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A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area in which transportation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples "Midlandton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States.The term as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
In a megalopolis the urban areas are close but not physically contiguous, and the merging of labour markets has not yet developed. A conurbation should also be contrasted with a megacity. A megacity is hierarchical with an indisputable dominant urban core, whereas a conurbation is polycentric and no single urban centre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The cities and towns of Port Louis, Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes, Vacoas-Phoenix and other urbanized villages form a large and central conurbation on the island of Mauritius. A large part of this conurbation is located in the district of Plaines Wilhems. The network of urban areas has a total populati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Rabat-Salé-Kénitra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Lagos is a conurbation formed through the merged development of the initial Lagos city area with other cities and towns including Ikeja and Ojo. Also various suburban communities such as Agege, Alimosho, Ifako-Ijaiye, Kosofe, Mushin, Oshodi and Shomolu are included in the area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (East Rand), and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) merged to form a region that has a population of 14.6 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Perth Metropolitan Region, City of Fremantle, City of Mandurah, and Pinjarra form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.05 million (2015). Introduction of the Mandurah railway l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
A built-up area 200 kilometres long which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink. Broader definiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The "Golden Horseshoe" is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Brampton, and Hamilton. If metropolitan areas (which are s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation. Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland populat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) comprises seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. This area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 sq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007. Approximately one-fifteenth of all U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
An example of a conurbation is seen in Greater Houston. Centered in Houston, the area is continuously urbanized from the coastal areas of Galveston extending through the northern side of the metro area, including The Woodlands, Conroe, and Spring, and going up to Huntsville. The suburbs of Fort Bend County, Texas exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex" and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke. The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas". Urban areas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Greater Buenos Aires (12.046.799) – Greater La Plata (694.253) – Zárate / Campana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
There are 3 well-known conurbations in China. The Yangtze River Delta comprising Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Ningbo, houses 150 million people and in 2016 it generated $2.76 trillion, 20 percent of China's national GDP. It is responsible for one-third of China's imports and exports. The Jingjinji, comprising Tianji... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The region has an area of 4,355 km2 and with a population of 20.5 million, and is among the top ten most popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. However, the conurbation of Delhi is actually limited to the NCT o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration. The Amaravati Metropolitan Region (AMR) of Andhra Pradesh is a conurbation of three cities, namely Vijayawada, Eluru and Guntur and 11 other towns which include Mangalagiri, Tadepalle, Tenal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The new capital city of the state, Amaravati, is being developed between the cities of Vijayawada and Guntur at the center of the conurbation. The region holds a total population of 58 lakhs. The Jamshedpur Metropolitan Area has a plan of Greater Jamshedpur. This place contains the area and city of Adityapur, Maango an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
As of 2018 Dhaka was linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city; there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Greater Jakarta or Jabodetabek comprises the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world with a population of around 30 million. The center and national capital, Jakarta, has a population of 10.3 million within its borders.The second-most populated city in Indonesia, Surabaya, also forms a conur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Gush Dan, Metropolitan Area of Tel Aviv, Central District (has about 45% of the country's total population) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Taiheiyō Belt is the largest conurbation in Japan in every sense, extending from Ibaraki Prefecture to Fukuoka Prefecture, running almost 1,200 km, with the total population of 82.9 million. However, it is rarely referred to in Japan itself with each Prefecture maintaining separate identities. The Greater Tokyo Are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
More than 50% of Jordan’s population live in the conurbation of Amman-Russeifa-Zarqa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Klang Valley conurbation in the state of Selangor is composed of these cities: Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia; Petaling Jaya; Ampang Jaya; Pandan Indah; Subang Jaya; Puchong; Batu Caves; Rawang; Seri Kembangan; Cheras; Shah Alam; Klang; Selayang; Gombak; Putrajaya; Cyberjaya; Sepang; and Kajang.The second la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Karachi–Hyderabad, Sindh, is one of the largest metropolitan areas of the world, with a population exceeding 20 million (2017). Rawalpindi–Islamabad, also known as the twin cities of Pakistan, were built about 8 miles apart and have now completely intertwined into each other due to massive population growth and the exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Gaza Strip conurbation has a population of 2.1 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Metro Manila, also known as the National Capital Region, is a conurbation of the capital Manila, fifteen neighboring cities, and a small town to compose the largest urban center in the Philippines. Within the immediate periphery but not administratively part of the region, are cities and towns belonging to various prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
There are 3 major conurbations in Taiwan. The Taipei-Taoyuan-Keelung Metropolitan Area (also known as Northern Taiwan Conurbation) is located in northern Taiwan, comprising Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung and Taoyuan, houses 9.3 million people. It is the most populous and the most densely populated metropolitan area in Tai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Designated as a global city, the region exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, both locally and internationally. The Taichung–Changhua-Nantou metropolitan area (also known as Central Taiwan Conurbation), located in central Taiwan and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Asian part of Istanbul forms a conurbation together with Gebze, Darıca, Çayırova, Dilovası districts of Kocaeli Province and with town of Yalova on south of the İzmit Bay. Each province has separate governments but they work in close coordination. Transport between Anatolian part of Istanbul and western end of Kocaeli ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
İzmir and Manisa forms a conurbation. Although there is a mountain between cities with D565 via Sabuncubeli Tunnel many people daily commutes for work, education and home. In addition, İZBAN commuter rail connects satellite towns with İzmir in north and south directions. Two cities metropolitan areas together makes up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand, is an urban agglomeration of the Bangkok metropolis as well as the five adjacent provinces of Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan, and Samut Sakhon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The United Arab Emirates, while comprising seven distinct entities called emirates, each with its own Emirs, contains a significant conurbation formed by the agglomeration of the urban areas of three cities belonging to three separate Emirates. The Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area contains the urban areas of Dubai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Region: comprising Ho Chi Minh City (itself comprising the inner districts, Nhà Bè, Bình Chánh, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi and Cần Giờ); Bình Dương (itself comprising Thủ Dầu Một, Bến Cát, Tân Uyên, Thuận An, Dĩ An); Đồng Nai (itself comprising Biên Hòa and Long Khánh); Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu (itself compri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Flemish Diamond (Dutch: Vlaamse Ruit) is the Flemish reference to a network of four metropolitan areas in Belgium, three of which are in the central provinces of Flanders, together with the Brussels Capital Region. It consists of four agglomerations which form the four corners of a diamond shape: Brussels, Ghent, A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The most notable conurbation is Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing-Villeneuve-d'Ascq, located in the north of France, with over 1.2 million people living in the area. That conurbation is actually an international one as Belgian cities such as Tournai are increasingly playing the role of commuter town for Lille. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Germany has three conurbations along the River Rhine, namely Rhine-Main, Rhine-Neckar and Rhine-Ruhr. The Rhine-Ruhr is the largest conurbation in continental Europe and is a densely populated polycentric metropolitan region in the western part of Germany, comprising the three subregions of Ruhr Metropolitan Region, Dü... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Naples metropolitan area, that includes the whole metropolitan city of Naples, Caserta, Salerno and several other municipalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Valletta Urban Area, the area around the Grand Harbour, is the main conurbation in Malta. It contains 27 of the Malta's 68 local councils including the capital Valletta. According to the Demographia, Valletta Urban Area has a population of 300,000, while the European Spatial Planning Observation Network states that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The Randstad is a densely populated area in the Netherlands with over 7 million inhabitants. It consists of a cluster of the four most populous cities of the country (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht) as well as several smaller cities, towns and urbanized villages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Katowice Urban Area (aglomeracja katowicka', konurbacja górnośląska, GOP) is the largest conurbation in Poland, located in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Around 5,294,000 people live in the region — up 5.26% of the population of Poland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
The conurbation of Barcelona The conurbation of Bilbao | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation |
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge (word meanings, concepts, facts, and ideas) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. New concepts are learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.Semantic memory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The idea of semantic memory was first introduced following a conference in 1972 between Endel Tulving and W. Donaldson on the role of organization in human memory. Tulving constructed a proposal to distinguish between episodic memory and what he termed semantic memory. He was mainly influenced by the ideas of Reiff and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The remembrance concept dealt with memories that contained experiences of an autobiographic index, whereas the memoria concept dealt with memories that did not reference experiences having an autobiographic index. Semantic memory reflects the knowledge of the world, and the term general knowledge is often used. It hold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
According to Madigan in his book titled Memory, semantic memory is the sum of all knowledge one has obtained—vocabulary, understanding of math, or all the facts one knows. In his book titled Episodic and Semantic Memory, Tulving adopted the term semantic from linguists to refer to a system of memory for "words and verb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Tulving's proposal of this distinction was widely accepted, primarily because it allowed the separate conceptualization of world knowledge. Tulving discusses conceptions of episodic and semantic memory in his book titled Precise of Elements of Episodic Memory, in which he states that several factors differentiate betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
For example, when one thinks of a pear, knowledge of grasping, chewing, sights, sounds, and tastes used to encode episodic experiences of a pear are recalled through sensorimotor simulation. A grounded simulation approach refers to context-specific re-activations that integrate the important features of episodic experi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Such research has challenged previously utilized amodal views. The brain encodes multiple inputs such as words and pictures to integrate and create a larger conceptual idea by using amodal views (also known as amodal perception). Instead of being representations in modality-specific systems, semantic memory representat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Some accounts of category-specific semantic deficits that are amodal remain even though researchers are beginning to find support for theories in which knowledge is tied to modality-specific brain regions. The concept that semantic representations are grounded across modality-specific brain regions can be supported by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
This study was not created to solely provide evidence for the distinction of semantic and episodic memory stores. However, they did use the experimental dissociation method which provides evidence for Tulving's hypothesis. In the first part, subjects were presented with a total of 60 words (one at a time) and were aske... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Some questions caused the participants to pay attention to the sound of the word: Does the word rhyme with ball? Some questions caused the subjects to pay attention to the meaning of the word: Does the word refer to a form of communication? Half of the questions were "no" answers and the other half "yes"In the second p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The subjects were given one of two tasks: Perceptual identification task: The words were flashed on a video-screen for 35 milliseconds and the subjects were required to say what the word was. Episodic recognition task: Subjects were presented with each word and had to decide whether they had seen the word in the previo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Semantic memory's contents are not tied to any particular instance of experience, as in episodic memory. Instead, what is stored in semantic memory is the "gist" of experience, an abstract structure that applies to a wide variety of experiential objects and delineates categorical and functional relationships between su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Networks of various sorts play an integral part in many theories of semantic memory. Generally speaking, a network is composed of a set of nodes connected by links. The nodes may represent concepts, words, perceptual features, or nothing at all. The links may be weighted such that some are stronger than others or, equi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
One of the first examples of a network model of semantic memory is the teachable language comprehender (TLC). In this model, each node is a word, representing a concept (like bird). Within each node is stored a set of properties (like "can fly" or "has wings") as well as links to other nodes (like chicken). A node is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Properties are stored at the highest category level to which they apply; for example, "is yellow" would be stored with canary, "has wings" would be stored with bird (one level up), and "can move" would be stored with animal (another level up). Nodes may also store negations of the properties of their superordinate node... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
When a node becomes active, that activation spreads to other nodes via the links between them. In that case, the time to answer the question "Is a chicken a bird?" is a function of how far the activation between the nodes for chicken and bird must spread, or the number of links between those nodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The original version of TLC did not put weights on the links between nodes. This version performed comparably to humans in many tasks, but failed to predict that people would respond faster to questions regarding more typical category instances than those involving less typical instances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Allan Collins and Quillian later updated TLC to include weighted connections to account for this effect, which allowed it to explain both the familiarity effect and the typicality effect. Its biggest advantage is that it clearly explains priming: information from memory is more likely to be retrieved if related informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
TLC is an instance of a more general class of models known as semantic networks. In a semantic network, each node is to be interpreted as representing a specific concept, word, or feature; each node is a symbol. Semantic networks generally do not employ distributed representations for concepts, as may be found in a neu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Feature models view semantic categories as being composed of relatively unstructured sets of features. The semantic feature-comparison model describes memory as being composed of feature lists for different concepts. According to this view, the relations between categories would not be directly retrieved, and would be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
For example, subjects might verify a sentence by comparing the feature sets that represent its subject and predicate concepts. Such computational feature-comparison models include the ones proposed by Meyer (1970), Rips (1975), and Smith et al. (1974).Early work in perceptual and conceptual categorization assumed that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The set of associations among a collection of items in memory is equivalent to the links between nodes in a network, where each node corresponds to a unique item in memory. Indeed, neural networks and semantic networks may be characterized as associative models of cognition. However, associations are often more clearly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
A standard model of memory that employs association in this manner is the search of associative memory (SAM) model. Though SAM was originally designed to model episodic memory, its mechanisms are sufficient to support some semantic memory representations. The model contains a short-term store (STS) and long-term store ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The retrieval process in LTS is cue dependent and probabilistic, meaning that a cue initiates the retrieval process and the selected information from memory is random. The probability of being sampled is dependent on the strength of association between the cue and the item being retrieved, with stronger associations be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
In SAM, when any two items simultaneously occupy a working memory buffer, the strength of their association is incremented; items that co-occur more often are more strongly associated. Items in SAM are also associated with a specific context, where the strength of that association determined by how long each item is pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The presence of a set of items and/or a context is more likely to evoke some subset of the items in memory. The degree to which items evoke one another—either by virtue of their shared context or their co-occurrence—is an indication of the items' semantic relatedness. In an updated version of SAM, pre-existing semantic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
During the experiment, semantic associations remain fixed showing the assumption that semantic associations are not significantly impacted by the episodic experience of one experiment. The two measures used to measure semantic relatedness in this model are latent semantic analysis (LSA) and word association spaces (WAS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
The adaptive control of thought (ACT) (and later ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational)) theory of cognition represents declarative memory (of which semantic memory is a part) as "chunks", which consist of a label, a set of defined relationships to other chunks (e.g., "this is a _", or "this has a _"), and any nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
For example, if chicken is used as a retrieval cue, canary will receive activation by virtue of its similarity to the cue. When retrieving items from memory, ACT looks at the most active chunk in memory; if it is above threshold, it is retrieved; otherwise an "error of omission" has occurred and the item has been forgo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Some models characterize the acquisition of semantic information as a form of statistical inference from a set of discrete experiences, distributed across a number of contexts. Though these models differ in specifics, they generally employ an (Item × Context) matrix where each cell represents the number of times an ite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
One of the more popular models is latent semantic analysis (LSA). In LSA, a T × D matrix is constructed from a text corpus, where T is the number of terms in the corpus and D is the number of documents (here "context" is interpreted as "document" and only words—or word phrases—are considered as items in memory). Each c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
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