stanine scores using the following algorithm: Rank results from lowest to highest Give the lowest 4% a stanine of 1, the next 7% a stanine of 2, etc., according to the following table:The underlying basis for obtaining stanines is that a normal distribution is divided into nine intervals, each of which has a width of 0.5 standard deviations excluding the first and last, which are just the remainder (the tails of the distribution). The mean lies at the centre of the fifth interval. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanine |
Today stanines are mostly used in educational assessment. The University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada used the stanine system until 2003, when it switched to a 4-point scale. In the United States, the Educational Records Bureau (they administer the "ERBs") reports test scores as stanines and percentiles. The New Zealand Council for Educational Research uses stanines. GL Assessment use stanines alongside SAS (Standardised Age Scores) to express the results of its CAT4 assessments, used in many UK and British international schools The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test uses a stanine system along with percentiles. Average Korean High School uses stanine system to evaluate their students The IDF (Israeli Defense Force) uses the stanine grading system ranging from 10 to 90 (10,20,30 and so on) to rank intelligence ability relevant to the army's use, determined by a 100 question test divided to 4 categories having to do with different uses and implications of cognitive abilities The Polish Matura secondary-school exam results and university admissions utilise the stanine system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanine |
The Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies (Uzbek: Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik instituti) is a state institution of higher education in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. Founded in November 1918, the school is the only Oriental-studies institute in Central Asia and Asia's oldest Oriental institute of higher education. It is one of the largest schools of its kind in Asia and the former Soviet Union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The Turkestan Institute of Oriental Studies was founded in Tashkent in November 1918. Central Asia's first (and only) Oriental higher-educational institute, the school began preparing qualified specialists in a number of branches of Oriental studies for Turkestan and neighboring countries. Subjects included ethnography, geography, the study of local lore, the history and economy of Turkestan and neighboring Oriental countries, Islamic history and law, and eastern languages and literature. Two hundred thirty-four students were accepted in 1918. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
They were taught Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Pushtu, Urdu, Turkish; local languages (Uzbek, Tadzhik, Kirghiz, Turkmen, Tatar), and European languages (English, German and French). Other subjects were the geography of Afghanistan, India, Iran, East and West Turkestan and Bukhara; Uzbek, Kirghiz, Persian, Tadzhik, Kazakh, Afghan and Karakalpak ethnography, and Central Asian, Iranian, Afghan, Indian and ancient history. Third-year students were taught specialized subjects, including Turkestan languages, Iranian and Arab philology, and Islamic studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The institute prepared language and history teachers for local schools. It had 5,300 books and over 200 manuscripts by 1922. The first dean of the Oriental faculty was A. Y. Shmidt. It was attached to the National University of Uzbekistan in accordance with Resolution No. 186 of the Cabinet Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan in July 1991, and was named on the basis of a 26 July 1991 resolution by the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The faculty was founded for Oriental philology and history by rector orders K/05-36 (24 August 2000) and 01-142 (30 June 2011). It was renamed as the faculty of Oriental philology by rector order 01-243 on 20 September 2014. Among Oriental-philology graduates are academicians A. Rustamov and U. Karimov, government-prize winners I. Abdullayev, S. G’aniyeva, A. Hayitmetov and P. Qodirov, international-prize winners Q. Mahmudov, Sh. Shomuhamedov and E. Rustamov, and ambassadors S. Mirqosimov, F. Teshaboyev, A. Shayhov, S. Inog’omov and A. Usmonov.Chairs: Arab philology Iranian and Afghan philology Turkic languages Japanese philology South Asian languages Eastern literature Classical philology Translation studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The faculty of Chinese studies was founded by presidential order 2228 PQ on (3 September 2014) and order number 01-243 (20 September 2014).Chairs: Chinese language and literature Chinese policy, history and economy English Pedagogy and psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The Korean-studies faculty was founded in 2018 to train qualified specialists.Chairs: Korean philology Economy and policy of South Korea History and culture of South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The faculty of history and philosophy has five departments (chairs). It had nine professors, 12 doctors of sciences, 16 science candidates and 27 senior lecturers and teachers during the 2018-2019 academic year.Chairs: Eastern history and contemporary issues Central Asian history and source studies Oriental philosophy and culture Social sciences Western European languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The faculty, founded in 2008, has undergone several name changes. It was created to train Oriental economists and politicians to investigate and analyze problems, social and economic development, security, and military-technical development of the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and the Commonwealth of Independent States.Chairs: World policy and international relations Foreign economies International economic relations Economic theory Mathematics and information technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_State_University_of_Oriental_Studies |
The Bruce protocol is a standardized diagnostic test used in the evaluation of cardiac function and physical fitness, developed by American cardiologist Robert A. Bruce.According to the original Bruce protocol the patient walks on an uphill treadmill in a graded exercise test with electrodes on the chest to monitor. Every 3 min the speed & incline of the treadmill are increased. There are 7 such stages and only very fit athletes can complete all 7 stages. The modified Bruce Protocol is an alteration in the protocol so that the treadmill is initially horizontal rather than uphill, with the 1st few intervals increasing the treadmill slope only.The Bruce treadmill test estimates maximum oxygen uptake using a formula and the performance of the subject on a treadmill as the workload is increased. The test is easy to perform in a medical office setting, does not require extensive training or expensive equipment, and it has been validated as a strong predictor of clinical outcomes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Exercise is performed on a treadmill. The leads of the ECG are placed on the chest wall. The treadmill is started at 2.74 km/h (1.7mph) & at an inclined gradient of 10%. After 3 min incline of the treadmill is increased by 2%, and the speed increases. Indications to terminate the test include signs or symptoms of impaired blood flow to the heart, irregular heart rhythm, fatigue, shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Stages of the standard Bruce protocol are as follows: Total Duration = 21 minutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Before the development of the Bruce protocol there was no safe, standardized protocol that could be used to monitor cardiac function in exercising patients. Master's two-step test was often used, but it was too strenuous for many patients, and inadequate for the assessment of respiratory and circulatory function during varying amounts of exercise. To address these problems, Bruce and his colleagues began to develop a cardiac stress test. The test made extensive use of relatively new technological developments in electrocardiograph machines and motorized treadmills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
The Bruce exercise test involved walking on a treadmill while the heart was monitored by an electrocardiograph with various electrodes attached to the body. Breathing volumes and respiratory gas exchange were also monitored before, during and after exercise. Because the treadmill speed and inclination could be adjusted, this physical activity was tolerated by most patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Initial experiments involved a single-stage test, in which subjects walked for 10 minutes on the treadmill at a fixed workload. Bruce's first reports on treadmill exercise tests, published in 1949, analyzed minute-by-minute changes in respiratory and circulatory function of normal adults and patients with heart or lung disease.In 1950 Bruce joined the University of Washington, where he continued research on the single-stage test, particularly as a predictor of the success of surgery for valvular or congenital heart disease. Later he developed a multistage test, consisting of several stages of progressively greater workloads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
It was this multistage test — a description of which was first published in 1963 — that became known as the Bruce Protocol. In the initial paper, Bruce reported that the test could detect signs of such conditions as angina pectoris, a previous heart attack, or a ventricular aneurysm. Bruce and his colleagues also demonstrated that exercise testing was useful in screening apparently healthy people for early signs of coronary artery disease.Typically during a Bruce Protocol, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion are taken every minute and blood pressure is taken at the end of each stage (every three minutes). There are Bruce protocol tables available for maximal (competitive athletes) and sub-maximal (non-athletic people) efforts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
The Modified Bruce protocol starts at a lower workload than the standard test and is typically used for elderly or sedentary patients. The first two stages of the Modified Bruce Test are performed at a 1.7 mph and 0% grade and 1.7 mph and 5% grade, and the third stage corresponds to the first stage of the Standard Bruce Test protocol as listed above. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated maximal oxygen uptake score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise test equations, there have been many regression equations developed that may give varying results. If possible, use the one derived from a similar population and which best suits your needs. VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 14.76 - (1.379 × T) + (0.451 × T²) - (0.012 × T³) Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 3.74 Young Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 4.38 × T - 3.9 Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 7.65 Young Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 3.62 x T + 3.91ref: ACSM's Health-Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Maximum heart rate (MHR) is often calculated with the formula 220-age, which is quite inaccurate. The heart rate formula most often used for the Bruce is the Karvonen formula (below). A more accurate formula, offered in a study published in the journal, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, is 206.9 - (0.67 x age) which can also be used to more accurately determine VO2 Max, but may produce significantly different results. A diagnostician (e.g., physical therapist, personal trainer, doctor, athletic trainer, nurse, medical professional, dietitian, etc.) may be best served to conduct the test twice using both parameters and formulas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
The Karvonen method factors in resting heart rate (HRrest) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85% intensity: THR = ((HRmax − HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrestExample for someone with a HRmax of 180 and a HRrest of 70: 50% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm 85% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol |
Ranulph Glanville (13 June 1946 – 20 December 2014) was an Anglo-Irish cybernetician and design theorist. He was a founding vice-president of the International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences (2006–2009) and president of the American Society for Cybernetics (2009–2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Glanville studied architecture at the Architectural Association School in London, 1964–67 and 1969–71. He then went on to study for a doctorate in cybernetics with Gordon Pask at Brunel University (1975). He took another PhD, also at Brunel, in relationships between architecture and language, in the Centre for the Study of Human Learning (1988). Brunel awarded him a higher doctorate (DSc) in cybernetics and design in 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Glanville was a lecturer at the School of Architecture, Portsmouth University from 1978 to 1996. He then became an itinerant academic with several temporary, adjunct or honorary appointments, including a professor of research design in the Faculty of Architecture, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, adjunct professor of design research at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia, and professor of research in Innovation Design Engineering at the Royal College of Art, London (2008–14). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Glanville’s main area of interest was second-order cybernetics (‘the cybernetics of cybernetics’), which developed from his work with Pask on a theory of objects for his PhD Thesis.In his time as president of the American Society for Cybernetics, Glanville addressed the challenge Margaret Mead set the Society at its inaugural conference in 1967, that of applying cybernetic ideas to the formation of the society itself. While the main legacy of Mead's remarks has been the development of the epistemological concerns of second-order cybernetics by von Foerster and others, Glanville addressed them more directly in the innovative conversational (cybernetic) formats of the society's conferences, interpreting second order cybernetics in terms of how cybernetics may be practised cybernetically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
In parallel with his work in cybernetics, Glanville developed a variety of views of design in relationship to cybernetics, and to science more generally. He suggested a close analogy existing between cybernetics and design, seeing them both as constructivist activities, and akin to two sides of the same coin, with “cybernetics as the theory of design and design as the action of cybernetics”. Similarly, he suggested scientific research to be a form of design, and therefore design research to be construed as an act of design rather than science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Glanville R. (ed.) (2007) Cybernetics and design. Special double issue of Kybernetes 36(9/10) https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0368-492X/vol/36/iss/9/10 Glanville R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
(2007) Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1173–1206 Glanville, R. (2004) The purpose of second-order cybernetics. Kybernetes 33(9/10): 1379–1386 Glanville R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
(2002) Second order cybernetics. In: Parra-Luna F. (ed.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Systems science and cybernetics. Encyclopaedia of life support systems. EoLSS, Oxford (Web publication https://cepa.info/2708) Glanville R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
(1999) Researching design and designing research. Design Issues 15(2): 80–91 Glanville R. (1982) Inside every white box there are two black boxes trying to get out. Behavioral Science, 27(1): 1–11 A fully comprehensive list of publications is on Glanville's personal CV. Many papers and other writings were collected in The Black Boox. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville |
Global cultural flow involves the flow of people, artifacts, and ideas across national boundaries as result of globalization. : 296 Global cultural flows can be observed in five interdependent 'Landscapes', or dimensions, that distinguish the fundamental disjunctures between economy, culture, and politics in the global cultural economy.The five dimensions of global cultural flow include:: 296 ethnoscapes — flow of people Human migrations; technoscapes — flow and configurations of technology; financescapes — flow of money and global Business networks; mediascapes — flow of cultural industry networks; and ideoscapes — flow of ideas, images, and their nexuses.These dimensions restructure "the means by which individuals establish personal and collective identities." The common suffix -scape denotes these terms as being "perspectival constructs inflected…by the historical, linguistic, and political situatedness of different kinds of actors: nation-states, multinationals, diasporic communities, as well as subnational groupings and movements (whether religious, political or economic)," as well as "intimate face-to-face groups, such as villages, neighborhoods and families. ": 296 The five dimensions were introduced by anthropologist and globalization theorist Arjun Appadurai in his essay "Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy" (1990). Because cultural exchange and transactions have typically been restricted in the past due to geographical and economical obstacles, Appadurai's five dimensions allow for cultural transactions to occur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The concept of global cultural flows was introduced by anthropologist Arjun Appadurai in his essay "Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy" (1990), in which he argues that people ought to reconsider the Binary oppositions that were imposed through colonialism, such as those of ‘global’ vs. ‘local’, south vs. north, and metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan. He instead proposes that "flows" or "scapes" move through the world, carrying capital, images, people, information, technologies, and ideas.As these flows travel through national boundaries, they form different combinations and interdependencies, mutate, and divide cultural ideas into "nation" and "state. "Appadurai further states that, despite disjunctures having always existed between the flows of people, machinery, money, ideas and images, the world is at a crossroads where this is happening to a larger extent; he thus points to the importance of studying the "-scapes." These disjunctures also contribute to the central idea of deterritorialization, which Appadurai describes as the main force affecting globalization in the sense that people from different countries and socioeconomic backgrounds are mixing with one another; namely, the lower classes of some countries integrating in to wealthier societies via the workforce. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
Subsequently, these people reproduce their ethnic culture, but in a deterritorialized context.Appadurai claims that global flows occur in and through the growing disjunctures between the scapes. The Olympic Games, for instance, organize financescapes (regional, national, and international business networks come in to invest in the host city) and mediascapes (the opening and closing ceremonies showcase national cultures), as well as ideoscapes (images of the host city and country, their history, and customs circulate worldwide to attract tourists) and ethnoscapes (migrations of business networks and localities that are removed from parts of the city to make space for Olympic venues). Finanscapes can become in disjunction with ethnoscapes, as networks of global Social movements often protest against Human Rights Violations that take place during the Games; as result, ideoscapes then clash with ethnoscapes, as city brands and narratives are disrupted by these demonstrations and subsequent negative press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The ethnoscape refers to human migration, the flow of people across boundaries. This includes migrants, refugees, exiles, and tourists, among other moving individuals and groups, all of whom appear to affect the politics of (and between) nations to a considerable degree. : 297 Ethnoscapes allow for one to recognize that their notions of space, place, and community have become much more complex—indeed, a ‘single community’ may now be dispersed across the globe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
: 297 Appadurai claims that this is not to say there are no relatively stable communities and networks of kinship, friendship, work, and leisure, as well as of birth, residence, and other filial forms. Rather, it highlights that the shape of these stabilities is warped by human motion, as more people deal with the realities of having to move or the desires of wanting to move. : 297 Tourism, in particular, generally provide people from developed countries with contact to people in the Developing World. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The technoscape is the flow of technology (mechanical and informational) and the ability to move such technology at rapid speeds. : 97 The flow of technology especially increases as the pace of technological innovation increases.Accordingly, the introduction of new technology (e.g., the Internet) increases cultural interactions and exchanges. For example, smartphones are moved across boundaries and radically affect day-to-day life for individuals all along the commodity chain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
Financescape refers to the flow of money and global business networks across borders. Appadurai poses that when considering the financescape framework, one must consider how global capital today moves in an increasingly fluid and non-isomorphic manner, thus contributing to an overall unpredictability of all the five aspects of global cultural flows as a whole.The fluidity of capital has been expounded on further by sociologists such as Anthony Giddens, who, in his 1999 BBC Reith lecture on globalization, claims that the advent of electronic money has rendered the transfer of capital and finance around the world subject to an increasingly easy process that posits a major paradigm shift. Giddens suggests that this ease has the potential to destabilize what would be considered prior as stable economies. Today, the global transfer of money has only accelerated in pace, with transactions in various large, international finance hubs (e.g. NYSE) have almost immediate effects on economies around the globe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The mediascape refers to the scope of electronic and print media in global cultural flows; it refers both to the distribution of the electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information (newspapers, Magazines, television, Films, etc.), as well as to "the images of the world created by these media." Such mediascapes provide vast deposits of images, narratives, and ethnoscapes to viewers, profoundly mixing the "world of commodities" and the "world of news and politics. ": 298–9 In particular, advertising can directly impact the landscape (in the form of posters and billboards) and also subtly influence—through persuasive techniques and an increasingly pervasive presence—the way that people perceive reality. The term mediascape predates Appadurai's use; it was first used in trade by the American company Mediascape Corporation, formed in 1992, for the purpose of delivering rich media through the Internet and Web. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The corporation is the U.S. owner of the federal trademark for use of that mark in relation to multimedia products in commerce. The term mediascape may also describe visual culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
For example, "the American mediascape is becoming increasingly partisan" or simply to denote "what's on" as in "a quick survey of the British mediascape shows how much Channel 4 has lost its way". It is also used as a generic term to describe a digital media artifact where items of digital media are associated with regions in space and can then be triggered by the location of the person experiencing the media. Thus, in a mediascape, a person may walk around an area and as they do so they will hear digitally stored sounds associated with different places in that area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
The ideoscape is the flow of ideas and ideologies, and is composed of concepts, terms, and images. This movement of ideas can take place on a small-scale, such as an individual sharing their personal views on Twitter, or it can take place on a larger and more systematic level (such as missionaries).The ideoscape is often political and usually has to do with the ideologies of states along with the counter-ideologies of movements explicitly oriented towards capturing state power *or a piece of it). Ideoscapes therefore can consist of such ideas as "freedom, welfare, rights, sovereignty, representation, and democracy. ": 1–24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoscape |
Generalized expected utility is a decision-making metric based on any of a variety of theories that attempt to resolve some discrepancies between expected utility theory and empirical observations, concerning choice under risky (probabilistic) circumstances. Given its motivations and approach, generalized expected utility theory may properly be regarded as a subfield of behavioral economics, but it is more frequently located within mainstream economic theory. The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_expected_utility |
Beginning in 1979 with the publication of the prospect theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, a range of generalized expected utility models were developed with the aim of resolving the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, while maintaining many of the attractive properties of expected utility theory. Important examples were anticipated utility theory, later referred to as rank-dependent utility theory, weighted utility (Chew 1982), and expected uncertain utility theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_expected_utility |
A general representation, using the concept of the local utility function was presented by Mark J. Machina. Since then, generalizations of expected utility theory have proliferated, but the probably most frequently used model is nowadays cumulative prospect theory, a rank-dependent development of prospect theory, introduced in 1992 by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_expected_utility |
The Anthropological Index Online is an academic journal indexing service for anthropology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_Index_Online |
The service indexes the journals received by The Anthropology Library at The British Museum (formerly at the Museum of Mankind), which receives periodicals in all branches of anthropology from academic institutions and publishers around the world. It is a collaboration between the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and the Anthropology Department at the University of Kent. It is also available under licence from EBSCO Information Services as part of Anthropology Plus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_Index_Online |
There are several hundred thousand records to date, the earliest from the late 1950s. Subject coverage is cultural anthropology/social anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology and linguistics. The index is regularly updated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_Index_Online |
The International Geography Olympiad (iGeo) is an annual competition for 16- to 19-year-old geography students from all over the world. Students chosen to represent their countries are some of the best, chosen from thousands of students who participate enthusiastically in their own National Geography Olympiads. iGeo tests the abilities of every participant in spatial patterns and processes. The iGeo consists of three parts: a written test, a multimedia test and a substantial fieldwork exercise requiring observation, leading to cartographic representation and geographical analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
The programme also includes poster presentations by teams, cultural exchanges, and time for students to know their fellow students and explore the host city. The International Geography Olympiad is organised by the International Geographical Union (IGU) Olympiad Task Force, who produce tests with reference to the local organisers and the international board. After the first iGeo in 1996, it was recommended that the competition was held biennially. Due to the competition growing in popularity, since 2012 the competition has been held annually, rather than biennially, as is the case with the other large International Science Olympiads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
During the 1994 Congress of the International Geographical Union (IGU) in Prague, people from Poland and the Netherlands launched the idea of an International Geography Competition (iGeo) or Olympiad for students between 15 and 19 years of age. The first one was held in 1996 in The Hague, Netherlands, with five participating countries. The participant count grew to 24 countries with the 2008 competition in Carthage, Tunisia. Before 2012, the International Science Olympiads were held every two years, and some regional geography Olympiads were held during intervening years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
These include the Asia Pacific Regional Geography Olympiads (APRGO), which were held in 2007 (Hsinchu, Taiwan), 2009 (Tsukuba, Japan), and 2011 (Merida, Mexico), and the Central European Regional Geography Olympiads (CERIGEO). Since 2013, the International Geography Olympiad, in concordance with the other Olympiads, has been held on a yearly basis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 iGeo in Istanbul, Turkey was postponed. The Olympiad was held in Istanbul between 11 and 15 August the following year, with 46 countries participating. The Olympiad was held online once again in 2022, hosted by Paris. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
It was the edition with the highest number of countries (54) and participants (209). In 2023, the iGeo returned to a physical format and it was held in Bandung, Indonesia. The next Olympiad is to be held in Dublin, Ireland in 2024. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
The countries and regions which participated in the 2023 International Geography Olympiad were: The full list of participating teams for all past iGeos may be found on the iGeo website. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad |
According to proponents of the concept, sexual addiction, also known as sex addiction, is a state characterized by compulsive participation or engagement in sexual activity, particularly sexual intercourse, despite negative consequences. The concept is contentious; neither of the two major mainstream medical categorization systems recognise sex addiction as a real medical condition, instead categorizing such behavior under labels such as compulsive sexual behavior. There is considerable debate among psychiatrists, psychologists, sexologists, and other specialists whether compulsive sexual behavior constitutes an addiction, and therefore its classification and possible diagnosis. Animal research has established that compulsive sexual behavior arises from the same transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate drug addiction in laboratory animals; however, as of 2023, sexual addiction is not a clinical diagnosis in either the DSM or ICD medical classifications of diseases and medical disorders. Some argue that applying such concepts to normal behaviors such as sex can be problematic, and suggest that applying medical models such as addiction to human sexuality can serve to pathologise normal behavior and cause harm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
None of the official diagnostic classification frameworks list "sexual addiction" as a distinct disorder. Proponents of a diagnostic model for sexual addiction consider it to be one of several sex-related disorders within hypersexual disorder. The term sexual dependence is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their sexual urges, behaviors, or thoughts. Related or synonymous models of pathological sexual behavior include hypersexuality (nymphomania and satyriasis), erotomania, Don Juanism, and paraphilia-related disorders.The ICD-11 created a new condition classification, compulsive sexual behavior disorder, to cover "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour". However, CSBD is not considered to be an addiction, and the WHO does not support a diagnosis of sex addiction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) publishes and periodically updates the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a widely recognized compendium of mental health diagnostics.The version published in 1987 (DSM-III-R), referred to "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual conquests or other forms of nonparaphilic sexual addiction, involving a succession of people who exist only as things to be used." The reference to sexual addiction was subsequently removed. The DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000 (DSM-IV-TR), did not include sexual addiction as a mental disorder.Some authors suggested that sexual addiction should be re-introduced into the DSM system; however, sexual addiction was rejected for inclusion in the DSM-5, which was published in 2013. Darrel Regier, vice-chair of the DSM-5 task force, said that "lthough 'hypersexuality' is a proposed new addition... was not at the point where we were ready to call it an addiction." According to the APA, the proposed diagnosis was not included due to a lack of research into diagnostic criteria for compulsive sexual behavior.DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
The World Health Organization produces the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is not limited to mental disorders. The most recent approved version of that document, ICD-10, includes "excessive sexual drive" as a diagnosis (code F52.7), subdividing it into satyriasis (for males) and nymphomania (for females). However, the ICD categorizes these diagnoses as compulsive behaviors or impulse control disorders and not addiction. The most recent version of that document, ICD-11, includes "compulsive sexual behavior disorder" as a diagnosis (code 6C72) – however, it does not use the addiction model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
The Chinese Society of Psychiatry produces the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD), which is currently in its third edition – the CCMD-3 does not include sexual addiction as a diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
Some mental health providers have proposed various, but similar, criteria for diagnosing sexual addiction, including Patrick Carnes, Aviel Goodman, and the late Jonathan Marsh. Carnes authored the first clinical book about sex addiction in 1983, based on his own empirical research. His diagnostic model is still largely utilized by the thousands of certified sex addiction therapists (CSATs) trained by the organization he founded. No diagnostic proposal for sex addiction has been adopted into any official medical diagnostic manual, however.During the update of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to version 5 (DSM-5), the APA rejected two independent proposals for inclusion.In 2011, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the largest medical consensus of physicians dedicated to treating and preventing addiction, redefined addiction as a chronic brain disorder, which for the first time broadened the definition of addiction from substances to include addictive behaviors and reward-seeking, such as gambling and sex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
The ICD, DSM and CCMD list promiscuity as a prevalent and problematic symptom for Borderline Personality Disorder. Individuals with this diagnosis sometimes engage in sexual behaviors that can appear out of control, distressing the individual or attracting negative reactions from others. There is therefore a risk that a person presenting with sex addiction, may in fact have Borderline Personality Disorder. This may lead to inappropriate or incomplete treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
In November 2016, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT), the official body for sex and relationship therapy in the United States, issued a position statement on sex addiction declaring that their organization "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy. "In 2017, three new USA sexual health organizations found no support for the idea that sex or adult films were addictive in their position statement.On 16 November 2017 the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) published a position against sending sex offenders to sex addiction treatment facilities. Those centers argued that "illegal" behaviors were symptoms of sex addiction, which ATSA challenged they had no scientific evidence to support.Neuroscientists who are sex researchers state sex is not addictive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
Addiction criteria were not met for sexual behaviours: “experimental studies do not support key elements of addiction such as escalation of use, difficulty regulating urges, negative effects, reward deficiency syndrome, withdrawal syndrome with cessation, tolerance, or enhanced late positive potentials.” Аs well as evidence of a key neurobiological feature of addiction is scarce in case of sex. Yet, despite these advances, research related to sexual addiction remains in its infancy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
A lack of theoretical integration, deficits in methodological rigor, a paucity of clinical samples, over reliance on convenience samples (i.e., university students or Mechanical Turk samples), the complete absence of epidemiological studies, widespread inconsistencies in the definitions and measurements of CSB, and a lack of treatment studies all still plague the literature related to sexual addiction. If scientists, researchers, and clinicians in this domain want to bring the field forward and provide evidence-based care to people who report out-of control sexual behaviors, all of the above are needed. (Grubbs et al. 2020) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
The Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder is determined by following criteria: Persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour The pattern of failure to control intense, sexual impulses or urges and resulting repetitive sexual behaviour is manifested over an extended period of time (6 months or more) Causes marked distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning Distress that is entirely related to moral judgments and disapproval about sexual impulses, urges, or behaviours is not sufficient to meet this requirementICD-11 added pornography to CSBD. CSBD is not an addiction and should not be conflated with sex addiction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
Animal research involving rats that exhibit compulsive sexual behavior has identified that this behavior is mediated through the same molecular mechanisms in the brain that mediate drug addiction. Sexual activity is an intrinsic reward that has been shown to act as a positive reinforcer, strongly activate the reward system, and induce the accumulation of ΔFosB in part of the striatum (specifically, the nucleus accumbens). Chronic and excessive activation of certain pathways within the reward system and the accumulation of ΔFosB in a specific group of neurons within the nucleus accumbens has been directly implicated in the development of the compulsive behavior that characterizes addiction.In humans, a dopamine dysregulation syndrome, characterized by drug-induced compulsive engagement in sexual activity or gambling, has also been observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications. Current experimental models of addiction to natural rewards and drug reward demonstrate common alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
ΔFosB is the most significant gene transcription factor involved in addiction, since its viral or genetic overexpression in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for most of the neural adaptations and plasticity that occur; it has been implicated in addictions to alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, nicotine, opioids, phenylcyclidine, and substituted amphetamines. ΔJunD is the transcription factor which directly opposes ΔFosB. Increases in nucleus accumbens ΔJunD expression can reduce or, with a large increase, even block most of the neural alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB).ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
Natural rewards, like drugs of abuse, induce ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological addictive state. Thus, ΔFosB is also the key transcription factor involved in addictions to natural rewards as well, and sexual addictions in particular, since ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Research on the interaction between natural and drug rewards suggests that psychostimulants and sexual reward possess cross-sensitization effects and act on common biomolecular mechanisms of addiction-related neuroplasticity which are mediated through ΔFosB. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
As of 2023, none of the official regulatory bodies for Psycho-sexual Counseling or Sex and Relationship therapy, have accepted sex addiction as a distinct entity with associated treatment protocols. Indeed, some practitioners regard sex addiction as a potentially harmful diagnosis and draw parallels with gay conversion therapy. As a result, treatment for sex addiction is more often provided by addiction professionals in the counseling field than psychosexual specialists. These counseling professionals typically hold advanced degrees of education including master's degrees or Doctorates in counseling or a related field like psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
These counselors can also hold certifications like Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC-S) who are required to hold a master's degree or higher level of education. Therapists and Psychologists usually also hold a Master's in a related field of study.Cognitive behavioral therapy is a common form of behavioral treatment for addictions and maladaptive behaviors in general. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
Dialectical behavior therapy has been shown to improve treatment outcomes as well. Certified Sex Addiction Therapists (CSAT) – a group of sexual addiction therapists certified by the International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals – offer specialized behavioral therapy designed specifically for sexual addiction. Their treatments have yet to be subject to peer-review, so it is unclear if they help or harm patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
In-person support groups are available in most of the developed world. None yet have any scientific evidence to show whether or not they are helpful, so attendees do so at their own risk. Support groups may be useful for uninsured or under-insured individuals. (See also: Alcoholics Anonymous § Health-care costs.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
They may also be useful as an adjunct to professional treatment. In addition, they may be useful in places where professional practices are full (i.e. not accepting new patients), scarce, or nonexistent, or where these practices have waiting lists. Finally, they may be useful for patients who are reluctant to spend money on professional treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_addiction |
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