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Following its foundation the Tavistock Clinic developed a focus on preventive psychiatry, expertise in group relations – including army officer selection – social psychiatry, and action research. There was an openness to different streams of research and thought as, for instance, the famous series of lectures given by the Swiss psychiatrist and one time collaborator of Sigmund Freud, Dr. Carl Jung, which were attended by doctors, churchmen and members of the public, including H. G. Wells and Samuel Beckett.Its staff, who were still mainly unpaid honorary psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers, were interested in researching and consulting to leadership within the armed forces. The staff also offered treatment to members of the civilian population who might be traumatised by the prospect of a further world war, which could bring bombing of cities, evacuation of children and the shocks of loss and bereavement.
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After the Second World War, the Tavistock Clinic benefited from the Northfield Hospital experience and from the arrival of talented professionals from Europe, many fleeing Nazi persecution. In 1948 it became a leading clinic within the newly created National Health Service. At this point its education and training services were managed separately by the Tavistock Institute for Medical Psychology, which was also the umbrella for the Tavistock Institute, involved in social action research and thinking about group relations and organisational dynamics, and for work with marital couples. The clinic was managed on a democratic model by a professional committee and developed further its distinct focus on multi-disciplinary and community-centred work.
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New developments in child and adolescent mental health were particularly fruitful in the immediate post-war period. In 1948 the creation of the children's department supported the development of training in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Dr John Bowlby supported this new training and naturalistic infant observation. He also developed Attachment Theory.
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Husband and wife clinicians James Robertson and Joyce Robertson showed in their film work the impact of separation in temporary substitute care on young children for example, when their parent was admitted to hospital. The Tavistock Clinic opened its Adolescent Department in 1959, recognising the distinctive developmental needs and difficulties of younger and older adolescents. In 1967 it absorbed the London Child Guidance Clinic, founded in 1929.In 1989 the Tavistock established the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS), a highly specialised clinic for young people presenting with difficulties with their gender identity. In July 2022, following a critical independent review from Dr Hilary Cass, it was announced that this service would be discontinued and replaced with regional clinics providing a more "holistic" approach.
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By the 1960s The Tavistock Clinic was also providing both 1-year and 4-year professional training courses in educational psychology, the latter embracing a teacher training element through Leicester University School of Education. For a number of years the senior tutor and principal psychologist for these courses was Irene Caspari who did much to promote the concept and practice of Educational therapy. In the 1970s systemic psychotherapy became the Tavistock Clinic's newest professional training. Applications of the clinical ideas and skills of its multidisciplinary clinicians are at the heart of its education and training, with academically validated programmes developing from the early 1990s with the University of East London, and later with the University of Essex and Middlesex University.
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Work discussion, supervised clinical practice and experiential group relations work are central to many trainings all of which aim to equip mental health workers with the emotional, organisational, and relational capacities to operate confidently in front line settings. A BBC TV series 'Talking Cure: Jan' brought the work of the Clinic to a wider audience in 1999 and remains relevant today. Organisational consultancy by former CEO, Dr. Anton Obholzer, featured in the TV series, and their edited collection, with Vega Roberts, 'The Unconscious at Work: Individual and Organizational Stress in the Human Services', remains one of the classic texts to emerge from the Tavistock Clinic.
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The Tavistock's tradition of social and political engagement has been renewed in recent years through its programme of Policy Seminars which model a dialogic, exploratory approach to policy analysis and debate with the social epidemiologist, Richard G. Wilkinson, the psychologist, Oliver James and the columnist, Polly Toynbee, among recent contributors. The series of Thinking Space events follows a similar model of participatory engagement around themes of diversity, racism, and sexual orientation. The Tavistock Institute, which had been part of the Tavistock family, moved to its own premises in 1994. The Tavistock Centre for Couples Relationships, TCCR, formerly the Tavistock Institute of Marital Studies, was always a separate, charitably-funded organisation which left the Tavistock Centre for new premises in 2009.
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In 1994, the Tavistock Clinic joined with the Portman Clinic to become the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust. In 2006 the Trust acquired NHS Foundation Trust status and become the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. It is an active member of UCL Partners, the Academic Health Service Centre located in North London. Paul Burstow, a former Minister of State for Care and Support in the Cameron-Clegg coalition government, became Chair of the Trust in November 2015.
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The Trust provides clinical services for children and families, young people and adults. It also provides multi-disciplinary training and education. These programmes include core professional training, for example in psychiatry, psychology, social work and advanced psychotherapy training, as well as applied programmes for anyone working in the mental health or social care workforce. Since 2010, the clinical work of the Trust has diversified with new services such as the Family Drug and Alcohol Court in Milton Keynes and the City and Hackney community psychotherapy service.
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It is the largest provider of transgender services in England, but funding for the service has not kept pace with demand. In August 2019, 5,717 people were on the waiting list for a first appointment, and average waiting time was about two years. The Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) at the Tavistock Centre has come under scrutiny due to reports that concerns over children's welfare were "shut down".
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The Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust defended their practices. In July 2022, following criticism in the interim report by Dr Hilary Cass, it was announced that this service would be discontinued and replaced with regional clinics providing a more "holistic" approach.In February 2023 BBC journalist Hannah Barnes released a book called Time to Think: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Tavistock's Gender Service for Children. Barnes describes the premise saying, "I wanted to write a definitive record of what happened because there needs to be one."
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It was named by the Health Service Journal as one of the top hundred NHS trusts to work for in 2015. At that time it had 449 full-time equivalent staff and a sickness absence rate of 0.92%. 84% of staff recommend it as a place for treatment and 73% recommended it as a place to work.The Trust borrowed £58 million in 2016 which it intends to repay by selling its current sites.
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The Tavistock has been accused of forcing racist ideology on students with lectures such as 'Whiteness - A Problem of Our Time' and is currently being sued for discrimination on the basis of race and religion.
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Over the years many hundreds of staff members, at all levels, have contributed to the work of this institution. This list is merely representative of some of the lasting contributors to the different fields encompassed by the Clinic.
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Hugh Crichton-Miller 1920–1933 John Rawlings Rees 1933–1947 J. D. Sutherland 1947–1968 Robert H. Gosling 1968–1985 Anton Obholzer 1985–2002 Nick Temple 2002–2015 Matthew Patrick Paul Jenkins
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In line with Hugh Crichton-Miller's original vision for clinics to be set up in communities across the country, his dream was not realised in his 'native' Scotland for another 50 years. However, with Jock Sutherland's return to Edinburgh in 1968, he became the catalyst for the formation of an organisation modelled on the London centre, albeit on a smaller scale. The Scottish Institute of Human Relations (SIHR), now defunct, was constituted as a charitable educational institution in Edinburgh in the early 1970s. Eventually a branch was opened in Glasgow.
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The 'MacTavi', as it was sometimes fondly called, worked closely with the National Health Service in Scotland and provided psychoanalytic training and courses for professionals in the health and educational systems and beyond. It also guided adults and children into treatment for the forty years of its operation. SIHR was finally dissolved in 2013 and its centres closed down. Some of its functions were taken over by a number of other organisations, specifically psychoanalytic training has become the remit of the Scottish Association for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (SAPP).
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A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A conventional pulse oximeter monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin. With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery.
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Even though this pressure pulse is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the skin, a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak. The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with the light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either transmitted or reflected to a photodiode.
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Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the figure. Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems, the PPG can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory conditions. Additionally, the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and varies with the location and manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached. Although PPG sensors are in common use in a number of commercial and clinical applications, the exact mechanisms determining the shape of the PPG waveform are not yet fully understood.
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While pulse oximeters are commonly used medical devices, the PPG signal they record is rarely displayed and is nominally only processed to determine blood oxygenation and heart rate. The PPG can be obtained from transmissive absorption (as at the finger tip) or reflection (as on the forehead).In outpatient settings, pulse oximeters are commonly worn on the finger. However, in cases of shock, hypothermia, etc., blood flow to the periphery can be reduced, resulting in a PPG without a discernible cardiac pulse.
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In this case, a PPG can be obtained from a pulse oximeter on the head, with the most common sites being the ear, nasal septum, and forehead. PPG can also be configured for multi-site photoplethysmography (MPPG), e.g. by making simultaneous measurements from the right and left ear lobes, index fingers and great toes, and offering further opportunities for the assessment of patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease, autonomic dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. MPPG also offers significant potential for data mining, e.g. using deep learning, as well as a range of other innovative pulse wave analysis techniques.Motion artifacts are often a limiting factor preventing accurate readings during exercise and free living conditions.
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Because the skin is so richly perfused, it is relatively easy to detect the pulsatile component of the cardiac cycle. The DC component of the signal is attributable to the bulk absorption of the skin tissue, while the AC component is directly attributable to variation in blood volume in the skin caused by the pressure pulse of the cardiac cycle. The height of AC component of the photoplethysmogram is proportional to the pulse pressure, the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries. As seen in the figure showing premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the PPG pulse for the cardiac cycle with the PVC results in lower amplitude blood pressure and a PPG. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation can also be detected.
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Respiration affects the cardiac cycle by varying the intrapleural pressure, the pressure between the thoracic wall and the lungs. Since the heart resides in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, the partial pressure of inhaling and exhaling greatly influence the pressure on the vena cava and the filling of the right atrium. During inspiration, intrapleural pressure decreases by up to 4 mm Hg, which distends the right atrium, allowing for faster filling from the vena cava, increasing ventricular preload, but decreasing stroke volume. Conversely during expiration, the heart is compressed, decreasing cardiac efficiency and increasing stroke volume. When the frequency and depth of respiration increases, the venous return increases, leading to increased cardiac output.Much research has focused on estimating respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, as well as more detailed respiratory measurements such as inspiratory time.
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Anesthesiologists must often judge subjectively whether a patient is sufficiently anesthetized for surgery. As seen in the figure, if a patient is not sufficiently anesthetized, the sympathetic nervous system response to an incision can generate an immediate response in the amplitude of the PPG.
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Shamir, Eidelman, et al. studied the interaction between inspiration and removal of 10% of a patient’s blood volume for blood banking before surgery. They found that blood loss could be detected both from the photoplethysmogram from a pulse oximeter and an arterial catheter. Patients showed a decrease in the cardiac pulse amplitude caused by reduced cardiac preload during exhalation when the heart is being compressed.
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The FDA reportedly provided clearance to a photoplethysmography-based cuffless blood pressure monitor in August 2019.
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While photoplethysmography commonly requires some form of contact with the human skin (e.g., ear, finger), remote photoplethysmography allows physiological processes such as blood flow to be determined without skin contact. This is achieved by using face video to analyze subtle momentary changes in the subject's skin color which are not detectable to the human eye. Such camera-based measurement of blood oxygen levels provides a contactless alternative to conventional photoplethysmography. For instance, it can be used to monitor the heart rate of newborn babies, or analyzed with deep neural networks to quantify stress levels.
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Remote photoplethysmography can also be performed by digital holography, which is sensitive to the phase of light waves, and hence can reveal sub-micron out-of-plane motion. In particular, wide-field imaging of pulsatile motion induced by blood flow can be measured on the thumb by digital holography. The results are comparable to blood pulse monitored by plethysmography during an occlusion-reperfusion experiment.
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A major advantage of this system is that no physical contact with the studied tissue surface area is required. The two major limitations of this approach are (i) the off-axis interferometric configuration that reduces the available spatial bandwidth of the sensor array, and (ii) the use of short-time Fourier transform (via discrete Fourier transform) analysis that filters-off physiological signals. Principal component analysis of digital holograms reconstructed from digitized interferograms acquired at rates beyond ~1000 frames per second reveals surface waves on the hand.
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This method is an efficient way of performing digital holography from on-axis interferograms, which alleviates both the spatial bandwidth reduction of the off-axis configuration and the filtering of physiological signals. A higher spatial bandwidth is crucial for larger image field of view. A refinement of holographic photoplethysmography, holographic laser Doppler imaging, enables non-invasive blood flow pulse wave monitoring in blood vessels of the retina, choroid, conjunctiva, and iris. In particular, laser Doppler holography of the eye fundus, the choroid constitutes the predominant contribution to the high frequency laser Doppler signal. It is however possible to circumvent its influence by subtracting the spatially averaged baseline signal, and achieve high temporal resolution and full-field imaging capability of pulsatile blood flow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoplethysmogram
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BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital is a company owned by Mars, Incorporated that operates specialty and emergency veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. They currently have hospitals in 29 states, as of early 2022. The firm is one of the largest private providers of approved veterinary residency and internship educational programs in the world, and employs 1,330+ veterinarians, 1,600+ veterinary technicians, and 4,100+ other professionals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BluePearl_Specialty_and_Emergency_Pet_Hospital
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The firm was founded as Florida Veterinary Specialists in 1996 by two brothers, Dr. Neil Shaw, a board-certified specialist in veterinary internal medicine, and Darryl Shaw, a certified public accountant. In 2008, it merged with NYC Veterinary Specialists and Cancer Treatment Center in New York City and Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center in Kansas City, creating BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital. In 2010, Georgia Veterinary Specialists and Michigan Veterinary Specialists also merged with the firm.In October 2015, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital was acquired by Mars Petcare division. This acquisition resulted in Mars Petcare, who also owns Banfield Pet hospital and pet food brands such as Royal Canin and Pedigree, becoming the largest pet nutrition and veterinary care provider in the world.
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In February 2010, Dr. Michael Kimura, a specialist in veterinary neurology with BluePearl, assisted in giving a live shark from the Florida Aquarium an MRI after the shark had failed to eat anything and it seemed like there was a foreign object lodged in the shark's esophagus. This is one of the first times a live shark had ever been given an MRI under anesthesia.In March 2013, the firm's Dr. Amy Zalcman, in Manhattan, oversaw the removal of 111 pennies from a Jack Russell Terrier named Jack. using the non-invasive Endoscopic foreign body retrieval, to remove the pennies one-by-one.On May 22, 2013,the firm's Dr. Mike Reems removed a 4-pound hairball from a tiger in Clearwater, Fla. The hairball was given to Ripley's Believe it or Not.On October 21, 2013, doctors from the firm saved the life of Eddie, a 5-year-old Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois) assigned to the U.S.
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Air Force's 6th Security Forces Squadron at MacDill Air Force Base when he presented at BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Tampa, Fla. with signs related to heatstroke.
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The dog, an Air Force K-9 trained to detect improvised explosive devices, is credited with saving the lives of several service members in Afghanistan when he detected an IED.In 2017, an Instagram celebrity dog named Chloe died while in the care of Blue Pearl's New York hospital. Her death was attributed to a medical error and made headlines across the country. Blue Pearl has been fined by the government for workplace safety violations in Washington state. They have also been fined for violating the Family and Medical Leave Act in Virginia.
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In 2011, the firm partnered with the U.S. Army to provide Army veterinarians and technicians preparing to deploy to areas of conflict with hands-on emergency veterinary experiences at the firm's hospitals. The program is a nine-day schedule where the soldiers experience first-hand medical veterinary emergencies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BluePearl_Specialty_and_Emergency_Pet_Hospital
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In 2009, Dr. Neil Shaw was featured in People Magazine as a hometown hero in the issue titled, "Hero in Hard Times. "In 2010, Darryl Shaw, CEO and Neil Shaw, Chief Medical Officer, received the Ernst & Young Florida Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the services category. In August 2012, BluePearl Veterinary Partners was 1,695 on the 2012 Inc. 5000, a list of the 5,000 fastest growing businesses in the U.S.
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according to Inc. (magazine). BluePearl was also recognized as the 16th fastest growing company in Tampa for 2012 by Inc. (magazine).In December 2012, BluePearl Veterinary Partners was ranked #36 out of the top 100 job creators in the U.S. according to Inc. Magazine's Hire Power Awards.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BluePearl_Specialty_and_Emergency_Pet_Hospital
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Accuracy classes are defined and used in IEC and ANSI standards. Classes are denoted by either a letter or percentage. For example, Class B is a temperature accuracy from IEC-751 that requires accuracy of ± 0.15 degrees Celsius. Class 0.5 is an ANSI C12.20 accuracy class for electric meters with absolute accuracy better than ± 0.5% of the nominal full scale reading.
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Typically, a class specifies accuracy at a number of points, with the absolute accuracy at lower values being better than the nominal "percentage of full scale" accuracy. Accuracy classes such as IEC's 0.15s are a 'special' high accuracy class. Calculation for accuracy of class 1 meter: 1600 impulse/KWh and considering, P.F= 1 and LOAD = 100w Revolution time, Rt = (3600×Kh×1)/Load(w) Rt = (3600×0.625×1)/100 Rt = 22.5sec %of error = (Ft-Rt)/Rt The positive or negative result indicates whether the meter is fast or slow. If the result is positive then the meter is fast, while negative means the meter is slow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_class
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Media circus is a colloquial metaphor, or idiom, describing a news event for which the level of media coverage—measured by such factors as the number of reporters at the scene and the amount of material broadcast or published—is perceived to be excessive or out of proportion to the event being covered. Coverage that is sensationalistic can add to the perception the event is the subject of a media circus. The term is meant to critique the coverage of the event by comparing it to the spectacle and pageantry of a circus. Usage of the term in this sense became common in the 1970s. It can also be called a media feeding frenzy or just media frenzy, especially when they cover the media coverage.
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Although the idea is older, the term media circus began to appear around the mid-1970s. An early example is from the 1976 book by author Lynn Haney, in which she writes about a romance in which the athlete Chris Evert was involved: "Their courtship, after all, had been a 'media circus.'" A few years later The Washington Post had a similar courtship example in which it reported, "Princess Grace herself is still traumatized by the memory of her own media-circus wedding to Prince Rainier in 1956. "Media circuses make up the central plot device in the 1951 movie Ace in the Hole about a self-interested reporter who, covering a mine disaster, allows a man to die trapped underground.
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It cynically examines the relationship between the media and the news they report. The movie was subsequently re-issued as The Big Carnival, with "carnival" referring to what we now call a "circus". In the film, the disaster attracts campers including a real circus. The movie was based on real-life Floyd Collins who in 1925 was trapped in a Kentucky cave drawing so much media attention that it became the third largest media event between the two World Wars (the other two being Lindbergh's solo flight and the Lindbergh kidnapping).
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Events described as a media circus include:
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The disappearance, and assumed death, of Natalee Holloway (2005–)
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The Azaria Chamberlain disappearance of 2-month-old baby in outback Australia (1980) The Beaconsfield Mine collapse (2006) 2009 Violence against Indians in Australia controversy Schapelle Corby Drug smuggler (2014)
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The murder of Isabella Nardoni (2008)
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Conrad Black, business magnate of newspapers, convicted of fraud, embezzlement and corporate destruction, imprisoned in Florida (2007) Toronto mayor Rob Ford's life, including his usage of drugs, alcohol and involvement with organized crime (2013) Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka (serial killers) (1987–1990) Omar Khadr (detained as a minor at Guantanamo Bay in 2001, transferred to Canada in 2012, released in May 2015) Luka Magnotta Rocco, a gay Quebec pornstar charged with murdering his Chinese roommate in 2012 then fled to Germany where arrested. Fatal traffic accident of the Neville-Lake children (2015)
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2010 Copiapó mining accident (2010)
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The Death of Luis Andres Colmenares (2010)
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Miss Universe Indonesia 2023 sexual abuse scandal (2023)
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Amanda Knox (convicted of the murder of Meredith Kercher; her conviction was subsequently overturned) (2015)
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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)
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Joran van der Sloot and the death of Stephany Flores Ramirez (2010)
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Assassination of a Spanish landowner by a Filipino laborer in Negros in 1890, which was covered by Spanish-owned newspapers in Manila in the year's first half. Cabading killings (1961), a case wherein a father killed his family and his son-in-law before killing himself. Murder of Lucila Lalu (1967) In 1990s, there were reports on an alleged notorious killer in Negros Oriental targeting women, although these accounts were never confirmed. Pepsi Number Fever 349 incident (1992) Murders of Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez (1993) Murder of Elsa Castillo (1993) Manila Film Festival scandal (1994) Execution of Flor Contemplacion (1995) Chiong murder case (1997) Murder of Nida Blanca (2001) Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz (2004) PhilSports Stadium stampede (2006) Manila hostage crisis (2010) Pork barrel scam (2013–2014) Vhong Navarro assault incident (2014) Electoral protest filed by Bongbong Marcos against then vice president Leni Robredo (2016–2021) 2020 Tarlac shooting (2020–2021) Death of Christine Dacera (2021–2022) Ernest John Obiena–PATAFA dispute (2021–2022) 2023 Welcome Rotonda road rage incident (2023)
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Disappearance and alleged murder of Elodia Ghinescu, especially on OTV, which aired a couple hundred episodes on the matter (2007)
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Oscar Pistorius on trial for death of his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp (2013–2014)
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Suicide and funeral of K-pop star and Shinee member Kim Jong-hyun (2017)
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Tham Luang cave rescue (2018)
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Mykola Melnychenko's involvement in the Cassette Scandal (1999–2000)
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The McLibel case (1997) The disappearance of Madeleine McCann (2008) The life, career, death and funeral of Jade Goody (2009) The News International phone hacking scandal The Charlie Gard case (2017) "Megxit" feud between Meghan Markle/Prince Harry and the royal family (2020–2023)
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The ASAB Medal is a scientific award given by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB). It is cast in bronze to a design by Jonathan Kingdon, awarded "annually for contributions to the science of animal behaviour - through teaching, writing, broadcasting, research, through fostering any of these activities, or through contributing to the affairs of ASAB itself."
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1995 John Maynard Smith 1996 Nicholas B. Davies 1997 Robert A. Hinde 1998 Aubrey W.G. Manning 1999 Peter J.B. Slater 2000 John R. Krebs 2001 P.P.G. Bateson 2002 Geoffrey A. Parker 2003 John C. Wingfield 2004 John Alcock 2005 Linda Partridge 2006 Felicity Huntingford 2007 Robert Elwood 2008 Christopher John Barnard 2009 Marian Stamp Dawkins 2010 Michael Dockery 2011 Alan Grafen 2012 Tim Birkhead 2013 Alasdair Houston and John McNamara 2014 Tim Clutton-Brock 2015 Pat Monaghan 2016 Kate Lessells 2017 Jane Hurst 2018 Innes Cuthill == References ==
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Roy Goodwin D'Andrade (November 6, 1931 – October 20, 2016) was one of the founders of cognitive anthropology. Roy D'Andrade grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, D'Andrade matriculated at Rutgers University but left to fulfill his military service. He completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Connecticut. He then studied in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard, from which he received his PhD in Social Anthropology.
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He taught at Stanford University from 1962-1969. He then moved to the University of California, San Diego, where he was professor of Anthropology until 2003 and served as department chair for three separate terms. He also taught in the Anthropology department at the University of Connecticut.
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He died of complications of cancer on October 20, 2016. His research interests ranged widely, including African-American family structure, personality, color perception, and mathematical models for reconstructing mitochondrial lineages.
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A unifying theme in much of his work, however, is the problem of identifying and describing cultural models (also known as folk models, or the often implicit, culturally shared ways that people assume the world works); in recent years he was particularly concerned with conceptualizing cultural through schema theory.One problem that D'Andrade addressed was the challenge of conceptualizing how people reason in their culturally situated worlds. In one set of studies, individuals may do very poorly on abstract tests of formal logic or mathematics, but are quite capable of reasoning accurately and quickly about real-world situations with which they are familiar, and which under formal logic are ostensibly the same task. As Gardner summarizes the work of D'Andrade and his colleagues: "we can better understand the logical reasoning of humans not by imputing to them any formal logical calculus but by attending to two factors.
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The first has to do with content: the greater the familiarity and the richer the relevant schemata which are available, the more readily can one solve a problem. The second attribute has to do with form: one succeeds on problems to the extent that one can construct mental models that represent the relevant information in an appropriate fashion and these those mental models flexibly. "Within American anthropology in the 1990s, D'Andrade was known for expressing reservations about mixing moral and scientific aims: "our moral models about the anthropologist's responsibilities should be kept separate from our models about the world...Otherwise the result will be very bad science and very confused morality.
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"D'Andrade was recognized in many ways for his contributions to anthropology and to cognitive science. He was named to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1998. In 2002, he was awarded the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences, and in 2005 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Psychological Anthropology.
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Naomi Quinn A. Kimball Romney Melford E. Spiro Claudia Strauss
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D'Andrade, Roy G. (1984). "Cultural meaning systems." In R. A. Shweder & R. LeVine (Eds.
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), Culture Theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 88–119). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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D'Andrade, Roy G. (1986). "Three scientific world views and the covering law model."
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In D. W. Fiske & R. A. Shweder (Eds. ), Metatheory in Social Science: Pluralisms and subjectivities (pp. 19 – 39).
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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. D'Andrade, Roy G. (1987).
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"Modal responses and cultural expertise." American Behavioral Scientist, 31(2), 194 - 202. D'Andrade, Roy G.
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(1989). "Culturally based reasoning." In A. R. H. Gellatly, D. Rogers & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.
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), Cognition and Social Worlds (pp. 132–143). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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D'Andrade, Roy G. (1992). "Schemas and motivation."
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In R. G. D'Andrade & C. Strauss (eds. ), Human Motives and Cultural Models (pp: 23–44). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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D'Andrade, Roy G. (1995). "Moral models in anthropology."
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Current Anthropology, 36(3). D'Andrade, Roy G. (1995) The Development of Cognitive Anthropology.
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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45976-1 D'Andrade, Roy G. (2001). "A cognitivist's view of the units debate in cultural anthropology." Cross-Cultural Research, 35(2), 242 - 257.
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Alain Wisner (2 November 1923, in Paris – 3 January 2004, in Paris) was a French doctor and a founder of the Activity-centered ergonomics but also honorary director of the Ergonomics laboratory of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) and President the Ergonomics Society of French language from 1969 to 1971. He has founded in 1955 the first ergonomics service of the French carmaker Renault, and became in 1962 teacher at the Physiology of Labor Laboratory of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers in Paris, France. He has Developing a particular approach to ergonomics with Antoine Laville which says the work and health at work can not be studied only in laboratory, they carry the research field in the companies. The work they perform on the mental activity of the chain workers in the late 1960s, upset look on the "manual labor".
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When he became Director of the Physiology of Labor Laboratory of the CNAM in 1966, Alain Wisner evolves it into an Ergonomics Laboratory. There will develop training that will have an important role in disseminating Ergonomics focused on the activity. Thousands of ergonomists in Europe, North and South America, Africa and Asia are pupils or students of his students.
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Alain Wisner is the founder of the paradigm of anthropotechnology. Little known in the social sciences, this paradigm develops from the 1970s and is part of a transformative approach to the processes of technology transfer influenced by various social science work in the field of relations between technology and society. In terms of research, anthropotechnology aims to produce knowledge about the social forms of "appropriations" of technical objects. A.Wisner is the only person to have received three distinctions from the International Ergonomics Association (IEA): IEA Distinguished Service Award, 1985 IEA Ergonomics of Technology Transfer Award 1991 IEA Fellow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Wisner
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The Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) is an urban, community-oriented, predominantly black, grassroots food justice group. The organization was initiated by a communal desire to start an organic garden collective, and has grown from its founding in 2006 with over 50 Detroit residents as members. In an effort to combat food insecurity and increase food sovereignty, DBCFSN established a community accessible food farm in 2008, known as D-Town Farm, which grows over 30 types of fruits and vegetables on seven acres of land.The goal of the organization is to increase food security and sovereignty within Detroit's black population. It formulates efforts to provide communal access to spaces where food is healthy, available, and affordable. DBCFSN uses community activism, alliance building and educational programs to highlight various structures which perpetuate the inequality of black communities in present-day Detroit. Currently, DBCFSN is working to establish the Detroit People's Food Cooperative, with the goal of opening by mid-to-late 2019.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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Following the 1950s city demolition of Black Bottom and Paradise Valley for highway construction, the residents of Detroit increased the presence of the Black Power Movement, and the Civil Rights Movement, throughout the 1960s. By 1967, Pastor Albert Cleage, founder of the Central United Church of Christ, later named the Shrines of the Black Madonna of the Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church, founded the Black Star Market, the first black communal cooperative business. The co-op closed within two years, but started forming the framework for much of DBCFSN's work. Mayor Coleman Young of Detroit developed and implemented the Farm-A-Lot program in 1975 to encourage urban agriculture in the city, but the impact of this effort faded at the turn of the century.Outside and foreign investors, white flight, and the collapse of the automobile industry have made it difficult for local Detroit residents to own land, a reflection of the trend since 1910 of African American land ownership.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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The 1980s of Detroit maintained a trend of supermarket closures, with Farmer Jack, the last chain grocery store in Detroit in 2007. Years before the United States financial crisis of 2008, Detroit entered a recession.
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After the country-wide recession struck, Detroit's depression worsened, which resulted in increases in unemployment, crime, and poverty levels.One third of Detroit residents do not own automobiles and many passengers of public transportation wait an hour at bus stops. The low economic status of the city is illustrated by the following statistics: 30% of Detroit's residents remain unemployed, and 36% live in poverty. Additionally, the Food Access Research Atlas (FARA) has designated Detroit as a low income and low food access region.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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Classified as a food desert, 80% of Detroit residents rely on "fringe food" provided by fast food chains, liquor stores, and corner stores. To address food insecurity, the city of Detroit has launched the Detroit Agricultural Network (DAN) in 1997, and the Garden Resource Program in 2004, later named Keep Detroit Growing in 2013. The Detroit Food and Fitness Collaborative is an overarching group of 40 organizations, including Keep Growing Detroit and the Detroit Food Justice Task Force.
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The organizations work to ensure that children and families have access to healthy, locally-grown food, and they work to promote healthier life styles. The city is also one of nine communities across the country to receive assistance from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation in efforts to promote community involvement and growth in ensuring lifestyles of health and fitness.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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The W.K. Kellogg Foundation promotes the idea that all children should have equal opportunity to live and thrive, focusing on communities where children and families are vulnerable. Communities within Detroit utilize these efforts along with several other organizations to address the growing issue of poverty, and to spread awareness of the impacts that these social issues can pose.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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In 2000, Malik Yakini, principal of Nsoroma Institute Public School Academy charter school, worked with staff, parents and supporters (including Anan Lololi of the Afr-Can FoodBasket from Toronto) to implement organic gardening and to develop a food security curriculum. The garden grew to form the Shamba Organic Garden Collective (SOGC), where faculty and parents plotted and maintained 20 gardens in backyards and vacant lots. "Groundbreakers" took on the role of tilling gardens for community members who were unable to do so. The founding meeting of DBCFSN occurred in 2006 when Yakini assembled a group of 40 community members strongly connected to food at the Black Star Community Bookstore.
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This would have not been possible without the organizations effect in influencing public policy. People such as JoAnne Watson and council man Kwame Kenyatta were crucial characters in connecting this cause to the people within the Detroit City Council who eventually approved the food security policy. The specific policy in which DBCFSN is particularly concerned is "the Right to Farm act."
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This states no higher power has authority to create laws and regulate agriculture in their area. This is an important case for DBCFS because they need to refrain from breaking any laws and regulations while carrying out the mission to develop healthy urban agricultural systems.The group discussed the need for black community involvement in urban agriculture, as well as food justice, security and sovereignty. The newfound Detroit Black Community Food Security Network began gardening on a quarter-acre plot of land in Detroit's east side, quickly moving to a half-acre plot in Detroit's westside. In 2008, DBCFSN secured a long-term lease on seven acres of property in Rouge Park, establishing D-Town Farm as the city's largest community run farm. Currently, DBCFSN operates the D-Town Farm, The Food Warriors Youth Development Program (under the leadership of Education and Outreach Director Hanifa Adjuman) and is opening the Detroit People's Food Cooperative in 2019.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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Detroit Black Community Food Security Network has more than 70 members, of which 80% are women, including individuals, seven families, and one organization. The D-Town Farm maintains one full-time employee, five part‐time farmers, and around ten internships annually. Many of the members are lifelong "Detroiters". Members of DBCFSN generally identify with Black Nationalism and political analysis from the Black Power Movement, and have been engaged with community involvement in prior experiences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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Malik Yakini, the primary co-founder of DBCFSN and the Executive Director of the organization, handles the daily operations of the organization. His experience promoting food justice in the African-centered charter school Nsoroma Institute Public School Academy in Detroit provided a platform for community engagement and education. His work as a black liberation activist and bookstore owner has made him popular among Detroit's black residents. Within the Detroit community, he is known as an urban farming pioneer, as well as an advocate for the urban agricultural movement. Additionally, he is an educator, he teaches topics such as African history and culture, sustainable agriculture, and systems of oppression including white supremacy, capitalism, and patriarchy. His work is directed to guide and inspire members of the community to join in the drive to build more localized urban agricultural systems for struggling Detroit community members.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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The Board of Directors for DBCFSN includes Albert Seevers, Shakara Tyler, Nikolette Barnes, Ndidika Vernon and Charles Needham. This board determine the organizational policies of DBCFSN and appoints the Executive Director. Nikolette Barnes is also on the staff of Keep Growing Detroit, an organization that promotes the growth and production of urban gardening throughout Detroit. The organization works closely with efforts similar to those of the DBCFSN, urging community members to think proactively about the sources of their food, and encouraging the support of local gardening efforts. Similar to the DBSFSN, Keep Growing Detroit also includes educational efforts, such as youth programs, which aim to provide more information about food sovereignty to the community. The organizations work simultaneously towards the same goal, which is to increase efforts of community engagement combating food insecurity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Black_Community_Food_Security_Network
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