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However, reception of his theories in the West remains limited, due in part to linguistic barriers. Mukařovský proposed to understand the literary work as a complex form. He distinguished four basic functions of language: the representative, expressive, appellative and the "aesthetic" function (Mukařovský 1938). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mukařovský |
Karl Bühler had introduced the first three functions in the "Theory of Language" (Bühler 1934) and Mukařovský added the fourth. Emphasis on the aesthetic is also reflected in his fundamental essays on the question: What is art? In "Art as Semiotic Fact," Mukařovský emphasized two characteristics of the artwork: The aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mukařovský |
Dějiny české literatury (1959–1961), history of Czech literature, chief editor, three volumes Studien zur strukturalistischen Ästhetik und Poetik (1974) On Poetic Language (1976), translated by John Burbank and Peter Steiner The Word and Verbal Art: Selected Essays (1977), translated and edited by John Burbank and Pete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mukařovský |
Mathematical Reviews is a journal published by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that contains brief synopses, and in some cases evaluations, of many articles in mathematics, statistics, and theoretical computer science. The AMS also publishes an associated online bibliographic database called MathSciNet which co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
Mathematical Reviews was founded by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1940 as an alternative to the German journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik, which Neugebauer had also founded a decade earlier, but which under the Nazis had begun censoring reviews by and of Jewish mathematicians. The goal of the new journal was to give reviews o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
The authors of reviews are volunteers, usually chosen by the editors because of some expertise in the area of the article. It and Zentralblatt für Mathematik are the only comprehensive resources of this type. (The Mathematics section of Referativny Zhurnal is available only in Russian and is smaller in scale and diffic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
Often reviews give detailed summaries of the contents of the paper, sometimes with critical comments by the reviewer and references to related work. However, reviewers are not encouraged to criticize the paper, because the author does not have an opportunity to respond. The author's summary may be quoted when it is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
Only bibliographic information may be given when a work is in an unusual language, when it is a brief paper in a conference volume, or when it is outside the primary scope of the Reviews. Originally the reviews were written in several languages, but later an "English only" policy was introduced. Selected reviews (calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
In 1980, all the contents of Mathematical Reviews since 1940 were integrated into an electronic searchable database. Eventually the contents became part of MathSciNet, which was officially launched in 1996. MathSciNet also has extensive citation information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
Mathematical Reviews computes a mathematical citation quotient (MCQ) for each journal. Like the impact factor and other similar citation rates, this is a numerical statistic that measures the frequency of citations to a journal. The MCQ is calculated by counting the total number of citations into the journal that have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
Current Mathematical Publications was a subject index in print format that published the newest and upcoming mathematical literature, chosen and indexed by Mathematical Reviews editors. It covered the period from 1965 until 2012, when it was discontinued. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient |
The New Caledonian crow (Corvus moneduloides) is a medium-sized member of the family Corvidae, native to New Caledonia. The bird is often referred to as the 'qua-qua' due to its distinctive call. It eats a wide range of food, including many types of invertebrates, eggs, nestlings, small mammals, snails, nuts and seeds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
The New Caledonian crow sometimes captures grubs in nooks or crevices by poking a twig at the grub to agitate it into biting the twig, which the crow then withdraws with the grub still attached. This method of feeding indicates the New Caledonian crow is capable of tool use. They are also able to make hooks. This speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
The New Caledonian crow is a moderate-sized crow (40 centimetres (16 in) in length), similar in size to the house crow, but less slender-looking. The bird has an all-black appearance with a rich gloss to its feathers of purple, dark blue and some green in good light. The beak, feet and legs are all black. The beak is m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
The bird is endemic to the islands of New Caledonia in the Pacific, living in primary forest. It inhabits only the main island, Grande Terre, and one of the Loyalty Islands, Maré Island. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
The New Caledonian crow eats a wide range of food, including many types of insects and other invertebrates (some caught in flight with great agility, including night-flying insects which it catches at dusk), eggs and nestlings, small mammals, snails (which it drops from a height onto hard stones), and various nuts and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
The crow then withdraws the tool with prey still attached, and devours the prey. Grubs caught in this way have been shown to be an integral part of the crows' diet. The New Caledonian crow appears to fill the ecological niche of the woodpeckers and the woodpecker finch of the Galapagos, since the latter and New Caledon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
This species uses stick tools in the wild by finding small twigs and probing them into holes in logs to extract insects and larvae. New Caledonian crows are also able to manufacture tools by breaking twigs off bushes and trimming them to produce functional stick tools. Tool manufacture is rare in comparison to simple t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
leaves. The creation of such leaf tools allows these crows to exploit naturally occurring hooks – the barbs running along the edges of these leaves can be used as hooks if the tool is held such that the barbs point towards the crows’ head. Other naturally occurring hooks are also incorporated within tools, such as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
These crows create hooks by crafting both wood and ferns into hooks. This is done by trimming the junctions between two branches or fern stolons into a tick shape (i.e. one junction has a long piece of wood/stolon attached, one junction has a small piece of wood /stolon attached) and then removing material from this ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
This species has a particular method for crafting tools:Crows snip into the leaf edges and then tear out neat strips of vegetation with which they can probe insect-harboring crevices. These tools have been observed to come in three types: narrow strips, wide strips and multi-stepped strips—which are wide at one end and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
That is, this species appear to have invented new tools by modifying existing ones, then passing these innovations to other individuals in the cultural group. Gavin R. Hunt and colleagues at the University of Auckland studied tools the crows make out of pandanus (or screw pine) leaves. Observations of the distribution ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
"The geographical distribution of each tool type on the island suggests a unique origin, rather than multiple independent inventions". This implies that the inventions, which involve a delicate change in the manufacturing process, were being passed from one individual to another.The New Caledonian crow also spontaneous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
When Abel made off with the hooked wire, Betty bent the straight wire into a hook and used the tool to lift a small bucket of food from a vertical pipe. This experiment was the first time the crows had been presented with wire. This observation was further investigated in a series of studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
Out of ten successful retrievals, Betty bent the wire into a hook nine times. Abel retrieved the food once, without bending the wire. The process would usually start with Betty trying to get the food bucket with the straight wire, but then she would make a hook from it bending it in different ways, usually by snagging ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
Clearly, Betty's creation of hooks cannot be attributed to the shaping or reinforcement of trial-and-error behavior. In 2004, Hunt observed the crows in the wild also making hooks, but the adaptation to the new material of the wire was clearly novel and appeared purposeful. Intentional tool manufacture, even if it is g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
Meta-tool use is using one tool on another tool to achieve the objective of the task. It is generally considered to be a behaviour requiring more complex cognitive ability than the use of just a single tool. Studies show that New Caledonian crows are capable of meta-tool use, at a level rivalling the best performances ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
However, this short stick could be used to retrieve a longer stick from another box, which could then be used to retrieve the food. This complex behaviour involved the crow realising that a tool could be used on non-food objects, and suppressing the urge to go directly for the food. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
It was solved by six of seven birds on the first attempt. This behaviour had previously only been observed in primates. In a study conducted at the Max Planck Society crows have been shown to create compound tools from 2–4 short branches that could be slotted together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
New Caledonian crows have shown they are able to process information from mirrors, a cognitive ability possessed by only a small number of species. By using a mirror, wild-caught New Caledonian crows are able to find objects they cannot see with a direct line of sight. However, the crows were unable to recognise themse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_crow |
Dr. Leslie A. Zebrowitz is a social psychologist who studies the effects of the way people look on others' attitudes towards them. Her research has shown conclusively that babyfaced and angularly faced individuals are viewed differently. Among the effects, babyfaced individuals are seen as physically weaker, more submi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Zebrowitz |
Zebrowitz is Professor Emerita of Social Relations at Brandeis University. She received her Ph.D. from Yale University in 1970. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Zebrowitz |
1GOAL Education for All campaign is run by the Education Week Foundation (India). Working with football and the footballing community, 1GOAL raises public awareness and involvement in achieving education for all the 67 million children out of school worldwide. It is supported by over 200 international footballers; over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1GOAL_Education_for_All |
Alongside Queen Rania, it is co-chaired by FIFA President Sepp Blatter and Nobel prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu.It campaigns to secure schooling for some 67 million children worldwide in accordance with the Millennium Goal Promise of education for all by 2015. There are several barriers to achieving universal p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1GOAL_Education_for_All |
Football is helping make something very special happen," says ambassador Anthony Baffoe of Ghana.By September 2010, 18 million people had joined 1GOAL. During the UN Millennium Development Goals Review Summit, held in New York, 20–22 September 2010, Queen Rania delivered this petition directly to UN Secretary General, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1GOAL_Education_for_All |
The history of the domestic sheep goes back to between 11,000 and 9,000 BC, and the domestication of the wild mouflon in ancient Mesopotamia. Sheep are among the first animals to have been domesticated by humans. These sheep were primarily raised for meat, milk, and skins. Woolly sheep began to be developed around 6000... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The exact line of descent between domestic sheep and their wild ancestors is unclear. The most common hypothesis states that Ovis aries is descended from the Asiatic (O. orientalis) species of mouflon. : 5 A few breeds of sheep, such as the Castlemilk Moorit from Scotland, were formed through crossbreeding with wild Eu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Further studies comparing European and Asian breeds of sheep showed significant genetic differences between the two. Two explanations for this phenomenon have been posited. The first is that there is a currently unknown species or subspecies of wild sheep that contributed to the formation of domestic sheep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The second explanation is that this variation is the result of multiple waves of capture from wild mouflon, similar to the known development of other livestock.One chief difference between ancient sheep and modern breeds is the technique by which wool could be collected. Primitive sheep can be shorn, but many can have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The fleece may also be collected from the field after it falls out naturally. This rooing trait survives today in unrefined breeds such as the Soay and many Shetlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Indeed, the Soay, along with other Northern European breeds with short tails, naturally rooing fleece, diminutive size, and horns in both sexes, are closely related to ancient sheep. Originally, weaving and spinning wool was a handicraft practiced at home, rather than an industry. Babylonians, Sumerians, and Persians a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The raising of flocks for their fleece was one of the earliest industries, and flocks were a medium of exchange in barter economies. Numerous biblical figures kept large flocks, and subjects of the king of Judea were taxed according to the number of rams they owned. : 7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated by humans (although the domestication of dogs may be over 20,000 years earlier); the domestication date is estimated to fall between 11,000 and 8,000 BC in Mesopotamia. : 4: 11–14: 2 They may have been domesticated independently in Mehrgarh in South Asia (in present... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
: 167 Feral sheep do exist, but exclusively in areas devoid of large predators (usually islands) and not on the scale of feral horses, goats, pigs, or dogs, although some feral populations have remained isolated long enough to be recognized as distinct breeds. : 75 The rearing of sheep for secondary products, and the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests that selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BCE,: 5: 11 and the earliest woven wool garments have been dated to two to three thousand years later. : 8 Before this, when a sheep was slaughtered for its meat, the hide would be tanned and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep molars and bones found at Çatalhöyük suggest that populations of domestic sheep may have been established in the area. By that span of the Bronze Age, sheep with all the major features of modern breeds were widespread throughout Western Asia. : 6 The residents of the ancient settlement of Jeitun, which dates to 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
There is a large but constantly declining minority of nomadic and seminomadic pastoralists in countries such as Saudi Arabia (probably less than 3%), Iran (4%), and Afghanistan (at most 10%). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
In India, there are efforts to 'grade up', or improve the quality of, the native desi sheep breed, by crossing it with Merino and other high-quality wool sheep. This is being done in an effort to produce a desi sheep that produces high-quality wool and mutton. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep are not an important part of China's agricultural economy, since the majority of China does not have the large open pastures required for sheep-rearing. Sheep farming is more common in the northwestern provinces of the country, where such tracts of land exist. China does have a native sheep breed, the zhan. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The Japanese government encouraged farmers to raise sheep throughout the 19th century. Sheep-rearing programs began to import Yorkshire, Berkshire, Spanish merino, and numerous Chinese and Mongolian sheep breeds, encouraged by government promotion of sheep farming. However, a lack of knowledge on the farmer's part of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep herding has been one of the main economic activities and lifestyles of Mongolians for millennia. Mongolian sheep herding traditions and modern science are well developed. Mongolian selection and veterinary science classifies the sheep herd of the country by (i) wool fiber's length, thinness and softness, (ii) cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep entered the African continent not long after their domestication in western Asia. A minority of historians once posited a contentious African theory of origin for Ovis aries. This theory is based primarily on rock art interpretations, and osteological evidence from Barbary sheep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The first sheep entered North Africa via Sinai, and were present in ancient Egyptian society between eight and seven thousand years ago. : 12 Sheep have always been part of subsistence farming in Africa, but today the only country that keeps significant numbers of commercial sheep is South Africa, with 28.8 million hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep husbandry spread quickly in Europe. Excavations show that in about 6000 BCE, during the Neolithic period of prehistory, the Castelnovien people, living around Châteauneuf-les-Martigues near present-day Marseille in the south of France, were among the first in Europe to keep domestic sheep. Practically from its in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Later, the Roman Empire kept sheep on a wide scale, and the Romans were an important agent in the spread of sheep raising through much of Europe. Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (Naturalis Historia), speaks at length about sheep and wool. Declaring "Many thanks, too, do we owe to the sheep, both for appeasing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
", he goes on to detail the breeds of ancient sheep and the many colors, lengths and qualities of wool. Romans also pioneered the practice of blanketing sheep, in which a fitted coat (today usually of nylon) is placed over the sheep to improve the cleanliness and luster of its wool. : 74 During the Roman occupation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
: 11 By 1000 CE, England and Spain were recognized as the twin centers of sheep production in the Western world. : 8–9: 12 As the original breeders of the fine-wooled merino sheep that have historically dominated the wool trade, the Spanish gained great wealth. Wool money largely financed Spanish rulers and thus the vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
: 12 The powerful Mesta (its full title was Honrado Concejo de la Mesta, the Honorable Council of the Mesta) was a corporation of sheep owners mostly drawn from Spain's wealthy merchants, Catholic clergy and nobility that controlled the merino flocks. By the 17th century, the Mesta held upwards of two million head of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Spanish rulers eager to increase wool profits gave extensive legal rights to the Mesta, often to the detriment of local peasantry. The huge merino flocks had a lawful right of way for their migratory routes (cañadas). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Towns and villages were obliged by law to let the flocks graze on their common land, and the Mesta had its own sheriffs that could summon offending individuals to its own tribunals. Exportation of merinos without royal permission was also a punishable offense, thus ensuring a near-absolute monopoly on the breed until t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The export to Rambouillet by Louis XVI in 1786 formed the basis for the modern Rambouillet (or French Merino) breed. : 66 After the Napoleonic Wars and the global distribution of the once-exclusive Spanish stocks of Merinos, sheep raising in Spain reverted to hardy coarse-wooled breeds such as the Churra, and was no lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Up until the early 20th century, owling (the smuggling of sheep or wool out of the country) was a punishable offense, and to this day the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords sits on a cushion known as the Woolsack.The high concentration and more sedentary nature of shepherding in the UK allowed sheep especially adapted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
: 9 An important event not only in the history of domestic sheep, but of all livestock, was the work of Robert Bakewell in the 18th century. Before his time, breeding for desirable traits was often based on chance, with no scientific process for selection of breeding stock. Bakewell established the principles of select... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
No ovine species native to the Americas has ever been domesticated, despite being closer genetically to domestic sheep than many Asian and European species. The first domestic sheep in North America—most likely of the Churra breed—arrived with Christopher Columbus' second voyage in 1493.: 12 The next transatlantic ship... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
: 12 Churras were also introduced to the Navajo tribe of Native Americans, and became a key part of their livelihood and culture. The modern presence of the Navajo-Churro breed is a result of this heritage. : 20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The next transport of sheep to North America was not until 1607, with the voyage of the Susan Constant to Virginia. : 234 However, the sheep that arrived in that year were all slaughtered because of a famine, and a permanent flock was not to reach the colony until two years later in 1609.: 234 In two decades' time, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Many islands off the coast were cleared of predators and set aside for sheep: Nantucket, Long Island, Martha's Vineyard and small islands in Boston Harbor were notable examples. There remain some rare breeds of American sheep—such as the Hog Island sheep—that were the result of island flocks. Placing semi-feral sheep a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Early on, the British government banned further export of sheep to the Americas, or wool from it, in an attempt to stifle any threat to the wool trade in the British Isles. One of many restrictive trade measures that precipitated the American Revolution, the sheep industry in the Northeast grew despite the bans. : 10 G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
moved westward. Today, the vast majority of flocks reside on Western range lands. During this westward migration of the industry, competition between sheep (sometime called "range maggots") and cattle operations grew more heated, eventually erupting into range wars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Other than simple competition for grazing and water rights, cattlemen believed that the secretions of the foot glands of sheep made cattle unwilling to graze on places where sheep had stepped. : 4 As sheep production centered on the U.S. western ranges, it became associated with other parts of Western culture, such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
In modern America, a minor event in rodeos is mutton busting, in which children compete to see who can stay atop a sheep the longest before falling off. Another effect of the westward movement of sheep flocks in North America was the decline of wild species such as Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis). Most diseases of domest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Sheep production peaked in North America during the 1940s and 1950s at more than 55 million head. : 14 By 2013 the number of sheep in the United States was 10 percent what it had been in the early 1940s.In the 1970s, Roy McBride, a farmer from Alpine, Texas, invented a collar filled with the poison compound 1080 to pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
In South America, especially in Patagonia, there is an active modern sheep industry. Sheep keeping was largely introduced through immigration to the continent by Spanish and British peoples, for whom sheep were a major industry during the period. South America has a large number of sheep, but the highest-producing nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The most influential region internationally is that of Patagonia, which has been the first to rebound from the fall in wool prices. With few predators and almost no grazing competition (the only large native grazing mammal is the guanaco), the region is prime land for sheep raising. The most exceptional area of product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Australia and New Zealand are crucial players in the contemporary sheep industry, and sheep are an iconic part of both countries' culture and economy. In 1980 New Zealand had the highest density of sheep per capita - sheep outnumbered the human population 12 to 1 (that number is now closer to 5 to 1), and Australia is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
All of the early sheep brought to Australia were exclusively used for the dietary needs of the penal colonies. The beginnings of the Australian wool industry were due to the efforts of Captain John Macarthur. At Macarthur's urging 16 Spanish merinos were imported in 1797, effectively beginning the Australian sheep indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
By 1801 Macarthur had 1,000 head of sheep, and in 1803 he exported 111 kilograms (245 lb) of wool to England. Today, Macarthur is generally thought of as the father of the Australian sheep industry. The growth of the sheep industry in Australia was explosive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
In 1820, the continent held 100,000 sheep, a decade later it had one million. By 1840, New South Wales alone kept 4 million sheep; flock numbers grew to 13 million in a decade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
While much of the growth in both nations was due to the active support of Britain in its desire for wool, both worked independently to develop new high-production breeds: the Corriedale, Coolalee, Coopworth, Perendale, Polwarth, Booroola Merino, Peppin Merino, and Poll Merino were all created in New Zealand or Australi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The abundant new land and milder winter weather of the region also aided the growth of the Australian and New Zealand sheep industries.Flocks in Australia have always been largely range bands on fenced land, and are aimed at production of medium to superfine wool for clothing and other products as well as meat. New Zea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The Australian sheep industry is the only sector of the industry to receive international criticism for its practices. Sheep stations in Australia are cited in Animal Liberation, the seminal book of the animal rights movement, as the author's primary evidence in his argument against retaining sheep as a part of animal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
The Animal Welfare Advisory Committee to the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture Code of recommendations and minimum standards for the welfare of Sheep, considers mulesing a "special technique" which is performed on some Merino sheep at a small number of farms in New Zealand.Most of the sheep meat exported from Austral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep |
Martin Smith is a former Professor of Robotics at Middlesex University in north London, UK. He is also a former President of the Cybernetics Society in the UK (1999 - 2020).Smith was awarded Freedom of the City of London, and was awarded the Public Awareness of Physics Award by the Institute of Physics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Smith_(academic) |
Smith has appeared on many television programmes: as a technical presenter on the BBC television programme Techno Games and as a judge on Robot Wars from the third series having previously competed in the first series. He was a judge and programme consultant on Channel 4's Scrapheap Challenge and technical presenter on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Smith_(academic) |
Smith is a member of the editorial boards of Kybernetes: The International Journal of Cybernetics and Systems, The International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, The International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, the International Journal of General Systems, and The International Journal of Social Robotics. He ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Smith_(academic) |
He has held posts as Visiting Research Professor in Robotics at the Open University, Professor at the University of Central England UK, (now Birmingham City University) and at the University of East London (UK) where he was founder and Head of the Mobile Robots Research Unit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Smith_(academic) |
The Circle of Friends approach is a method designed to increase the socialization and inclusion of a disabled person with their peers. A Circle of Friends consists of a "focus" child, for whom the group was established, six to eight classroom peers, and an adult facilitator who meet once weekly to socialize and work on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
Circle of Friends was originally developed in North America to promote the inclusion of people with disabilities and other difficulties in their local communities and in mainstream educational settings. In the past, it was more common for adults with disabilities to be confined to institutions, and for students with sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
Although it was developed in North America, Circle of Friends has been implemented and researched extensively in the United Kingdom in a variety of settings, and with children of varying ages and difficulties. The approach is often used for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) because they have trouble develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
In the educational setting, general guidelines exist for establishing a Circle of Friends. Establishment of prerequisites: Before starting a Circle of Friends, it is necessary to ensure the cooperation and collaboration of school personnel (e.g. principals, teacher) and obtain consent from the focus child's parents or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
The class discussion is meant to introduce the idea of a Circle of Friends. Students are encouraged to think about the benefits of friendship and consider the barriers to friendship the focus child encounters, and also empathize and share their own experiences with friendship. The focus child's strengths and difficulti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
Making these links is an important first step in problem solving solutions. At the close of the meeting, six to eight volunteers are sought to take part in the Circle of Friends. Initial meeting of the Circle of Friends: At the initial Circle of Friends meeting, details of the class discussion are summarized for the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
Ground rules for the group are then set (i.e. confidentiality, listening, seeking adult help when needed), as well as a schedule for meetings. Weekly meetings of the Circle of Friends: At weekly meetings, classmates play an important role in helping the focus child set and reach goals. Some research suggests that all c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care) |
The Million Women Study is a study of women’s health analysing data from more than one million women aged 50 and over, led by Dame Valerie Beral and a team of researchers at the Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford. It is a collaborative project between Cancer Research UK and the National Health Service (NHS)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
The Million Women Study is a multi-centre, population-based prospective cohort study of women aged 50 and over invited to routine breast cancer screening in the UK. Between 1996 and 2001, women were invited to join the Million Women Study when they received their invitation to attend breast screening at one of 66 parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
The Million Women Study was set up with the aim of recruiting 1,000,000 women in the UK into a cohort study, to provide answers to the following questions: What effects do combined estrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) preparations have on breast cancer risk? Are breast cancers detected at screenin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
Initial analysis of the results from over 1 million women in the Million Women Study appeared to confirm preliminary findings from other studies at the turn of the century finding that women currently using progestin-estrogen HRT were more likely to develop breast cancer than those who are not using HRT. This initial a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
Current users of estrogen-progestogen HRT were at 2 fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, and current users of estrogen-only HRT appeared to have a 1.3 fold risk. Use of HRT by women aged 50–64 in the UK in the decade from 1993-2003 was estimated to have caused 20,000 extra breast cancers. Past users were no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
It is well known that post-menopausal women who have not had a hysterectomy are at increased risk of cancer of the endometrium (the lining of the womb) if they take estrogen-only HRT. Follow up of over 700 000 women in the Million Women Study confirmed this and showed that the risk of endometrial cancer is also increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
Results of the study show a small increase in risk of ovarian cancer in women taking HRT. Such an increased risk had been suspected from some previous studies, and has now been confirmed with the larger numbers available in this study. The findings come from analyses on 948,576 post-menopausal women in the study, follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Women_Study |
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