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Three types of blushing can be measured: self-perceived blushing (how much the individual believes they are blushing), physiological blushing (blushing as measured by physiological indices), and observed blushing (blushing observed by others). Social anxiety is strongly associated with self-perceived blushing, weakly a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
That social anxiety is associated most strongly with self-perceived blushing is also important for cognitive models of blushing and social anxiety, indicating that socially anxious individuals use both internal cues and other types of information to draw conclusions about how they are coming across. Individuals with so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Individuals who tend to experience more social anxiety turn their attention away from threatening social information and toward themselves, prohibiting them from challenging negative expectations about others and maintaining high levels of social anxiety. A socially anxious individual perceives rejection from a convers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
One face has an emotional expression and the other has a neutral expression, and when the faces disappear, a probe appears in the location of one of the faces. This creates a congruent condition in which the probe appears in the same location as the emotional face and an incongruent condition. Participants respond to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
This task has revealed mixed results, with some studies finding no differences between socially anxious individuals and controls, some studies finding avoidance of all faces, and others finding vigilance toward threat faces. There is some evidence that vigilance toward threat faces can be detected during short but not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Results overall using this task are mixed and this task may not be able to detect hypervigilance toward angry faces in social anxiety.Focus on the self has been associated with increased social anxiety and negative affect, however, there are two types of self-focus: In public self-focus, one shows concern for the impac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Triggers are sets of events or actions that can remind someone of a previous trauma. This could lead that person to have an emotional or physical reaction to the event or action. Individuals could also have behavioral changes such as avoid going out into public or situations that might direct excessive focus and attent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Behaviors associated with social anxiety can trigger anxiety attacks. These can easily be triggered when the person is in a situation such as eating in front of other people, speaking in public, being the center of attention, talking to strangers, going on dates, meeting new people, interviewing for a new job, going to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Trait social anxiety is most commonly measured by self-report. This method possesses limitations, however subjective responses are the most reliable indicator of a subjective state. Other measures of social anxiety include diagnostic interviews, clinician-administered instruments, and behavioral assessments. No single ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The SIAS along with the SIAS-6A and -6B are rated as the best. These measures include: Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) and Brief form (BFNE) Fear Questionnaire Social Phobic Subscale (FQSP) Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) Older Adult Social-Evaluative Situation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The first line treatment for social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with medications recommended only in those who are not interested in therapy. CBT is effective in treating social phobia, whether delivered individually or in a group setting. The cognitive and behavioral components seek to chang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The cognitive part of cognitive behavioral therapy helps individuals with social anxiety decrease and practice unhelpful thoughts and allow new patterns of positive thinking. The behavioral component involves group therapy to help build up confidence. The attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Prescribed medications include several classes of antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Other commonly used medications include beta blockers and benzodiazepines. It is the most common anxiety dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
There are a number of evolutionary theories on how social anxiety may have developed, the most prominent of which is exclusion theory. Social anxiety may have developed from fearful temperament and either underdeveloped social skills or excessive socialization of a child to the point that they are hyper-aware of inappr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
There is a suggestion that people have adapted to live with others in small groups. Living in a group is attractive to humans as there are more people to provide labor, protection, and a concentration of potential mates.Working together to gather these resources is a major attraction. Any perceived threat to group reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The threat of exclusion from resources could lead to death. These resources also allow individuals to have enough status to attract a mate. As a lot of evolutionary theory is concerned with reproduction, the benefit of exposure to potential mates within a group also cannot be overemphasized.Finally, at a basic level, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Access to resources and compatibility within a group impacts an individual's mate selection. Due to the vulnerability of human mothers and babies after birth, fathers may have had to protect both individuals. Fathers would then spend less time with the child as they were investing more time mastering the external envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
At its simplest, social anxiety might be regarded as a basic human need to 'fit' into a given social group. Someone might be excluded due to their inability to contribute to a group, deviance from group standards, or even unattractiveness. Due to the benefits of living in a group, an individual would want to avoid soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The Oedipus Complex is a concept in psychoanalytic theory that traditionally refers to an inherent desire in boys and men to kill their father and have sex with their mother. According to psychoanalytic theory, this motivation is abandoned due to fears of castration. An alternate, and potentially more practical, interp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
The same conclusion can be applied to children who wish to sleep with their parents at night; they fear social exclusion rather than having a desire to have sex with a parent. It is doubtful how often parents make explicit verbal threats of castration to their children, but they do often make threats of leaving the chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Knowing what is and is not seen as attractive to others allows individuals to prevent rejection, criticisms, or exclusion from others. There is a reason that adultery, mate poaching, and murder are prominent reasons for group exclusion, as they impact the reproductive and physical fitness of the group. Humans are physi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_social_anxiety |
Student.com is a student accommodation marketplace that tries to help students find residential accommodations. The company operates focussing on the student accommodation market, by connecting students to landlords; highlighted in a niche in the property market. Student.com was founded by Luke Nolan in 2011 with Shaki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student.com |
The company was initially founded in 2011 as Overseas Student Living by Luke Nolan. After working in China for several years, Nolan was regularly called upon by his Chinese friends to help recommend accommodation for students looking to study in the US, UK and Australia. Recognizing that many other individuals, especia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student.com |
In 2015, the company saw $110 million in bookings, listed properties in 426 cities in proximity to 1,000 universities. The company raised combined Series B and C funding of $60 million in 2016 led by VY Capital, Horizons Ventures, Expa, Spotify founders Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon, and Hugo Barra of Xiaomi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student.com |
The listings on Student.com are displayed on an interactive map subdivided by different neighborhoods. The platform claim to help in the accommodation search for international students needing to secure a base for their studies from a distance. The website assigns the user to a booking consultant, who contacts the stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student.com |
The meridian 163° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 163rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 17th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/163rd_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 163rd meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/163rd_meridian_east |
Ulrich Schiefer (born September 10, 1952, in Lauffen am Neckar) is a German rural and development sociologist and anthropologist. His main interests are development policy and international development cooperation, especially their impact on sub-Saharan Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Ulrich Schiefer studied sociology with Christian Sigrist and Song Du-yul at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster, Social anthropology with Rüdiger Schott and Ulrich Köhler, Sinology with Ulrich Unger as well as Communication studies. After his Magister degree in sociology (1977) on Agricultural cooperatives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
From 1986, he was the research assistant at the Institute for Sociology at the University of Münster, where he led the field research of the project "Agrarian Societies and Rural Development Policies in Guinea-Bissau" which was directed by Christian Sigrist and funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. This was followed by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
He carried out field research in Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde and Angola and supported the introduction of the planning and evaluation methodology he developed in the successor states of the former Soviet Union as well as in Portugal. The main focus of his academic teaching activities are development and human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Since 1993 he is professor at the ISCTE (-IUL) in Lisbon, focusing on African studies and organisational development. From 2011 to 2016, he was coordinator of a Master's course in African Studies and a Postgraduate Course in Organisational Development in Public Administration at the ISCTE (-IUL). Since 2016 he is direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
As the last countries in Africa, the Portuguese colonies reached their independence after a ten-year war of independence, which was only ended by the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974. Development aid together with Military aid, played an important role in the conflict between the rival Great Powers in the cold ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Ulrich Schiefer conducted various interdisciplinary research projects, among others, on the potential for development of war traumatised African agrarian societies and the development strategies of post-colonial states in West Africa, especially in Guinea-Bissau. The emergence of colonial trade and administrative struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
The development strategies of the last decades have not led to the desired successes. Instead, numerous states in sub-Saharan Africa are in a continuous process of social disintegration. With his mainly sociological research on development, Schiefer wants to contribute to a theory of social collapse. He asks how far in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
On the basis of more than fifteen years of research, he analyses this nexus using the example of Guinea-Bissau. He reconstructs the overall socio-political developments, and examines the effects of development aid specifically on agrarian societies. Given the obvious failures of both theory and practice of development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
In the seventies the chemist Ilya Prigogine studied the theory of non-equilibrium dynamics. Almost all the laws of classical physics were concerned with closed systems of equilibrium, which in practice are nearly non-existent. He studied open systems that continually exchange energy or matter with their environment, i.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
In open systems spontaneous structures can form. Their existence depends decisively on the system parameters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Already small variations can destroy the order and the system goes over into a chaotic phase. Prigogine created the term dissipative structure. Since then, many scientists have confirmed that this model is applicable to any open system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
In 1977 Prigogine received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the theory of equilibrium irreversible dissipative structures. Schiefer's dissipative economy translates this approach to development cooperation and humanitarian aid. It thus provides an explanatory approach for the emergence and continuat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
The development agencies, from the large international and national organisations to the small non-governmental organisations, thus appear as dissipative structures. They function only through the provision of a regular inflow of development aid. The funding of the internal players is guaranteed by an external inflow o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
These ensure their outflow through project funding and the like. These funds flow into a national economy mostly concentrated in the cities. There, they are then largely used in an unproductive manner. This whole sector of the economy which is dependent on a continuous external input Schiefer defines as dissipative eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Meticulous studies show the destructive and often irreversible effects of the international development policy, mainly based on technology transfer, on agrarian societies. The consequences are: decline in productivity, food crises, rapid urbanisation, political instability, forced migrations and violent conflicts which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Together with Marina Padrão Temudo, he introduced the concept of resilience into the debate on the disintegration and destruction of African agrarian societies. They investigated their resilience in times of crisis, in particular their ability to accommodate war refugees over extended periods of time. In this way, they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Since 2008, he and Ana Larcher Carvalho have been conducting research on the link between development policy, migration and Food security. In 2015 he began to research about the communication in and with African agrarian societies. Since 2017 they initiated international research on the nonadaptation of technology in A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
Schiefer developed an integrated planning and evaluation system for development and social intervention projects, "MAPA" (Method for Applied Planning and Assessment). MAPA handbooks have been published in four languages and are used in many countries. This system, based on a participatory approach, allows for the opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schiefer |
A rhetorical question is a question asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks, using the rhetoric speech: in many cases it may be intended to start a discourse, or as a means of displaying or emphasize the speaker's or author's opinion on a topic. A simple example is the question "Can't... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
A rhetorical question may be intended as a challenge. The question is often difficult or impossible to answer. In the example, What have the Romans ever done for us? (Monty Python's Life of Brian) the question functions as a negative assertion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
It is intended to mean The Romans have never done anything for us!. When Shakespeare's Mark Antony exclaims: Here was a Caesar! when comes such another? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
it functions as an assertion that Caesar possesses such rare qualities they may never be seen again. (Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2, 257) Negative assertions may function as positives in sarcastic contexts. For example, in Smoking can lead to lung cancer. Who knew?! the question functions as an assertion that the truth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
Rhetorical questions are often used as a metaphor for a question already asked. Examples may be found in the song "Maria" from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, The Sound of Music, in which "How do you solve a problem like Maria?" is repeatedly answered with other questions: "How do you catch a cloud and pin it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
and "How do you hold a moonbeam in your hand?" These responses assert that a problem like Maria cannot be solved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
In the vernacular, this form of rhetorical question is called "rhetorical affirmation". The certainty or obviousness of the answer to a question is expressed by asking another, often humorous, question for which the answer is equally obvious. Popular examples include "Do bears shit in the woods? ", "Is the sky blue?" a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
Depending on the context, a rhetorical question may be punctuated by a question mark (? ), full stop (. ), or exclamation mark (! ), but some sources argue that it is required to use a question mark for any question, rhetorical or not.In the 1580s, English printer Henry Denham invented a "rhetorical question mark" (⸮) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
"The effectiveness of rhetorical questions in argument comes from their dramatic quality. They suggest dialogue, especially when the speaker both asks and answers them himself, as if he were playing two parts on the stage. They are not always impassioned; they may be mildly ironical or merely argumentative: but they ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question |
Mowbray Park is a municipal park in the centre of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England, located a few hundred yards from the busy thoroughfares of Holmeside and Fawcett Street and bordered by Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens to the north, Burdon Road to the west, Toward Road to the east and Park Road to the south. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Mowbray Park is one of the oldest municipal parks in North East England.The roots of Mowbray Park date back to the 1830s, when a health inspector recommended building a leafy area in the town after Sunderland recorded the first cholera epidemic in 1831. A grant of £750 was provided by the Government to buy a £2,000 plo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
It appears that spoil heaps were shaped and mounded to create distinctive paths amongst steep sided hummocks. The effect was to afford the Victorian user plenty of opportunity to perambulate within a relatively small green area. The park was opened by John Candlish, Lord Mayor MP of Sunderland on 21 May 1857. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
On the day of the park's opening on 12 May 1857, shops closed early as thousands of people flocked to attend the ceremony. An extension to Mowbray Park, from the railway cutting to Borough Road, was opened on 11 July 1866. It was opened in 1857 in response to a demand for more open spaces in the town. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
The land was purchased from the Mowbray family, and named after them in recognition. The park was extended in 1866 to include a lake and a terrace, and in 1879 the Winter Gardens, museum and art gallery were added along the Borough Road side. The Second World War affected the park; It was hit with numerous German bombs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Following the war, the park fell into neglect. Sunderland Civic Centre was built on the west portion of the park. The area became known for anti-social and abusive behaviour, and was considered generally unsafe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
In August 1993, over £13,000 worth of damage was caused, and a survey by the Sunderland Echo showed that locals were too scared to use the park.Following a public campaign, in 1994 work began on restoring the park to its Victorian glory, funded by a £3.3 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, described as: "The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
The cast iron drinking fountain was constructed by Glenfield and Kennedy of Kilmarnock and erected in 1878 by the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows. It is a memorial to William Hall, who was the oldest Oddfellow in the North of England when he died, aged 75, in 1876. The domed canopy has elaborate foliage and four cupsed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
; on the east and west is "Amicitia Amor et Veritas" (the motto of Oddfellows), "In memory of Wm. Hall PPGM of the Sunderland District Independent Order of Oddfellows" and "Presented to the Corporation of Sunderland by the Oddfellows NU". The fountain was repaired and restored with the re-opening of Mowbray Park in 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Mowbray Park was the original site of the memorial for the Victoria Hall disaster of 1883 in which 183 children were trampled to death in the Victoria Hall, which overlooked Mowbray Park. The marble statue of a mother holding her dead child was later moved to Bishopwearmouth Cemetery, but in 2002 it was restored and mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
The Havelock statue, constructed in 1861, is located on Building Hill at the south of the park and commemorates Sir Henry Havelock, a celebrated military general born in Bishopwearmouth. Either side of the statue are cannons, named Joshua and Caleb, replicas of those captured from the Russians during the Crimean war. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
The inscription on the front of the plinth reads: "Born 5 April 1775 at Ford Hall, Bishopwearmouth. Died 24 November 1857 at Dil Koosha, Lucknow". There is a statue of Havelock by the same sculptor in Trafalgar Square, London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Jack Crawford, born in Sunderland, was honoured for bravery when he climbed the mast of his ship, HMS Venerable, during the Battle of Camperdown to nail the British flag back up. Although he died a pauper (he was also the second victim of the cholera epidemic in Britain), a memorial statue was erected for him in 1890. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Crawford is in seaman's dress nailing a flag to the mast, using a pistol butt as hammer. The irregularly-piled pieces of limestone rock support the plinth which has an inscription on its north side: "The sailor who so heroically nailed Admiral Duncan's flag to the main-top-gallant-mast of HMS Venerable in the glorious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Roughly in the centre of the park, stands a statue of John Candlish, who was mayor and later Member of Parliament for Sunderland from 1866 to 1874. The statue is signed and dated "C Bacon Sc London 1875", with the founder's mark "H Young & Co. Art Founders Pimlico". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
The slightly larger than life size figure shows Candlish in contemporary dress on a square plinth with a moulded stepped base of polished porphyritic granite. The inscription reads: "John Candlish M.P. Born 1815 Died 1874". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Sunderland has strong links with author Lewis Carroll – it is believed Carroll drew upon the sights of Sunderland in his work. To commemorate the link, there is a themed play area and – most notably a walrus sculpture by the lake made by the sculptor Andrew Burton in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Mowbray Park has become the focus of annual Christmas celebrations in the city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Park |
Simultanagnosia (or simultagnosia) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the inability of an individual to perceive more than a single object at a time. This type of visual attention problem is one of three major components (the others being optic ataxia and optic apraxia) of Bálint's syndrome, an uncommon a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Patients with simultanagnosia, a component of Bálint's syndrome, have a restricted spatial window of visual attention and cannot see more than one object at a time in a scene that contains more than one object. For instance, if presented with an image of a table containing both food and various utensils, a patient will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
In addition, patients note that one stationary object may spontaneously disappear from view as they become aware of another object in the scene.Simultanagnosic patients often exhibit a phenomenon known as "local capture" where they only identify the local elements of stimuli containing local and global features. Howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
There are currently no quantitative methods for diagnosing simultanagnosia. To establish the presence of simultanagnosic symptoms, patients are asked to describe complex visual displays, such as the commonly used "Boston Cookie Theft" picture, which is a component of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. In the pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
For instance, a patient may report seeing a "boy," "stool," and a "woman." However, when asked to interpret the overall meaning of the picture, the patient fails to comprehend the global whole. Another picture used to assess visual impairments of patients with simultanagnosia is the "Telegraph Boy" picture. Upon examin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Simultanagnosia can be divided into two different types: dorsal and ventral, with each taking its name from the dorsal and ventral circuits concerned with the perception of objects' shapes and locations, respectively. These two forms of simultanagnosia are associated with different symptoms as well as damage to separat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Dorsal simultanagnosia results from bilateral lesions to the junction between the parietal and occipital lobes. Here, perception is limited to a single object without awareness of the presence of other stimuli. Thus, being able to see only one object at a time, a patient may collide with various objects in a room being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Ventral simultanagnosia results from damage to the left inferior occipito-temporal junction. Ventral simultanagnosic patients are able to see several objects at once, but their recognition of objects is piecemeal, or limited to one object at a time. Thus, individuals with ventral simultanagnosic symptoms are capable of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Simultanagnosia results from bilateral lesions to the junction between the parietal and occipital lobes. These lesions could result from a stroke or traumatic brain injury. It is also possible for simultanagnosic symptoms to develop from degenerative disorders. For example, one study found that four patients with progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
It is likely that damage to any of several cognitive mechanisms could result in simultanagnosia. Several theories have been proposed to account for simultanagnosic symptoms, and while some focus on the disruption of a specific process, such as the speed of attentional processing, others focus on the disruption of a rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
In 1909, Rezső Bálint published one of the earliest descriptions of simultanagnosia. He studied a patient who easily identified single objects, regardless of size, but claimed that he could only see one object when presented with a complex display of numerous items. This patient also exhibited ocular apraxia, an impair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Because the size of the object did not affect his patient's ability to perceive an item, Bálint argued that his patient did not have a narrowing of the sensory field. Therefore, Bálint concluded that the patient's attention would always be as narrow as the size of the item being observed. In other words, the attentiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
In contrast to Bálint's hypothesis, Thaiss and De Bleser studied a patient who had a physical restriction of her attentional window. The patient's ability to perceive multiple objects and identify global structures significantly improved as the size of the presented image decreased. Thus, complex stimuli could be proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Another theory to account for simultanagnosia involves deficits in "attentional disengaging," and this impairment affects shifts of attention in any direction. When confronted with several objects, the patient's attention becomes "locked" onto one object, and he has difficulty disengaging his attention from this object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Other studies have proposed that simultanagnosia results from slowed attentional processing. According to this view, attention is seen as filter through which one percept at time passes, and the speed with which an individual's attention can filter percepts is much slower for a patient with simultanagnosia than a perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
In one study patients were required to read one word and then read a second word that followed the first in rapid succession. While individuals could identify the first word relatively quickly, they had significantly greater difficulty identifying the second word. Furthermore, if the second word was shown after a long ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
It is also possible that impairments in mechanisms that register spatial locations lead to simultanagnosia. According to the feature-integration theory of attention, features of the visual scene, such as color and orientation, are registered early and in parallel across the visual field. These features are represented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Parietal lesions damage the master map of locations, and as a result, a variety of deficits can occur, including simultanagnosia. If space is necessary to distinguish objects, then deficits in explicit access to spatial information located in the master map leads to the inability to perceive more than one object at a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
When the spatiotopic mapping subsystem of the model was partially damaged, simultanagnosic symptoms resulted. In the model simulation of simultanagnosia, the same location was assigned to all stimuli, therefore preventing the model from identifying multiple objects at once. Either the model "locked" onto the first obje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Another theory to account for simultanagnosia states that patients have difficulty analyzing shapes.Bilateral lesions to the parieto-occipital junction may cause the ventral circuit to slow down; as a result, patients with simultanagnosia have difficulty discriminating among visual features. According to this theory, "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Finally, simultanagnosia may result from deficits in spatial indexing. Several studies have noted that a pre-attentive stage of processing exists during which visual features are obtained from the visual field in parallel. Once these features have been extracted, they can be indexed, which allows them to function as an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
The indexed features, or anchor points, can serve as a "spotlight" that directs focal attention to certain objects, which can then channel visual information to specialized systems for space and shape analysis. Deficits in the spatial indexing mechanism would result in symptoms of simultanagnosia because interpretation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Currently, there is no treatment available for patients with dorsal simultanagnosia, and it is likely that the bilateral lesions resulting in simultanagnosia will not heal. However, a recent study demonstrated that recovery may be related to finding ways to expand the restricted attentional window—their global gestalt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultanagnosia |
Attributions for poverty is a theory concerned with what people believe about the causes of poverty. These beliefs are defined in terms of attribution theory, which is a social psychological perspective on how people make causal explanations about events in the world. In forming attributions, people rely on the informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
One finding in attribution theory is the actor-observer bias, where actors (someone taking an action) tend to attribute their own actions to situational cues, while observers (those observing the actor take action) may attribute the same action to stable, dispositional factors. Due to the actor-observer bias, an observ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
An observer's impression of the dispositional causes of behavior is linked to the uniqueness of the behavior in the situation. If an action seems unique to the person in a specific situation, where others act differently in the same situation, an observer is more likely to attribute the action to the person's individua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
In this situation, high risks or costs of taking an action introduced by external factors translates to greater dispositional attributions of the action to the actor. One example is the quintessential view of the American Dream: a person who successfully immigrated to the United States and created a prosperous life for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
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