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The standard that Brachman and most AI researchers use to measure expressive adequacy is usually First Order Logic (FOL). Theoretical limitations mean that a full implementation of FOL is not practical. Researchers should be clear about how expressive (how much of full FOL expressive power) they intend their representa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
Reasoning efficiency. This refers to the run time efficiency of the system. The ability of the knowledge base to be updated and the reasoner to develop new inferences in a reasonable period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
In some ways, this is the flip side of expressive adequacy. In general, the more powerful a representation, the more it has expressive adequacy, the less efficient its automated reasoning engine will be. Efficiency was often an issue, especially for early applications of knowledge representation technology. They were u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
In the early years of knowledge-based systems the knowledge-bases were fairly small. The knowledge-bases that were meant to actually solve real problems rather than do proof of concept demonstrations needed to focus on well defined problems. So for example, not just medical diagnosis as a whole topic, but medical diagn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
This gave rise to the discipline of ontology engineering, designing and building large knowledge bases that could be used by multiple projects. One of the leading research projects in this area was the Cyc project. Cyc was an attempt to build a huge encyclopedic knowledge base that would contain not just expert knowled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
In designing an artificial intelligence agent, it was soon realized that representing common-sense knowledge, knowledge that humans simply take for granted, was essential to make an AI that could interact with humans using natural language. Cyc was meant to address this problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
The language they defined was known as CycL. After CycL, a number of ontology languages have been developed. Most are declarative languages, and are either frame languages, or are based on first-order logic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
Modularity—the ability to define boundaries around specific domains and problem spaces—is essential for these languages because as stated by Tom Gruber, "Every ontology is a treaty- a social agreement among people with common motive in sharing." There are always many competing and differing views that make any general-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
Each of these offers a way to see some part of the world. The lumped element model, for instance, suggests that we think of circuits in terms of components with connections between them, with signals flowing instantaneously along the connections. This is a useful view, but not the only possible one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
A different ontology arises if we need to attend to the electrodynamics in the device: Here signals propagate at finite speed and an object (like a resistor) that was previously viewed as a single component with an I/O behavior may now have to be thought of as an extended medium through which an electromagnetic wave fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
The commitment made selecting one or another ontology can produce a sharply different view of the task at hand. Consider the difference that arises in selecting the lumped element view of a circuit rather than the electrodynamic view of the same device. As a second example, medical diagnosis viewed in terms of rules (e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning |
The Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) was an idea put forward by the Japanese government during the 1997 Asian financial crisis at the G7-IMF meetings in Hong Kong during September 20–25, 1997 that was never implemented. The proposal was that an institution be formed to work towards setting up a regional network funded by Asia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Fund |
This discontent was largely because Asian nations had little leverage on IMF crisis resolution measures despite the IMF being an international organisation. Another source of discontent was due to the financial volatility concerning the US dollar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Fund |
More specifically, difficulties had arisen because for most of the 1990s, countries such as Thailand and Indonesia had largely implemented fixed exchange-rate systems with their currencies generally pegged to the US dollar.The proposal to establish an AMF led to sharp disagreement between Japanese and United States off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Fund |
Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (sometimes also called MACBAN) is a loose partisan advocacy group centered on promoting the welfare of Fulani pastoralists in Nigeria. The organization was founded in the early 1970s with headquarters in Kaduna. It became legally operational in 1979 and gained wider ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
Miyetti Allah means "I thank God" in Fulfulde. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
Official records of the early history of Miyetti Allah are sparse, the oral history by some members trace it to the 1960s while others to 1972 when the association was formed in Kaduna. The association's early members were largely dominated by settled Fulanis whose early concept of Miyetti Allah was to promote the welf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
Both Kaduna and Plateau states had local branches affiliated with a local government or community, the meetings were irregular and not all national or state level resolutions were adhered to. But as the association expanded to more states, aims favoring nomadic education and access of grazing reserves by cattle breeder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
A major goal of MACBAN is to be the umbrella organization of Fulani herdsmen within the country. The activities of the organization involves liaising with the government on behalf of pastoralists, land use rights, nomadic education and conflict resolution between pastoralists and farmers. The group also supports protec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
The group's board of trustees is led by the Sultan of Sokoto and it receives funding from the board and other donors. The national chairman is elected every four years. When MACBAN was founded, it received support from Sultan Abubakar III, Aminu, the Emir of Zazzau, Usman Nagogo, the Emir of Katsina, and Ado Bayero, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyetti_Allah |
Norman Garmezy (June 18, 1918 – November 21, 2009) was a professor of psychology who is known for his work in developmental psychopathology. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1950, Garmezy held appointments at Duke University (1950–1961) and the Institute of Child Development at the University of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Norman Garmezy was born on June 18, 1918, in the Bronx, New York. His parents had immigrated from Russia as children and settled in a predominantly Jewish community. They lived in a small apartment in a Bronx tenement, which is where Garmezy was raised. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
While his parents had less than a high school education, they emphasized the importance of education for their children. As a result, Garmezy worked hard in school and skipped three grades in elementary school. His father was a millinery designer and worked to own his own factory, which was quite successful until the G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy was accepted to the City College of New York for his undergraduate studies in the Business Administration School. His major course of study was in economics, but he was required to take a psychology course, which captured his attention, and his interest in human behavior began to evolve during his time there. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Due to antisemitism at the time, there were few other jobs that were available to him. Shortly after beginning his job there, he was drafted to serve in World War II. Garmezy was initially placed in the infantry, but wished to change positions, so he sought reassignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
By chance, he was offered a position that required him to study psychology at the University of Iowa for six months to learn about army personnel management. Garmezy attributed that instance to changing the course of his life.After Garmezy finished his training at Iowa and was deployed to Europe, he wrote back to Kenne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Two weeks after his discharge, Garmezy returned to Iowa to begin his studies. He spent two years at Iowa under the direction of Spence and then completed his internship at the Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts under Elliott Rodnick, who Garmezy credits with having supervised the bulk of his dissertation work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
He then returned briefly to Iowa to finish his dissertation on schizophrenia, which was chaired by I.E. Farber. He earned his Ph.D. in 1950. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy's supervisor on internship, Elliot Rodnick, became the director of the clinical psychology program at Duke University while Garmezy was finishing his dissertation in Iowa and he asked Garmezy whether he would be interested in taking the Assistant Professor Chair in Clinical Psychology at Duke. Garmezy accepted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and he gradually declined over the last twenty years of his life. He died in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 21, 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy's dissertation was an early work on the process-reactive dichotomy in schizophrenia. He was interested in how two groups of people with schizophrenia could look so different, undergo such different courses, and what factors explained these differences. Particularly, he was interested in how people with reactive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
When Garmezy arrived at the University of Minnesota and the Institute of Child Development in 1961, his course of research shifted. He began to study children and was interested in identifying children who would be more resilient in the face of stress versus those who would develop more adjustment problems. This marria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy's studies focused on numerous factors that would moderate the relationships between genetic predisposition for the development of mental disorders and stressful life events (such as maltreatment) and the development of psychopathology. Such moderators included competence, intelligence, personality factors, soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Findings from this project suggested that there were many dimensions to competence, that they variably continued and changed over time, and that they predicted success in adulthood. They found that children who were more competent in social, cognitive, and academic domains, were less likely to experience negative outco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. Recent research in developmental psychopathology, 4, 213–233. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
American behavioral scientist, 34(4), 416–430. Garmezy, N. (1993). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56(1), 127–136. Garmezy, N., Masten, A., & Tellegen, A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
(1984). The Study of Stress and Competence in Children: A Building Block for Developmental Psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97–111. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
doi:10.2307/1129837 Garmezy, N. E., & Rutter, M. E. (1983). Stress, coping, and development in children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
In Seminar on Stress and Coping in Children, 1979, Ctr for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, US. Johns Hopkins University Press. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Garmezy |
Special needs dentistry, also known as special care dentistry, is a dental specialty that deals with the oral health problems of geriatric patients, patients with intellectual disabilities, and patients with other medical, physical, or psychiatric issues.Special needs dentists typically have additional postgraduate tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Oral health therapists have incorporated studies to allow for their scope of practice to cover working with people with special needs. They may accompany a dentist within clinic or domiciliary environments to aid in education, disease control and maintenance of patients with special needs. Patients who require special ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
For patients with cardiovascular disease, the dental team must have a thorough understanding of common cardiac conditions and how to manage these patients. This is because dental procedures and drugs used in dentistry may aggravate heart disease. Common cardiovascular conditions that are dealt with in special care dent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The two most common respiratory diseases that may be encountered in dental practice are asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Autistic patients have a higher risk of: caries bruxism tongue thrusting self-injurious behaviour such as picking at the gingiva or biting the lips delayed tooth eruption can be seen in Autistic patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Patients with cerebral palsy not only struggle accessing dental services and performing oral care. As a result, these patients are often faced with higher levels of untreated disease and tooth loss. Poor oral hygiene Periodontitis Xerostomia resulting from mouth breathing and medications Enamel hypoplasia Caries Drooli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The majority of patients with Down's Syndrome can be seen in primary dental care with appropriate behavioural management techniques, the degree to which this is successful is entirely dependent on the extent of the learning disability and the cooperation of the patient. Many procedures can be successfully carried out u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
This area of special care dentistry is more common in young adults and adolescents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Poor self care including diet and oral hygiene Xerostomia as a result of antipsychotic medication Caries Periodontal disease Tardive dyskinesias characterised by involuntary muscle movements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Poor oral hygiene Increased levels of plaque and calculus Increased risk of periodontal disease Increased caries Xerostomia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Xerostomia (typically due to tricyclic antidepressant medication or due to an anxiety component to the disorder) Poor self-care including diet and oral hygiene Caries (change in appetite/diet can be a factor in the disorder) Periodontal disease Oral dysaesthesia (generalised physical aches and pains) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Hypertension Macular degenerationWhen treating the geriatric age group it may not just be situated within the dental practice is can include; independent living, shared housing, assisted living, continuous care communities and nursing homes. The Oral Health Therapist and Dentist are read... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
One of the major obstacles when treating this group of patients is gaining informed consent. Many health care workers in the field consider that the geriatric group can make and assist in their own decision making. Ensuring that the patient is fully adequate in making the informed decision about treatment planning is v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The drug dependent patients generally consume large quantity of sugar (especially methadone users) which lead to caries. Their teeth are mostly damaged or lost because of convulsions. They also show high level of anxiety towards dental services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The Australian Dental Council recognized the specialty of Special Needs Dentistry in November 2003.Among some of the first countries to establish Special Needs Dentistry as a speciality are Australia and New Zealand. There are now a number of training programs, within both countries, which have been established as path... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
This academy is a group of specialists who are registered as Special Needs Dental practitioners in both Australia and New Zealand. This organisation was developed with the intent to establish a network for those involved in Special Needs Dentistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The Australian Society of Special Care in Dentistry was formed in 1997 and currently has 65 representative members within each state and territory of Australia. The objectives of ASSCID include an oral health and special needs educational role for dental professionals and other allied health workers. They act as a reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The Australian and New Zealand Society of Paediatric Dentistry was established in 1988. It is a collaboration of two associations, the Australian Society of Dentistry for Children and the New Zealand Society of Dentistry for Children. . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The Australasian Academy of Paediatric Dentistry was developed in 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The principal public oral health organisation in Victoria, Australia, is Dental Health Services Victoria (DHSV). It was founded in 1996 DHSV provides clinical care to patients from the Special Care Unit at the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne, via two special dental vans and also through a domiciliary service. All ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Special Care Dentistry (SCD) is the thirteenth and most recent dental speciality to be approved by the United Kingdom General Dental Council (GDC). To date, there are 73 specialists on the GDC specialist list. National Health Service consultant posts in Special Care Dentistry have been set up in some areas of the Unite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
People with impairments or disabilities who require Special Care Dentistry may seek a special care dentist by contacting their local healthcare provider (e.g. Primary Care Trust) or by obtaining a referral from, for example, their general medical or dental practitioner. Most SCD services have referral criteria which sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Specialist training programmes are being introduced across the United Kingdom to provide training in SCD, leading to admission onto the GDC specialist list. Postgraduate qualifications in SCD are available from institutions such as the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Dentists who want to treat patients in the United States with special needs conditions may choose to complete either a 1-year general practice residency (GPR) or advanced education in general dentistry (AEGD) residency program. A GPR program tends to be associated with a hospital and give the dentist the experience of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
However, dentists who desire to treat patients with special needs conditions can still do so with taking continuing education courses. One option to receive training and in-depth special care education is through the organization Special Care Dental Association (SCDA). This organization also offers American Board Certi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The IADH was formed in 1971. It was formerly known as the International Association of Dentistry for the Handicapped, but was altered to its current name to mirror present community terminology. Every two years since the association was established, the IADH runs an international congress and has members in over 40 cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
SCDA was formed by professionals from the Council of Hospital Dentistry, the Council of Dentistry for People with Disabilities and the Council of Geriatric Dentistry. These originally separate councils decided to combine into the SCDA. The SCDA is an international association that provides educational services, access ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Special Care in Dentistry Association publishes the journal Special Care in Dentistry. It is an online only publication for dental professionals . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Published by the British Society for Disability and Oral Health, The Journal of Disability and Oral Health was founded by the International Association of Disability and Oral Health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Special Needs Dentists are practitioners that are concerned with the oral health of people severely affected by intellectual or physical disability, experience profound psychiatric or complex medical issues. They provide treatment which includes assessment, diagnosis, treatment, management and preventative services for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Oral health therapists (OHT) are dual qualified as a dental therapist and dental hygienist. They provide oral health assessment, diagnosis, treatment, management and preventive services for children and adolescents and, if educated and trained in a program of study approved by the National Board, for adults of all ages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The education requirement for a graduate oral health therapist to be registered is a minimum three-year full-time bachelor's degree education program approved by the National Board.An oral health therapist may aid in performing daily self-maintenance activities for patients who have substantial physical or cognitive li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
They may accompany a dentist within clinic or domiciliary environments to aid in education, disease control and maintenance of patients with special needs. The role of an oral health therapist within any dental practice is multifactorial and involves the fundamentals of oral hygiene instruction, simple restorations, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Special needs dentistry is a challenging, diverse and rewarding aspect of the dental career to be involved in. Before becoming a special needs dentist there is a range of criteria that has to be met first. Firstly, to become a Special Needs Dentist there needs to be adequate knowledge and skills developed in a bachelor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
La Trobe University Bendigo The University of Melbourne The University of Adelaide Charles Sturt University Griffith University James Cook University University of Newcastle University of Queensland University of Sydney University of Western Australia University of Otago.At all of the above universities there will be t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Application is then made to the above dental schools for enrolment in their post graduate courses. During obtaining a fellowship in the Special Needs Dentistry field there are a range of case study reports that have to be completed and formulated. One in each of the following categories must be completed to detail the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
It is recognised that people with special needs rely on their carers for their dental visits and daily care. Moreover, one study found that carers are confronted with different problems such as, dentists who lack skills in managing people with disabilities. Other complications include inconvenient locations of dental c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Not only is their access to care almost non-existent in comparison to the general population, but also the facilities are inadequate and staff lack awareness of oral health matters that may impact those with special needs. Facilities such as general anaesthesia which some patients require for dental treatment, is found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
For some, dental access could be influenced by socio-economic disadvantage making it difficult to have treatment. As a result, people with special needs are primarily receiving emergency dental care rather than general dental.Other possible factors that could contribute to poor access include: Access to appropriate ora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
Some include three lifts to all floors of the hospital and incorporating four disabled parking spaces and a wheel chair ramp. For the population who is housebound due to physical disabilities, DHSV has provided a domiciliary oral health service to reduce the challenges that could occur if patients were to travel to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The dental care provided by this service includes emergency and general dental care such as dental assessments, oral health advice, prevention and extractions. The service is also free if patients have a pensioner Concession care, health care card or a Veteran Affairs Gold card. Victoria DHS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry |
The Casa Grande Photogrammetric Test Range is a test range established in the mid-1960s to test the dynamic performance of aerial survey cameras. The range consisted of 272 concrete calibration markers embedded into the Earth's surface in and around Casa Grande, Arizona, United States. The markers are commonly (and err... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
The markers formed a square 16-by-16-mile (26 by 26 km) grid, and were maintained from 1959 to 1972. Some of the original markers can still be found on satellite maps and ground inspection. See links to maps below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
Following the launch of Corona satellites in the 1960s, the US National Foreign Intelligence Program determined that there was a need for calibration under the Controlled Range Network. Working with the Arizona Real Estate Office, the US Army Map Service was directed to lease land for office space in Casa Grande, Arizo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
The crosses were arranged in a 16-by-16-mile (26 by 26 km) grid. The cross-shaped patterns were used to calibrate aerial photography equipment for aircraft. The Corona satellite program used a different "tri-bar" calibration pattern.Each of the targets has a manhole on the west arm of the cross, the manhole has a cemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
According to Gary Morgan, member of the Cold War Museum in Warrenton, Virginia, the six pieces of rebar, which protrude at an equal distance from each other, may have been used to hold a laser designator to provide the Corona satellites a more accurate fix on each target.The majority of the targets were abandoned when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
The Casa Grande Calibration Targets pictured in the image gallery are two of the few remaining ones in the Sonoran Desert. The first one is located on the southeast corner of South Montgomery and West Cornman Roads. The second one is located on the northeast corner of West Cornman Road and Carmel Boulevard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
Candy CORN: analyzing the CORONA concrete crosses myth * All Corona Satellite Calibration Targets - Google map of the locations of all targets, identified as Present, Damaged, or Missing. Remaining Corona Satellite Calibration Targets — Google map of 145 remaining markers which formed a grid, used from 1959 to 1972 to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
NPR, National Public Radio, October 11, 2016. - "Decades-Old Mystery Put To Rest: Why Are There X's In The Desert?" All points in OpenStreetMap | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Photogrammetric_Test_Range |
A world-system is a socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities. World-systems are usually larger than single states, but do not have to be global. The Westphalian System is the preeminen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
Where such interactions becomes significant, separate world-systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Through the process of globalization, the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in human history there have been periods where separate world-systems existed simultaneously, accordin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. In the modern world-system, the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (the periphery) to developed, industrialized core. World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-system, have temporal features. Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For example, the problem of underconsumption, wherein the drive-down of wages increases the profit for the capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run, the decreasing of wages ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, who has provided several definitions of what a world-system is, twice in 1974, first "...a system is defined as a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems." and second as "…a social system, one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
...there have been thus far only two varieties of world-systems: world-economies and world empires. A world-empire (examples, the Roman Empire, Han China) are large bureaucratic structures with a single political center and an axial division of labor, but multiple cultures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
A world-economy is a large axial division of labor with multiple political centers and multiple cultures." Thus, we can differentiate world-systems into politically unified (world-empires) and not unified (world-economies). Small, non-state units such as tribes are micro-systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
World system refers to the entire world, whereas world-system is its fragment - the largest unit of analysis that makes sense. Wallerstein stresses the importance of hyphen in the title: "... In English, the hyphen is essential to indicate these concepts. "World system" without a hyphen suggests that there has been onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
There is an ongoing debate among scholars whether we can talk about multiple world-systems. For those who support the multiple world-systems approach, there have been many world-systems throughout worlds history, some replacing others, as was the case when a multipolar world-system of the 13th-14th centuries was replac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-system |
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