Split (1)

train · 4.13M rows

text stringlengths 9 3.55k	source stringlengths 31 280
2020 Force Works #1–3 2020 Iron Age #1 2020 Ironheart #1–2 2020 Machine Man #1–2 2020 Rescue #1–2 2020 iWolverine #1–2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_2020_(event)
According to Comic Book Roundup, the entire crossover received an average score of 6.4 out of 10 based on 36 reviews. William Tucker from ButWhyTho Podcast stated "Iron Man 2020 #6 is an initially exciting end to a great event that eventually feels deflated. There is absolutely nothing wrong with the art, Woods has been incredible throughout, but the ending that Slott and Gage chose to round out an epic tale like this left me feeling cold. And while there were loads of enjoyable cameos, their involvement ultimately didn’t seem important to the story as a whole.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_2020_(event)
Which is disappointing, as the rest of the event really was a fun and exciting ride. "Anthony Wendel from MonkeysFightingRobots wrote "The 2020 event seems like it is taking some big risk, and it doesn’t inspire a lot of confidence from the start. Iron Man 2020 #1 has set the stakes and shown some very intense players on both sides of the board. Sadly, if it doesn’t unfold just the right way, many may feel cheated about defending the path characters are taking."	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_2020_(event)
LIBRIS (Library Information System) is a Swedish national union catalogue maintained by the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm. It is possible to freely search about 6.5 million titles nationwide.In addition to bibliographic records, one for each book or publication, LIBRIS also contains an authority file of people. For each person there is a record connecting name, birth and occupation with a unique identifier.The MARC Code for the Swedish Union Catalog is SE-LIBR, normalized: selibr.The development of LIBRIS can be traced to the mid-1960s. While rationalization of libraries had been an issue for two decades after World War II, it was in 1965 that a government committee published a report on the use of computers in research libraries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBRIS
The government budget of 1965 created a research library council (Forskningsbiblioteksrådet, FBR). A preliminary design document, Biblioteksadministrativt Information System (BAIS) was published in May 1970, and the name LIBRIS, short for Library Information System, was used for a technical subcommittee that started on 1 July 1970. The newsletter LIBRIS-meddelanden (ISSN 0348-1891) has been published since 1972 and is online since 1997.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIBRIS
The Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (WBIC) is a UK Biomedical Imaging Centre, located at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England, on the Cambridge Bio-Medical Campus at the southwestern end of Hills Road. It is a division of the Department of Clinical Neurosciences of the University of Cambridge. The Centre opened in 1996 with a GE PET scanner, followed soon after by a Bruker 3T MRI system.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson_Brain_Imaging_Centre
After a major programme of infrastructure investment and redevelopment, funded by the Medical Research Council and the University of Cambridge. The facilities now comprise a Siemens 7T Terra MRI scanner, a Siemens 3T PrismaFit scanner, a Siemens 3T SkyraFit scanner, a GE 3T PET/MR Signa scanner and a hyper-polariser system.Research conducted within the Centre falls broadly into the categorisations of positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance and radiochemistry. It also provides research platforms for neuroscience themes, including dementia, stroke and neurosurgery as well as cognitive neuroscience.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson_Brain_Imaging_Centre
Prof Ed Bullmore — Chairman and Clinical Director Prof Franklin I. Aigbirhio — Professor of Molecular Imaging Chemistry Dr T. Adrian Carpenter — Director of Magnetic Resonance Dr Tim D. Fryer — Director of PET Physics Dr Guy B. Williams — Director of Information Processing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson_Brain_Imaging_Centre
The Camphill Movement is an initiative for social change based on the principles of anthroposophy. Camphill communities are residential communities and schools that provide support for the education, employment, and daily lives of adults and children with developmental disabilities, mental health problems, or other special needs.There are over 100 Camphill communities in more than 20 countries across Europe, North America, Southern Africa and Asia.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_Movement
The movement was founded in 1939 at Kirkton House near Aberdeen by a group that included Austrian paediatrician Karl König. It was König's view that every human being possessed a healthy inner personality that was independent of their physical characteristics, including characteristics marking developmental or mental disability, and the role of the school was to recognize, nurture and educate this essential self. The communities' philosophy, anthroposophy, states that "a perfectly formed spirit and destiny belong to each human being." The underlying principles of König's Camphill school were derived from concepts of education and social life outlined decades earlier by anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925).Today there are over 100 communities worldwide, in more than 20 countries, mainly in Europe, but also in North America and Southern Africa.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_Movement
The Camphill Movement takes its name from Camphill Estate in the Milltimber area of Aberdeen, Scotland, where the Camphill pioneers moved to with their first community for children with special needs in June 1940. Camphill Estate is now a campus of Camphill School Aberdeen. There are six Camphills in the Aberdeen area. The Camphill School Aberdeen was noted in the HMI/Care Commission report for 2007 as meeting "very good" to "excellent" standards, The school also holds Autism Accreditation from the National Autistic Society.The Botton village received the Deputy Prime Minister's Award for Sustainable Communities in 2005; the award cited the community's dedication to the ethos of sustainability and mutual respect, as well as their concrete achievements in these areas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_Movement
Bitter Honey is a 2014 documentary film directed by anthropologist and filmmaker Robert Lemelson that chronicles the lives of three polygamous families living in Bali, Indonesia. The film follows the wives from their introduction to the polygamous lifestyle to the emotional hardships and jealousies to their struggle for empowerment and equal rights.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
Bitter Honey was directed by Robert Lemelson, an anthropologist and filmmaker with a doctorate from UCLA. Lemelson had originally been researching the 1998 mass rapes perpetrated during the economic crisis and the fall of the Suharto regime. Realizing that these acts were only one piece of the larger puzzle of gender inequality in Indonesia, Lemelson shifted his focus to domestic violence and particularly how it coincided with polygamous kinship forms. The film’s title refers to a regional play on words, as the local term for co-wife (madu) also translates to “honey.”The film was shot over a period of seven years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
Lemelson used this longitudinal approach to gain the trust of his subjects, saying, “We returned over and over so that people could see we weren’t just there to get data and never return.”The film is presented in thematic chapters, with each new section introduced by a traditional Wayang Kulit shadow-puppet performance about the issues surrounding polygamous unions. The filmmakers commissioned this performance for use in the film. In earlier cuts of “Bitter Honey”, the film had focused on the husbands in these polygamous arrangements, but Lemelson quickly realized that the more compelling story arose from examining how these marriages are experienced by the co-wives.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
The film follows the lives of three polygamous families living in Bali, Indonesia, where polygynous unions make up about 10% of households.The first is the family of Sadra, a fair trade craftsman with two wives and eight children living in separate compounds. Sadra’s main narrative thread concerns generational cycles of violence and his abusive relationship with his first wife and mother, and its effect on his children. At one point in the narrative, Sadra’s first wife requests the help of his boss and a local human rights lawyer to stage an intervention confronting Sadra about his abusive behavior.The second family is that of local thug and cockfight organizer, Darma.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
His five wives each describe how they were “tricked or badgered” into accepting a polygamous marriage and their efforts to come to terms with it. Darma frequently seeks sexual relationships outside of his marital bonds, including with sex workers—putting himself and his wives at risk of STD infection.The third family profiled is that of Sang Putu Tuaji, a powerful elderly man who was the leader of a local anti-communist militia. He had ten wives, five still living at the time of the film.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
The film opened in limited theatrical release in the United States on October 3, 2014.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
Review were generally positive. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 67% approval rating based on 9 reviews, and an average rating of 5.8 out of 10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews. "Reviewers praising the film for its objective illumination of cultural issues in relation to gender status in Indonesia.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
Many reviewers praised the film for its potential as an educational tool within Bali as well as in Western classrooms. Critics of the film believed it to be too narrow in its focus. Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote, “Intriguing enough in what it shows, Bitter Honey nonetheless frustrates for what it doesn’t.”	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Honey_(2014_film)
Merkez Park (English: Central Park) is a 33-hectare (82-acre) urban park that is located on both banks of the Seyhan River in Adana. The larger portion of the park, 30 hectares (74 acres), is on the west bank. Merkez Park starts just north of Sabancı Mosque and extends north to Galleria Shopping Mall. On the west of the park there is Fuzuli Street.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
On the east bank, the park starts north of the Sheraton Hotel (under construction) and extends north to the Acqualand Entertainment Center. On the east, the park is bordered with Hacı Sabancı Boulevard. Sinanpaşa and Yavuzlar footbridges connect both sections of the park.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
A large portion of the area of the west bank of today's Merkez Park was a citrus garden. South of the garden, there was a neighborhood of shanty homes. At the very south, just north of D-400 State road, there was the Central Bus Terminal on the river side, and the Archaeology Museum (which is still there) and a gas station on the street side. North of the garden up to the old dam, was a reserve land for floods which used to happen frequently until the 1950s.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
On the east bank, there was a neighborhood of shanty homes and a large area of vacant land. The idea to create a large urban park on the banks of the Seyhan River was first included in the city plan in 1988 by the mayor, Aytaç Durak. Named Merkez Park, it was planned to be built in an area from north of D-400 State road to the old dam.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
The project was presented to the public at the art gallery of the Municipal Hall. The first step to take was to relocate the Central Bus Terminal which was just north of D-400 State road. The Central Bus Terminal was moved to the west end of the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
At the 1989 local elections, Selahattin Çolak was elected mayor, and he reversed the project. Although river banks are zoned as construction-free areas by laws, a large shopping mall was approved for the area just south of the Demirköprü bridge. On the area north of Demirköprü, Selahattin Çolak built a large amphitheater, named Mimar Sinan Amphitheater.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
At the 1994 local elections, Aytaç Durak was elected mayor for a second term. He had to modify the original plan of Merkez Park due to the constructions in the project area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
The modified project resumed by re-zoning the neighborhood within the project area. There were around 100 homes in the area and demolition of the homes started in 1998. During this period, the Sinanpaşa footbridge was built to connect both banks of the Seyhan River.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Sabancı Mosque, at the corner of Seyhan bridge, was completed in 1998. Before the construction of Merkez Park, a citywide recreational pathway was completed on both banks of the Seyhan River. Park construction started by building the major pathway of the park from Galleria to Sabancı Mosque.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Citrus trees were completely removed and converted into multi-functional green areas. The gas station next to the Archaeology Museum was moved to another location and the park was extended towards Sabancı Mosque. An underground car park was built at the area between Sabancı Mosque and the museum. The ground was set as green area. The construction of the west bank of the park was fully completed in 2008.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Merkez Park is well landscaped and carries a wide variety of trees and plants in an open concept. There are 67 species of trees and bushes, 40 species of cactuses, aromatic and ground covering plants. The number of total plants exceed 400 thousand. Some of the plants that were brought from Italy are shaped as animal figures.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Within the park there are 12 ponds and a 2.2-hectare (5.4-acre) playground for children including the disabled. At the section for the youth there is a skating court, ground chess and mini amphitheater. Viewing terraces are built on a higher level and there are also circular shaped resting terraces.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
There are also 3 km (1.9 mi) running and cycling paths between the park and Fuzuli Street. A 2100-seat amphitheater at the north of the park hosts concerts and movie theatres.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Next to the amphitheater, there is a quay for river boats. A rowing club located inside Merkez Park provides rowing at the river. == References ==	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez_Park
Conversation analysis (CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction that empirically investigates the mechanisms by which humans achieve mutual understanding. It focuses on both verbal and non-verbal conduct, especially in situations of everyday life. CA originated as a sociological method, but has since spread to other fields. CA began with a focus on casual conversation, but its methods were subsequently adapted to embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices, courts, law enforcement, helplines, educational settings, and the mass media, and focus on multimodal and nonverbal activity in interaction, including gaze, body movement and gesture. As a consequence, the term conversation analysis has become something of a misnomer, but it has continued as a term for a distinctive and successful approach to the analysis of interactions. CA and ethnomethodology are sometimes considered one field and referred to as EMCA.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Conversation analysis was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s principally by the sociologist Harvey Sacks and his close associates Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. : ix–lxii Sacks was inspired by Harold Garfinkel's ethnomethodology and Erving Goffman's conception of what came to be known as the interaction order, but also a number of minor sources of contemporary influences such as the generativism of Noam Chomsky and its focus on building an apparatus. : xxi, xxxvi The speech act theory of John Searle was a parallel development rather than influencing or influenced by CA. : xxiv Today CA is an established method used in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology, and has developed subfields such as interactional sociolinguistics and interactional linguistics, discourse analysis and discursive psychology.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
The method consists of detailed qualitative analysis of stretches of interaction between a number of people, often with accompanied by a detailed transcription. Most studies rely on a collection of cases, often from different interactions with different people, but some studies also focus on a single-case analysis. Crucially, the method uses the fact that interaction consists of multiple participants and that they make sense of each other, so the method proceeds by considering e.g. how one turn by a specific participant displays an understanding of the previous turn by another participant (or other earlier interaction). This is commonly referred to as the next-turn proof procedure even though proof is not to be taken literally.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Research questions revolve around participants' orientation, that is, what features (linguistic or other) that cues people to respond in certain ways and influence the trajectory of an interaction. A key part of the method are deviant cases in collections, as they show that when a participant does not follow a norm, the interaction is affected in a way that reveals the existence of the norm in focus.The data used in CA is in the form of video- or audio-recorded conversations, collected with or without researchers' involvement, typically from a video camera or other recording device in the space where the conversation takes place (e.g. a living room, picnic, or doctor's office). The researchers construct detailed transcriptions from the recordings, containing as much detail as is possible.The transcription often contains additional information about nonverbal communication and the way people say things.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Jeffersonian transcription is a commonly used method of transcription and nonverbal details are often transcribed according to Mondadan conventions by Lorenza Mondada.After transcription, the researchers perform inductive data-driven analysis aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the analysis, the researchers identify regularities, rules or models to describe these patterns, enhancing, modifying or replacing initial hypotheses. While this kind of inductive analysis based on collections of data exhibits is basic to fundamental work in CA, it has been more common in recent years to also use statistical analysis in applications of CA to solve problems in medicine and elsewhere. While conversation analysis provides a method of analysing conversation, this method is informed by an underlying theory of what features of conversation are meaningful and the meanings that are likely implied by these features. Additionally there is a body of theory about how to interpret conversation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Conversation analysis provides a model that can be used to understand interactions, and offers a number of concepts to describe them. The following section contains important concepts and phenomena identified in the conversation analytical literature, and will refer to articles that are centrally concerned with the phenomenon. A conversation is viewed as a collection of turns of speaking; errors or misunderstandings in speech are addressed with repairs, and turns may be marked by the delay between them or other linguistic features.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
The analysis of turn-taking started with the description in a model in the paper known as the Simplest Systematics, which was very programmatic for the field of Conversation analysis and one of the most cited papers published in the journal Language.The model is designed to explain that when people talk in conversation, they do not always talk all at the same time, but generally, one person speaks at a time, and then another person can follow. Such a contribution to a conversation by one speaker is then a turn. A turn is created through certain forms or units that listeners can recognize and count on, called turn construction units (TCUs), and speakers and listeners will know that such forms can be a word or a clause, and use that knowledge to predict when a speaker is finished so that others can speak, to avoid or minimize both overlap and silence.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
A listener will look for the places where they can start speaking - so-called transition relevant places (TRPs) - based on how the units appear over time. Turn construction units can be created or recognized via four methods, i.e. types of unit design: Grammatical methods, i.e. morphosyntactic structures.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Prosodic methods, e.g. pitch, speed and changes in pronunciation. Pragmatic methods: turns perform actions, and at the point where listeners have heard enough and know enough, a turn can be pragmatically complete. Visual methods: Gesture, gaze and body movement is also used to indicate that a turn is over.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
For example, a person speaking looks at the next speaker when their turn is about to end.Each time a turn is over, speakers also have to decide who can talk next, and this is called turn allocation. The rules for turn allocation is commonly formulated in the same way as in the original Simplest Systematics paper, with 2 parts where the first consists of 3 elements: a. If the current speaker selects a next one to speak at the end of current TCU (by name, gaze or contextual aspects of what is said), the selected speaker has the right and obligation to speak next. b. If the current speaker does not select a next speaker, other potential speakers have the right to self-select (the first starter gets the turn) c. If options 1a and 1b have not been implemented, current speaker may continue with another TCU.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
At the end of that TCU, the option system applies again.Based on the turn-taking system, three types of silence may be distinguished: Pause: A period of silence within a speaker's TCU, i.e. during a speaker's turn when a sentence is not finished. Gap: A period of silence between turns, for example after a question has been asked and not yet answered Lapse: A period of silence when no sequence or other structured activity is in progress: the current speaker stops talking, does not select a next speaker, and no one self selects. Lapses are commonly associated with visual or other forms of disengagement between speakers, even if these periods are brief.Some types of turns may require extra work before they can successfully take place.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Speakers wanting a long turn, for example to tell a story or describe important news, must first establish that others will not intervene during the course of the telling through some form of preface and approval by the listener (a so-called go-ahead). The preface and its associated go-ahead comprise a pre-sequence. Conversations cannot be appropriately ended by 'just stopping', but require a special closing sequence.The model also leaves puzzles to be solved, for example concerning how turn boundaries are identified and projected, and the role played by gaze and body orientation in the management of turn-taking. It also establishes some questions for other disciplines: for example, the split second timing of turn-transition sets up a cognitive 'bottle neck' in which potential speakers must attend to incoming speech while also preparing their own contribution - something which imposes a heavy load of human processing capacity, and which may impact the structure of languages.However, the original formulation in Sacks et al. 1974 is designed to model turn-taking only in ordinary and informal conversation, and not interaction in more specialized, institutional environments such as meetings, courts, news interviews, mediation hearings, which have distinctive turn-taking organizations that depart in various ways from ordinary conversation. Later studies has looked at institutional interaction and turn-taking in institutional contexts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Talk tends to occur in responsive pairs; however, the pairs may be split over a sequence of turns. Adjacency pairs divide utterance types into first pair parts and second pair parts to form a pair type. There are many examples of adjacency pairs including Questions-Answers, Offer-Acceptance/Refusal and Compliment-Response.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Sequence expansion allows talk which is made up of more than a single adjacency pair to be constructed and understood as performing the same basic action and the various additional elements are as doing interactional work related to the basic action underway.Sequence expansion is constructed in relation to a base sequence of a first pair part (FPP) and a second pair part (SPP) in which the core action underway is achieved. It can occur prior to the base FPP, between the base FPP and SPP, and following the base SPP. 1.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Pre-expansion: an adjacency pair that may be understood as preliminary to the main course of action. A generic pre-expansion is a summon-answer adjacency pair, as in "Mary? "/ "Yes?	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
".It is generic in the sense that it does not contribute to any particular types of base adjacency pair, such as request or suggestion. There are other types of pre-sequence that work to prepare the interlocutors for the subsequent speech action. For example, "Guess what!"/"What?"	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
as preliminary to an announcement of some sort, or "What are you doing? "/"Nothing" as preliminary to an invitation or a request. 2.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Insert expansion: an adjacency pair that comes between the FPP and SPP of the base adjacency pair. Insert expansions interrupt the activity under way, but are still relevant to that action. Insert expansion allows a possibility for a second speaker, the speaker who must produce the SPP, to do interactional work relevant to the projected SPP.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
An example of this would be a typical conversation between a customer and a shopkeeper: Customer: I would like a turkey sandwich, please. (FPP base) Server: White or wholegrain? (Insert FPP) Customer: Wholegrain.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
(Insert SPP) Server: Okay. (SPP base)3. Post-expansion: a turn or an adjacency pair that comes after, but is still tied to, the base adjacency pair.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
There are two types: minimal and non-minimal. Minimal expansion is also termed sequence closing thirds, because it is a single turn after the base SPP (hence third) that does not project any further talk beyond their turn (hence closing). Examples of sequence closing thirds include "oh", "I see", "okay", etc.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
CA may reveal structural (i.e. practice-underwritten) preferences in conversation for some types of actions (within sequences of action) over others, as responses in certain sequential environments. For example, responsive actions which agree with, or accept, positions taken by a first action tend to be performed more straightforwardly and faster than actions that disagree with, or decline, those positions. The former is termed a preferred turn shape, meaning the turn is not preceded by silence nor is it produced with delays, mitigation and accounts. The latter is termed a dispreferred turn shape, which describes a turn with opposite characteristics. One consequence of this is that agreement and acceptance are promoted over their alternatives, and are more likely to be the outcome of the sequence. Pre-sequences are also a component of preference organization and contribute to this outcome.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Repair organization describes how parties in conversation deal with problems in speaking, hearing, or understanding, and there are various mechanisms through which certain "troubles" in interaction are dealt with. Repair segments are classified by who initiates repair (self or other), by who resolves the problem (self or other), and by how it unfolds within a turn or a sequence of turns. The organization of repair is also a self-righting mechanism in social interaction. Participants in conversation seek to correct the trouble source by initiating and preferring self repair, the speaker of the trouble source, over other repair. Self repair initiations can be placed in three locations in relation to the trouble source, in a first turn, a transition space or in a third turn.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Turns in interaction implement actions, and a specific turn may perform one (or more) specific actions. The study of action focuses on the description of the practices by which turns at talk are composed and positioned so as to realize one or more actions. This could include openings and closings of conversations, assessments, storytelling, and complaints. Focus is both on how those actions are formed through linguistic or other activity (the formation of action) and how they are understood (the ascription of action to turns). The study of action also concerns the ways in which the participants’ knowledge, relations, and stances towards the ongoing interactional projects are created, maintained, and negotiated, and thus the intersubjectivity of how people interact. The concept of action within CA resembles, but is different from the concept of speech act in other fields of pragmatics.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Gail Jefferson developed a system of transcription while working with Harvey Sacks. In this system, speakers are introduced with a name followed by a colon, as conventionally used in scripts. It is designed to use typographical and orthographical conventions used elsewhere, rather than a strict phonetic system such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. The transcription conventions take into account overlapping speech, delays between speech, pitch, volume and speed based on research showing that these features matter for the conversation in terms of action, turn-taking and more.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Transcripts are typically written in a monospaced font to ease the alignment of overlap symbols. There are various transcription systems based on the jeffersonian conventions with slight differences. Galina Bolden has designed a system for transcribing Russian conversations while Samtalegrammatik.dk uses their own system for Danish. GAT2 (Gesprächsanalytisches Transskriptionssystem 2) was also designed originally for German and to systematize the way some of the prosodic features are handled. The TalkBank also has its own system designed for use with its CLAN (CHILDES Language Analyzer) software.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Interactional linguistics (IL) is Conversation analysis when the focus is on linguistic structure. While CA has worked with language in its data since the beginning, the interest in the structure of it, and possible relations to grammatical theory, was sometimes secondary to sociological (or ethnomethodological) research questions. The field developed during the 90's and got its name with the publication of the 2001 Studies in Interactional Linguistics and is inspired by West Coast functional grammar which is sometimes considered to have effectively merged with IL since then, but has also gained inspiration from British phoneticians doing prosodic analysis.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Levinson's former department on Language and Cognition at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics has been important in connecting CA and IL with linguistic typology. : 11 Interactional linguistics has studied topics within syntax, phonetics and semantics as they relate to e.g. action and turn-taking. There is a journal called Interactional Linguistics.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Discursive psychology (DP) is the use of CA on psychological themes, and studies how psychological phenomena are attended to, understood and construed in interaction. The subfield formed through studies by Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell, most notably their 1987 book Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Membership categorization analysis (MCA) was influenced by the work of Harvey Sacks and his work on Membership Categorization Devices (MCD). Sacks argues that members' categories comprise part of the central machinery of organization and developed the notion of MCD to explain how categories can be hearably linked together by native speakers of a culture. His example that is taken from a children's storybook (The baby cried. The mommy picked it up) shows how "mommy" is interpreted as the mother of the baby by speakers of the same culture. In light of this, categories are inference rich – a great deal of knowledge that members of a society have about the society is stored in terms of these categories. Stokoe further contends that members’ practical categorizations form part of ethnomethodology's description of the ongoing production and realization of ‘facts’ about social life and including members’ gendered reality analysis, thus making CA compatible with feminist studies.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
In contrast to the use of introspection in linguistics, conversation analysis studies naturally-occurring talk in a strongly empirical fashion through the use of recordings In contrast to the theory developed by John Gumperz, CA maintains it is possible to analyze talk-in-interaction by examining its recordings alone (audio for telephone, video for copresent interaction). CA researchers do not believe that the researcher needs to consult with the talk participants or members of their speech community. It is distinct from discourse analysis in focus and method. (i) Its focus is on processes involved in social interaction and does not include written texts or larger sociocultural phenomena (for example, 'discourses' in the Foucauldian sense).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
(ii) Its method, following Garfinkel and Goffman's initiatives, is aimed at determining the methods and resources that the interacting participants use and rely on to produce interactional contributions and make sense of the contributions of others. Thus CA is neither designed for, nor aimed at, examining the production of interaction from a perspective that is external to the participants' own reasoning and understanding about their circumstances and communication. Rather the aim is to model the resources and methods by which those understandings are produced. In considering methods of qualitative analysis, Braun and Clarke distinguish thematic analysis from conversation analysis and discourse analysis, viewing thematic analysis to be theory agnostic while conversation analysis and discourse analysis are considered to be based on theories.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Conversation analysis is used in various context leading to a number of different fields benefitting from conversation analytic findings. This includes the study of doctor-patient interactions, media interviews, second-language acquisition, and various institutional settings. For instance, Tanya Stivers studied the pressures that lead to doctors prescribing antibiotics. A focus on interaction in professional contexts was established by the 1992 book Talk at Work by Paul Drew and John Heritage.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Conversation analysis has been criticized for not being able to address issues of power and inequality in society at large. Another point of critique is the focus on single-case analysis and the generalizability of collection-based descriptions has been questioned. : 1024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis
Queen Bees and Wannabes is a 2002 book for parents by Rosalind Wiseman. It focuses on the ways in which girls in high schools form cliques, and on patterns of aggressive teenage girl behavior and how to deal with them. The book was, in large part, the basis for the film Mean Girls (2004) starring Lindsay Lohan. The book's third edition was published in 2016.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Bees_and_Wannabes
Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the different theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing money and considers its functions (such as medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account), and it considers how money can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good. The discipline has historically prefigured, and remains integrally linked to, macroeconomics. This branch also examines the effects of monetary systems, including regulation of money and associated financial institutions and international aspects.Modern analysis has attempted to provide microfoundations for the demand for money and to distinguish valid nominal and real monetary relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the aggregate demand for output. Its methods include deriving and testing the implications of money as a substitute for other assets and as based on explicit frictions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
The foundational concept of any modern theory of money is the understanding that the value of fiat money depends upon exchange and not weight (compare with the Arrow-Debreu model).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
Traditionally, research areas in monetary economics have included: Empirical determinants and measurement of the money supply, whether narrowly, broadly, or index-aggregated, in relation to economic activity Empirical determinants of the demand for money. Credit theory of money (also called debt theory of money), concerning the relationship between credit and money. Debt deflation and balance-sheet theories, which hypothesize that over-extension of credit associated with a subsequent asset-price fall generate business fluctuations through the wealth effect on net worth. Monetary aspects studied by central banks. The monetary/fiscal policy relationship to macroeconomic stability The effect of money supply growth on inflation. The political economy of financial regulation and monetary policy Monetary implications of the asset-price/macroeconomic relation: the quantity theory of money, monetarism, and the importance and stability of the relation between the money supply and interest rates, the price level, and nominal and real output of an economy.Monetary impacts on interest rates and the term structure of interest rates Lessons of monetary/financial historyTransmission mechanisms of monetary policy as to the macroeconomy Neutrality of money vs. money illusion as to a change in the money supply, price level, or inflation on output Tests, testability, and implications of rational-expectations theory as to changes in output or inflation from monetary policy Monetary implications of imperfect and asymmetric information and fraudulent financeGame theory as a modeling paradigm for monetary and financial institutions Possible advantages of following a monetary-policy rule to avoid inefficiencies of time inconsistency from discretionary policy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of credit, cheques, promissory notes, savings accounts, transactional accounts, loaning, trusts, exchange rates, the transfer of credit and debt, and banking institutions for loans and deposits.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
In the Indian subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a rupiya, weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
The term is from rūpya, a Sanskrit term for silver coin, from Sanskrit rūpa, beautiful form.The imperial taka was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1329. It was modeled as representative money, a concept pioneered as paper money by the Mongols in China and Persia. The tanka was minted in copper and brass.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.Both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
Until the middle of the 20th century, Tibet's official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.Serious interest in the concepts behind money occurred during the dramatic period of inflation in the late 15th to early 17th centuries known as the Price Revolution, during which the value of gold fell precipitously, sometimes fluctuating wildly, because of the importation of gold from the New World, primarily by Spain.At the end of this period, the first modern texts on monetary economics were beginning to appear. During the eighteenth century, the concept of banknotes became more common in Europe. David Hume referred to it as "this new invention of paper".In 1705, John Law in Scotland published Money and Trade Considered, which examined the failure of metal-based money during the previous hundred and fifty years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
He proposed replacing that system with a land bank system of paper money based on the value of real estate. He succeeded in getting this proposal implemented. However, his bank failed due to a bubble of speculation collapsing into extreme inflation; perhaps because he failed to take the lessons of the Spanish Price Revolution seriously.In 1720, Isaac Gervaise wrote The System or Theory of the Trade of the World.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
He criticised mercantilism and state-supported credit for the inflation problems of his era.Della Moneta, was published by Ferdinando Galiani in 1751, and is arguably the first modern text on economic theory. It was printed twenty-five years before Adam Smith's more famous book, The Wealth of Nations, which touched on some of the same topics. Della Moneta covered many modern monetary concepts, including the value, origin, and regulation of money.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
It carefully examined the possible causes for money's value to fluctuate. The year following, 1752, Of the Balance of Trade was published by Hume. He argued that one need not worry about the import or export of goods creating a surplus or shortage of either money or goods because an excess or shortage of money will always increase or decrease demand until equilibrium is reached. In modern economic terms, this is as equilibration through the price-specie flow mechanism.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics
TERMIUM Plus is an electronic linguistic and terminological database operated and maintained by the Translation Bureau of Public Services and Procurement Canada, a department of the federal government. The database offers millions of terms in English and French from various specialized fields, as well as some in Spanish and Portuguese.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
TERMIUM Plus was initially developed by the Université de Montréal in October 1970, under the name Banque de Terminologie de l’Université de Montréal (BTUM). : 509 The database was under the direction of Marcel Paré, with a vision to produce the most flexible bilingual language file that would be available to all. BTUM was initially funded by private donors and government subsidies, subsequently growing with the help of professionals in the field of translation over the following years.At the end of 1974, however, the Translation Bureau under the Secretary of State for Canada's department showed interest in the operation of BTUM. : 594 The goal of the Bureau at the time was to standardize terminology throughout the public service, as well as the federal public administration.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
: 235 In 1975, the BTUM was able to obtain data and user responses in collaboration with the language services of Bell Canada. : 509 In January 1976, the Secretary of State officially acquired BTUM, and renamed the database TERMIUM (TERMInologie Université de Montréal). : 509 The system was then transferred to the central computer of the federal government in Ottawa, and began to integrate approximately 175,000 files that the BTUM initially compiled with the files that the Translation Bureau had been working on. : 509 In the years to follow, the Bureau began the sorting process, along with the input process onto the computer. The database grew to 900,000 records by 1987.: 509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
As terminological records grew in the TERMIUM database, the Canadian government received a proposal in 1985 from a Toronto-based company to launch TERMIUM in a CD-ROM format, in order to make the database more accessible to users. : 595 By fall of 1987, a pilot project for CD-ROM was launched to investigate the responses from its users, which included services under the Translation Bureau and other private Canadian companies. : 595 After some data compilation and investigation, the Bureau incorporated an indexing system to improve the speed and accuracy of term extraction. By 1990, TERMIUM on CD-ROM was commercially available through subscription (with an annual fee of $1,100 to $1,500).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
Updates were released every three to four months. : 512 In 1996, TERMIUM on CD-ROM received an award from ATIO (the Association of Translators and Interpreters of Ontario). In October 2009, TERMIUM Plus and an array of language tools under the Language Portal of Canada were launched with free online access.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
TERMIUM was initially developed to contain terminological records in both of Canada’s official languages (English and French). : 510 As the system upgraded to its third-generation version in 1985, it contained records in other languages such as Spanish, in order to accommodate its growing range of users. : 111 It is worth noting, however, that in these “multilingual” records, the term in the source language would be in English or French, with its equivalent in a non-official language. : 237 Currently, there is a vast collection of specialized domains and fields covered by TERMIUM Plus, ranging from administration (including appellations), arts, sciences to law and justice. Aside from the millions of entries recorded by TERMIUM Plus, the database also contains writing tools for both the English and French language (such as The Canadian Style, a writing style guide; and Dictionnaire des cooccurrences, a guide to French collocations), archived glossaries, as well as a link to the Language Portal of Canada (containing various French and English writing resources).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERMIUM_Plus
Youth Without Youth is a 2007 fantasy drama film written, produced, and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, based on the novella of the same name by Romanian author Mircea Eliade. The film is a co-production between the United States, Romania, France, Italy and Germany. It was the first film that Coppola had directed in ten years, since 1997's The Rainmaker. The film opens in 1938, with an elderly Romanian professor contemplating suicide.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
He is struck by lightning, and consequently finds himself rejuvenated. He subsequently develops psychic powers, which attract the attention of Nazi agents. He flees to Switzerland, where he meets a reincarnation of his past lover.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
He discovers information both about her various past incarnations, and about the evolutionary potential of humanity. The film premiered at the 2007 Rome Film Festival. It was distributed through Sony Pictures Classics in the United States (where it was released on December 14, 2007) and by Pathé Distribution in France. The music was composed by Argentinian classical composer Osvaldo Golijov. In an interview, Coppola said that he made the film as a meditation on time and on consciousness, which he considers a "changing tapestry of illusion", but he stated that the film may also be appreciated as a beautiful love story, or as a mystery.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
In 1938, Dominic Matei is a 70-year-old professor of linguistics. He is pining after the love of his youth, Laura. He subsequently travels to Bucharest, the city where he and she met at university. Feeling that his fruitless search for the origin of human language has condemned him to a solitary, wasted life, Dominic is intent on committing suicide after this one last journey.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
However, he is abruptly yet non-lethally struck by lightning while crossing the street. In hospital, Professor Stanciulescu informs Dominic that, much to both their surprises, the lightning appears to have regenerated him into a much younger man. Soon after, while residing at the Professor's home, Dominic also discovers that he possesses strange, psychic capacities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
As Romania is invaded by Nazi Germany, Doktor Josef Rudolf begins to show an interest in Stanciulescu's miracle patient. Since Dominic's budding powers have blurred his perception of reality, he is bamboozled into mistaking a Nazi spy known only as the Woman in Room Six for an erotic fantasy. They spend their nights together, and she discovers that he has developed a talent for speaking in tongues.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
Meanwhile, invisible to human eyes, an alternate persona presents itself to Dominic as his "Other" from outside space and time. When Dominic asks for proof, the "Other" obliges by bringing him two roses out of nowhere. Unbeknownst to Dominic, Stanciulescu has witnessed the event and overhears his friend ask himself, "Where do you want me to put the third rose?"	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
Understanding the Nazis' designs, Stanciulescu persuades Dominic to escape from Romania. Living like a spy, Dominic eventually winds up in Switzerland towards the end of World War II. There he is confronted by Doktor Rudolf at gunpoint in an alleyway.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
Rudolf argues that Dominic's existence supports the Nazis' ideal of the superman, and that the coming nuclear conflicts can only be survived by a superior species of man. In the background, the "Other" confirms this to be the case. However, in refusing to cooperate, Dominic manifests telekinetic powers which manipulate Rudolf into shooting himself.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
Subsequently, Dominic returns to a normal existence and resumes his linguistic research. Having realised that the lightning strike has partially lent him the capacities and knowledge of future humanity, he develops a secret language for his audio diary, to be deciphered long after the nuclear apocalypse. Many years later, Dominic encounters a woman named Veronica while hiking in the Alps.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
The "Other" reveals her to be the reincarnation of Laura. When the mountains are hit by a violent thunderstorm, Dominic rushes to her rescue and finds her chanting in Sanskrit, which he greets her with to gain her trust. During her stay in hospital, Veronica now identifies herself as "Rupini", one of the first disciples of the Buddha.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
Suspecting she may now be afflicted with a condition similar to his own, Dominic calls the Roman College of Oriental Studies for aid. Its representatives inform him that Rupini's last act in life was to retire into a cave for meditation on enlightenment. Since the cave's location is unknown, the scholars, led by Professor Giuseppe Tucci, agree to fund an expedition to find it in India.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
They hope that Veronica's past self will guide them. The venture proves a success when a local Boddhisatva recognises "Rupini" and directs her to the place of meditation. Following this discovery, Veronica becomes herself again and falls for Dominic.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
The couple elope to Malta, where for a time, they live happily together. Dominic eventually tells Veronica in her sleep that he has always loved her. This causes Veronica to writhe in bed as if possessed.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)
She begins chanting in a language which he does not understand. The "Other" explains that she is speaking in the ancient Egyptian language, having travelled further back along the path of her past selves. For the next two weeks, Dominic learns how to control this state in Veronica.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Without_Youth_(film)

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.