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The Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL) model considers context only as the words that immediately surround a given word. HAL computes an NxN matrix, where N is the number of words in its lexicon, using a 10-word reading frame that moves incrementally through a corpus of text. Like SAM, any time two words are simulta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The cognitive neuroscience of semantic memory is a controversial issue with two dominant views. Many researchers and clinicians believe that semantic memory is stored by the same brain systems involved in episodic memory, that is, the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampal formation. In this system, the hippo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Recently, new evidence has been presented in support of a more precise interpretation of this hypothesis. The hippocampal formation includes, among other structures: the hippocampus itself, the entorhinal cortex, and the perirhinal cortex. These latter two make up the parahippocampal cortices. Amnesiacs with damage to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The hippocampal areas associate semantic memory with declarative memory. The left inferior prefrontal cortex and the left posterior temporal areas are other areas involved in semantic memory use. Temporal lobe damage affecting the lateral and medial cortexes have been related to semantic impairments. Damage to differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
During semantic retrieval, two regions in the right middle frontal gyrus and the area of the right inferior temporal gyrus similarly show an increase in activity. Damage to areas involved in semantic memory result in various deficits, depending on the area and type of damage. For instance, Lambon Ralph, Lowe, & Rogers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Category-specific impairments might indicate that knowledge may rely differentially upon sensory and motor properties encoded in separate areas (Farah and McClelland, 1991).Category-specific impairments can involve cortical regions where living and nonliving things are represented and where feature and conceptual relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
A variety of studies have been done in an attempt to determine the effects on varying aspects of semantic memory. For example, Lambon, Lowe, & Rogers studied the different effects semantic dementia and herpes simplex virus encephalitis have on semantic memory. They found that semantic dementia has a more generalized se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Additionally, deficits in semantic memory as a result of herpes simplex virus encephalitis tend to have more category-specific impairments. Other disorders that affect semantic memory, such as Alzheimer's disease, has been observed clinically as errors in naming, recognizing, or describing objects. Whereas researchers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Category-specific semantic impairments are a neuropsychological occurrence in which an individual ability to identify certain categories of objects is selectively impaired while other categories remain undamaged. This condition can result in brain damage that is widespread, patchy, or localized. Research suggests that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Theories based on the correlated structure principle, which states that conceptual knowledge organization in the brain is a reflection of how often an object's properties occur, assume that the brain reflects the statistical relation of object properties and how they relate to each other. Theories based on the neural s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Category-specific semantic deficits tend to fall into two different categories, each of which can be spared or emphasized depending on the individual's specific deficit. The first category consists of animate objects with, animals being the most common deficit. The second category consists of inanimate objects with two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
However, there are a few exceptions to the rule. Categories like food, body parts, and musical instruments have been shown to defy the animate/inanimate or biological/non-biological categorical division. In some cases, it has been shown that musical instruments tend to be impaired in patients with damage to the living ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
However, there are also cases of biological impairment where musical instrument performance is at a normal level. Similarly, food has been shown to be impaired in those with biological category impairments. The category of food specifically can present some irregularities though because it can be natural, but it can al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Modality refers to a semantic category of meaning that has to do with necessity and probability expressed through language. In linguistics, certain expressions are said to have modal meanings. A few examples of this include conditionals, auxiliary verbs, adverbs, and nouns. When looking at category-specific semantic de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
These theories state that damage to the visual modality will result in a deficit of biological objects, while damage to the functional modality will result in a deficit of non-biological objects (artifacts). Modality-based theories assume that if there is damage to modality-specific knowledge, then all the categories t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Semantic dementia is a semantic memory disorder that causes patients to lose the ability to match words or images to their meanings. It is fairly rare for patients with semantic dementia to develop category specific impairments, though there have been documented cases of it occurring. Typically, a more generalized sema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
With Alzheimer's disease in particular, interactions with semantic memory produce different patterns in deficits between patients and categories over time which is caused by distorted representations in the brain. For example, in the initial onset of Alzheimer's disease, patients have mild difficulty with the artifacts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is a neurological disorder which causes inflammation of the brain. Early symptoms include headache, fever, and drowsiness, but over time symptoms including diminished ability to speak, memory loss, and aphasia develop. HSVE can also cause category-specific semantic deficits to o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
A brain lesion refers to any abnormal tissue in or on the brain, most often caused by a trauma or infection. In one case study, a patient underwent surgery to remove an aneurysm, and the surgeon had to clip the anterior communicating artery which resulted in basal forebrain and fornix lesions. Before surgery, this pati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The patient had a much more significant amount of trouble with objects in the living category which could be seen in the drawings of animals which the patient was asked to do and in the data from the matching and identification tasks. Every lesion is different, but in this case study researchers suggested that the sema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The following table summarizes conclusions from the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. These results give a baseline for the differences in semantic knowledge across gender for healthy subjects. Experimental data observes that males with category-specific semantic deficits are mainly impaired with fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Semantic memory is also discussed in reference to modality. Different components represent information from different sensorimotor channels. Modality specific impairments are divided into separate subsystems on the basis of input modality. Examples of different input modalities include visual, auditory, and tactile inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Semantic memory disorders fall into two groups. Semantic refractory access disorders are contrasted with semantic storage disorders according to four factors: temporal factors, response consistency, frequency, and semantic relatedness. A key feature of semantic refractory access disorders is temporal distortions, where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Temporal factors impact response consistency. In storage disorders, an inconsistent response to specific items is not observed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Stimulus frequency determines performance at all stages of cognition. Extreme word frequency effects are common in semantic storage disorders while in semantic refractory access disorders word frequency effects are minimal. The comparison of close and distant groups tests semantic relatedness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Close groupings have words that are related because they are drawn from the same category, such as a list of clothing types. Distant groupings contain words with broad categorical differences, such as unrelated words. Comparing close and distant groups shows that in access disorders semantic relatedness had a negative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow cognitive neuroscientists to explore different hypotheses concerning the neural network organization of semantic memory. By using these neuroimaging techniques researchers can observe the brain activity of participants while they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Charles D. Laughlin, Jr. (born 1938) is a neuroanthropologist known primarily for having co-founded a school of neuroanthropological theory called "biogenetic structuralism." Laughlin is an emeritus professor of anthropology and religion at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
Following service in the American air force, Laughlin completed his undergraduate work in anthropology with a concentration in philosophy at San Francisco State University. He then did graduate work in anthropology at the University of Oregon, beginning in 1966. His doctoral dissertation was based on fieldwork conducte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
Laughlin's choice of the So was influenced by conversations he had with Colin Turnbull, who had worked with nearby peoples. Laughlin completed his dissertation, Economics and Social Organization among the So of Northeastern Uganda, and received his Ph.D. in 1972 while he was assistant professor of anthropology at the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
While teaching at Oswego, Laughlin pursued his interest in the neurobiological bases of human sociality, which led to his developing, in collaboration with Eugene G. d'Aquili of the University of Pennsylvania, the theory of biogenetic structuralism—a perspective that sought to merge the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
His interest in this field stemmed from his own personal experiences after being exposed to meditation in various disciplines and years as a monk within the Sakya tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. While a student at Oregon, a professor advised him to study Zen Buddhism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
In the 1990s, he studied the state of consciousness known by the Navajo as "hózhó", and compared this with Buddhist altered states of consciousness, such as satori or kensho. He has published widely in journals on religious systems and transpersonal studies. Laughlin has written a comprehensive study of the anthropolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
Neurognosis is a technical term used in biogenetic structuralism to refer to the initial organization of the experiencing and cognizing brain.All neurophysiological models comprising an individual’s cognized environment develop from these nascent models which exist as the initial, genetically determined neural structur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
Jung's reference to the essential unknowability of the archetypes-in-themselves also applies to neurognostic structures in biogenetic structural formulations. Neurognosis may also refer to the functioning of these neural structures in producing either experience or some other activity unconscious to the individual. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenetic_structuralism |
In economics, a budget constraint represents all the combinations of goods and services that a consumer may purchase given current prices within his or her given income. Consumer theory uses the concepts of a budget constraint and a preference map as tools to examine the parameters of consumer choices . Both concepts h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
The concept of soft budget constraints is commonly applied to economies in transition. This theory was originally proposed by János Kornai in 1979. It was used to explain the "economic behavior in socialist economies marked by shortage”. In the socialist transition economy there are soft budget constraint on firms beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
This theory implies that the survival of a firm depends on financial assistance, especially in a socialist country. The soft budget constraint syndrome usually occurs in the paternalistic role of the State in economic organizations, such as public and private companies and non-profit organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
János Kornai also highlighted that there are five dimensions to evaluate the post-socialist transition, including fiscal subsidy, soft taxation, soft bank credit (non-performing loans), soft trade credit (the accumulate rears between firms) and wage arrears.According to the point of view by Cllower , budget constraints... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
The second is to impose constraints on prior variables, such as constraints on current actual demand based on expectations of future financial conditions. The reason for the soft budget constraints is that the excess of expenditure over income will be paid by additional organizations (the State). In addition, the decis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Bank supervision refers to the supervision on the capital adequacy ratio of banks. When the bank's capital is difficult to finance due to the default of a large number of loans, it can prevent the bank from going bankrupt with the aid of the government, then it will occurs the soft budget constraint of the bank.Dewatri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Consumer behaviour is a maximization problem. It means making the most of our limited resources to maximize our utility. As consumers are insatiable, and utility functions grow with quantity, the only thing that limits our consumption is our own budget.In general, the budget set (all bundle choices that are on or below... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
When behaving rationally, an individual consumer should choose to consume goods at the point where the most preferred available indifference curve on their preference map is tangent to their budget constraint. The tangent point (the xy coordinate) represents the amount of goods x and y the consumer should purchase to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
If the solution to the optimality condition leads to a bundle that is not feasible, the consumer's optimal bundle will be a corner solution which suggests the goods or inputs are perfect substitutes. A line connecting all points of tangency between the indifference curve and the budget constraint is called the expansio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
A production-possibility frontier is a constraint in some ways analogous to a budget constraint, showing limitations on a country's production of multiple goods based on the limitation of available factors of production. Under autarky this is also the limitation of consumption by individuals in the country. However, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
While low-level demonstrations of budget constraints are often limited to less than two good situations which provide easy graphical representation, it is possible to demonstrate the relationship between multiple goods through a budget constraint. There are 2 requirements for this case. The first one is that the constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
The second one is that all commodities are desirable and the constraint will always be binding. In such a case, assuming there are n {\displaystyle n\,} goods, called x i {\displaystyle x_{i}\,} for i = 1 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,\dots ,n\,} , that the price of good x i {\displaystyle x_{i}\,} is denoted by p i {\dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Further, if the consumer spends his income entirely, the budget constraint binds: ∑ i = 1 n p i x i = W . {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}x_{i}=W.} In this case, the consumer cannot obtain an additional unit of good x i {\displaystyle x_{i}\,} without giving up some other good. For example, he could purchase an addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Budget constraints can be expanded outward or contracted inward through borrowing and lending. By borrowing money in a period, usually at an interest rate r, a consumer can choose to forgo consumption in future periods for extra consumption in the borrowing period. Choosing to borrow would expand the budget constraint ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Alternatively, consumers can choose to lend their money in the current period, usually at a lending rate l. Lending contracts the budget constraint in the current period but expands budget constraints in future periods. According to behavioral economics, choices on borrowing and lending may also be affected by Present ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint |
Electronic signage (also called electronic signs or electronic displays) are illuminant advertising media in the signage industry. Major electronic signage include fluorescent signs, HID (high intensity displays), incandescent signs, LED signs, and neon signs. Besides, LED signs and HID are so-called digital signage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signage |
Electronic signs may be used indoors or outdoors. The display technologies are varied and changing quickly. Because of new display technologies, electronic signs are able to present more clear, colorful, and vivid images. Animated electronic signs gradually replace traditional static signs and increasingly take signage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signage |
It is not difficult to have an electronic sign for your business; however, it is not simple to get a permit to install an electronic sign. There are two terms for the advertising industry, off-premises advertising device and on-premises advertising device. Usually, there are different regulatory and zoning set up by di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signage |
Note: 10 states prohibit animation or moving parts except for public service announcement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_signage |
The Hollywood Freeway chickens are a colony of feral chickens that live under the Vineland Avenue off-ramp of the Hollywood Freeway (U.S. Route 101) in Los Angeles, California. It is not definitively known how they came to be there, although news stories generally ascribe them to an overturned poultry truck.Chickens un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
They became known as "Minnie's chickens", named after Minnie Blumfield, an elderly retiree who fed them regularly. When she became too frail to feed them, a young actress, Jodie Mann, with Actors and Others for Animals made arrangements to relocate the chickens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
Nearly a hundred of the hens and roosters were relocated to a ranch in Simi Valley, California. But not every member of the flock was apprehended, and those that remained spawned a new population. Subsequent removal efforts in the following years all had a similar outcome. The first colony at the Vineland ramp has spre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
Beginning in the 1980s, twenty years after the colony's arrival, various individuals started coming forward claiming to know the mystery of their origin. Among them: In 1990, Jeff Stein of Granada Hills, California claimed that in 1968, when his wife Janet and her twin sister were 12, they learned that a nearby school ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
In 1992, a North Hollywood man who would give only his first name ("Michael") claimed that as a child he and his brother put their pet chickens under the freeway after neighbors repeatedly complained about them. "We were afraid to confess after (their numbers) got out of hand because we thought the city would bill us",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
I was taking anywhere from 500 to 1,000 chickens back from the Valley to a slaughterhouse in L.A. They were all hens. We never picked up roosters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
These were hens that had stopped laying. They would eat but not produce, so they were costing farmers money. Anyway, I had a crate of eggs on the seat beside me, and when I turned over, my head fell into the crate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
But I wasn't hurt. I started chasing one chicken and it was on the TV news that night." A colony of hens without a rooster would not be able to reproduce, making this explanation rather dubious.Nevertheless, there was at least one witness to the overturned poultry truck explanation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
A driver on the way to work in Glendale was proceeding south on the 5 Freeway when she spotted three cars off to the side of the road that had been involved in a multiple rear-end collision. Blood and feathers were all over the freeway. On the overpass right above the accident site was a truck loaded with poultry cages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway_chickens |
Commodore Barry Park is an urban park in the Fort Greene neighborhood of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It encompasses an area of 10.39 acres (42,000 m2) and holds baseball, basketball, football, swimming pool and playground fields/fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Barry_Park |
The park was acquired in 1836 by the Village of Brooklyn (long before it was absorbed into New York City). When first acquired, it was called "City Park". It is the oldest park in the borough, and it was named for Commodore John Barry in 1951 due to its location next to the Brooklyn Navy Yard that Barry helped found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Barry_Park |
Shakey the Robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot able to reason about its own actions. While other robots would have to be instructed on each individual step of completing a larger task, Shakey could analyze commands and break them down into basic chunks by itself. Due to its nature, the project combined res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
Shakey was developed from approximately 1966 through 1972 with Charles Rosen, Nils Nilsson and Peter Hart as project managers. Other major contributors included Alfred Brain, Sven Wahlstrom, Bertram Raphael, Richard Duda, Richard Fikes, Thomas Garvey, Helen Chan Wolf and Michael Wilber. The project was funded by the De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
The robot's programming was primarily done in LISP. The Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) planner it used was conceived as the main planning component for the software it utilized. As the first robot that was a logical, goal-based agent, Shakey experienced a limited world. A version of Shakey's world ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
These actions involved traveling from one location to another, turning the light switches on and off, opening and closing the doors, climbing up and down from rigid objects, and pushing movable objects around. The STRIPS automated planner could devise a plan to enact all the available actions, even though Shakey himsel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
Shakey looks around, identifies a platform with a block on it, and locates a ramp in order to reach the platform. Shakey then pushes the ramp over to the platform, rolls up the ramp onto the platform, and pushes the block off the platform. Mission accomplished." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
Physically, the robot was particularly tall, and had an antenna for a radio link, sonar range finders, a television camera, on-board processors, and collision detection sensors ("bump detectors"). The robot's tall stature and tendency to shake resulted in its name: We worked for a month trying to find a good name for i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
The development of Shakey provided far-reaching impact on the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence, as well as computer science in general. Some of the more notable results include the development of the A* search algorithm, which is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the process of plotting an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
After SRI published a 24-minute video in 1969 entitled "SHAKEY: Experimentation in Robot Learning and Planning", the project received significant media attention. This included an April 10, 1969 article in the New York Times; In 1970, Life referred to Shakey as the "first electronic person"; and in November 1970 Nation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot |
Deference (also called submission or passivity) is the condition of submitting to the espoused, legitimate influence of one's superior or superiors. Deference implies a yielding or submitting to the judgment of a recognized superior, out of respect or reverence. Deference has been studied extensively by political scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
Smolenski (2005) examines deference in colonial Pennsylvania, to see how claims to political authority were made, justified, and accepted or rejected. He focuses on the "colonial speech economy," that is, the implicit rules that determined who was allowed to address whom and under what conditions, and describes how the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
Erving Goffman, a Canadian-born sociologist and writer, explored the relationship between deference and demeanor in his 1967 essay "The Nature of Deference and Demeanor". According to Goffman, a person with a poor demeanor will be held in lower esteem in the eyes of society. The same is true for people who behave in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
e.g. a man pulling out a chair for a woman at a restaurant. On the other end of the spectrum, a person not bathing before they go to a fancy dinner party. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
These examples can be defined as presentational deference. Demeanor does not only limit itself to the actions of an individual, but also the appearance of an individual. A person offers themselves to a social group through a good appearance or a well demeanored appearance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
When an individual has a well demeanored appearance it makes interaction between people easier. After a person is socially accepted to a group, it is expected that they will conform to interactional norms. Through acting on those norms, people receive deference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
There is ongoing debate among psychologists as to the extent to which deference in a relationship is determined by a person's innate personality type or is the result of a person's experiences and conditioning. In interpersonal relationships, a partner can assume a submissive role to fit in or to make themself acceptab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
In interpersonal relationships, some people prefer or are willing to adopt a submissive role in sexual activities or personal matters. The level and type of submission can vary from person to person, and from one context to another; and also is dependent on the other partner being willing to assume control in those sit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
Submission is also a common behavior in the animal kingdom, with a prevalence that spans the whole vertebrate-invertebrate gamut. Signs of submission are used either to preempt dangerous combat (in which case they usually appear at the beginning of an encounter) or to establish a dominance hierarchy (in which case they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deference |
Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the Greco-Roman world and of medieval Christendom, specifically the eastern regions where Greek was the lingua franca (Greece, Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Levant, and Egypt) and the western parts where Latin filled this role (Italy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
In the classical context, "Greek East" refers to the provinces and client states of the Roman Empire in which the lingua franca was primarily Greek.This region included the whole Greek peninsula with some other northern parts in the Balkans, the provinces around the Black Sea, those of the Bosphorus, all of Asia Minor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
"Greek East" and "Latin West" are terms used also to divide Chalcedonian Christianity into the Greek-speaking, Eastern Orthodox peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, centered on the Byzantine Empire, and the Latin-speaking Catholic peoples of Western Europe. Here, Latin West applies to regions that were formerly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
British philosopher Philip Sherrard (1959) claimed that the cause of Christendom's split into a Greek East and a Latin West was differing conceptions of sacerdotium and regnum, leading the Orthodox Patriarchate in Constantinople to never lay claim to secular power, but submit to the Byzantine emperor and later the Otto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
Louth primarily attributed this purported 'transition from multi-cultural Byzantium to Greek East and Latin West the rise of Islam and the Arab destruction of the stability of the Mediterranean world in the seventh century.' Nevertheless, the transition was a slow and complicated process with many factors rather than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
Louth agreed with 'the prevailing (and more plausible) theory that assigns no particular importance to the events of 1054' (the East–West Schism) 'as far as the people of that era were concerned', and that the schism only became significant during the preliminaries to the 1245 and 1274 Councils of Lyon.The term "Greek"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
The Romanians spoke a Romance language but followed the Byzantine Church. Areas that were heavily culturally influenced by the Byzantine Empire, directly or indirectly, during the Middle Ages, including Eastern Europe and the Islamic Empiresnote: among Muslim historians, "Greek" and "Roman" are often categories specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
Though the Sultanate of Rome and, later, the Ottoman Empire would adopt Byzantine titles and describe themselves as rulers of "Rome," this was a geographic designation, much in the same way that the Ghaznavids or Delhi Sultans would be known as rulers of "Hindustan. "The term "Latin" has survived much longer as a unify... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West |
The mandibular second premolar is the tooth located distally (away from the midline of the face) from both the mandibular first premolars of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular first molars. The function of this premolar is assist the mandibular first molar during mastication, com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
The lingual cusps (located nearer the tongue) are well developed and functional (which refers to cusps assisting during chewing). Therefore, whereas the mandibular first premolar resembles a small canine, the mandibular second premolar is more alike to the first molar. There are no deciduous (baby) mandibular premolars... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
Instead, the teeth that precede the permanent mandibular premolars are the deciduous mandibular molars. Anatomy: The mandibular second premolar most commonly has three cusps but can have two as well. The three cusp variety has one large cusp on the buccal with two smaller lingual cusps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
The mesiolingual cusp is twice the size of the distolingual cusp. Viewed from the occlusal (looking down onto the biting surface of the tooth) the tooth is rather square in outline, particularly on the lingual. The occlusal table (the area bounded by the cusps, cusp ridges, and marginal ridges) is rectangular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
The groove pattern is shaped like a “Y” with the tail pointed to the lingual and placed between the distolingual and mesiolingual cusps one third of the distance form the distal to the mesial. The contacts with the adjacent teeth are positioned buccal to the midpoint. Viewed from the buccal the buccal cusp tip is cente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
The buccal cusp ridges exhibit slight concavities that extend over the buccal surfaces as developmental grooves into the gingival embrasure. The contacts with adjacent teeth are in the occlusal third of the tooth with the distal height of contour slightly closer to the gingival than the mesial height of contour. The ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
Viewed from the mesial or distal the buccal height of contour is in the gingival third of the tooth. The lingual height of contour is in the middle third of the tooth (not the middle third of the lingual cusp). When divided into thirds from the buccal height of contour to the lingual height of contour, the buccal cusp ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
The two cusp variety generally has a groove pattern shaped like a “U” or “H”. Viewed from the occlusal it is more rounded in general and its lingual cusp is positioned slightly to the mesial, while the occlusal table remains squared. Viewed from the buccal the buccal cusp is centered over the root as in the three cusp ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
Viewed from the mesial or distal its heights of contour are similar to the three cusp variety. Sometimes, premolars are referred to as bicuspids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
Even though the terms are synonymous, "bicuspid" refers to having two functional cusps, and the mandibular second premolar is an example of a premolar with three functional cusps. Thus, "biscupid" is technically not as accurate as "premolar". In the universal system of notation, the permanent mandibular premolars are d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar |
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