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This person's actions in creating success were made in a high-risk environment, in which an observer might attribute this person's actions to heightened levels internal resolve, determination, and ability. Related attribution tendencies are depicted by the covariation and configuration concepts. The covariation concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
The potential causes of the effect involve the person, the entity, and the time of the event. The phenomenology of attribution validity is born from this idea, in which responses to a particular stimulus are categorized by the distinctiveness of the effect in relation to the way other people and entities interact over ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers found consistent preference among Americans for an individualistic view to explain poverty, which focuses the personal ability and effort-related factors. This individualistic view aligns with tendencies to blame the poor for their condition, since the causes of poverty are perceived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
The "underdog perspective" indicates that society's most disadvantaged groups, or underdogs, will support views that challenge the merit of the dominant group's privileged status. Studies in England and the United States found support for this perspective by demonstrating that participants who favored egalitarian polic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
at large, were more likely to favor the external determinants for poverty than white participants. Consistent with the underdog perspective, women were more likely to favor the structural determinants of poverty than men. Having lower income increased the likelihood of favoring the structural perspective on causes to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
There is evidence for associations between political ideology and attributions for poverty. Support for welfare policies, which is associated with more progressive political ideology, was positively associated with situational attributions for poverty and negatively associated with individualistic views. On the other h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
In sociological studies, researchers have identified strong relationships between assigning blame on individuals who are poor for their disadvantage and the belief that welfare programs are overfunded. Participants' self reported ratings of conservatism were associated with support for an individualistic perspective on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
People are motivated to form attributions that are consistent with perceptions of the world. One consistency is based in the just world hypothesis, in which people have a need to believe that the world is an orderly place, where people tend to get what they deserve. This belief affects a person's reaction to the suffer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
American societal values, and the belief in the American Dream, are based in meritocracy, or the belief that people are rewarded for their merit. Evidence from this area of work highlights attributions for poverty among individuals who face poverty or are otherwise marginalized in society. In controlled studies, indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
There is evidence that attributions for poverty are malleable. There have been experimental manipulations aimed at shifting attributions from dispositional to situational when considering the drivers of poverty. Some successful manipulations include writing exercises where individuals listed reasons why someone may be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
Attributions for poverty are associated with tendencies to help those in poverty and to support policies related to addressing poverty. The perception that the cause of a person's need is due to controllable factors leads to neglect, while the perception of uncontrollable causes of need leads to feelings of pity and an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
when compared with people who were assigned to a condition that induced individual attributions for poverty. There are individual, societal, and situational factors that inform perceptions about poverty, and these perceptions affect behaviors. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributions_for_poverty |
Semiotic democracy is a phrase first coined by John Fiske, a media studies professor, in his seminal media studies book Television Culture (1987). Fiske defined the term as the "delegation of the production of meanings and pleasures to viewers. ": 236 Fiske discussed how rather than being passive couch potatoes that a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_democracy |
Examples include fan fiction and slash fiction. Legal scholars are concerned that just as technology eases the process of cheaply making and distributing derivative works imbued with new cultural meanings available to wide public, copyright and right-to-publicity law is clamping down on and limiting these works, thus r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_democracy |
The National Curriculum of Northern Ireland identifies the minimum requirements of skills for each subject and the activities to develop and applied the skills . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
Before 1988 schools had total autonomy and teachers devised the curriculum for their pupils. Margaret Thatcher imposed the first 'common curriculum' for three of the four nations. Teachers opposed this prescriptive move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
The first curriculum review took place in 1998–1999 in England and 2000–2004 in Northern Ireland, with a further review in Northern Ireland in 2010. The 1988 curriculum was rigidly defined by subject., prescribing both the content and the pedagogy, and had neither teacher input nor testing. It proved over-ambitious and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
Language and Literacy Talking and Listening Reading Writing Mathematics and Numeracy Number Measures Shape and Space Sorting Patterns and Relationships The Arts Art and design Music Drama The World Around Us The World Around Us Personal Development and Mutual Understanding Personal Understanding and Health Mutual Under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
Areas of learning Language and Literacy Mathematics and Numeracy Modern Languages The Arts Environment and Society Science and Technology Learning for Life and Work Physical Education Cross-Curricular Skills Communication Using ICT Using Mathematics Other Skills Problem Solving Working with others Self-Management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
Key Stage 3 students are 11-14 year olds (Years 8, 9, and Year 10 in the Northern Ireland system). This is the first post-primary keystage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
"Every school must offer at least 24 courses at Key Stage 4, and 27 in the post-16 category. In addition, at least one third of the courses offered must be general and one third applied; that is the minimum figure", said Peter Wier. This was subsequently reduced to 21- of which one-third must be general courses, and on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
To fulfill the required 21 courses a school is encouraged run a joint course with a neighbouring school and extra funding is available to help them do so.Key Stage 4 students are 14 to 16 year olds (Year 11 and Year 12 in the Northern Ireland system). These students will study for GCSEs or an equivalent. Schools offer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Curriculum |
Warren Sturgis McCulloch (November 16, 1898 – September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician, known for his work on the foundation for certain brain theories and his contribution to the cybernetics movement. Along with Walter Pitts, McCulloch created computational models based on mathematical a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey, in 1898. His brother was a chemical engineer and Warren was originally planning to join the Christian ministry. As a teenager he was associated with the theologians Henry Sloane Coffin, Harry Emerson Fosdick, Herman Karl Wilhelm Kumm and Julian F. Hecker. He was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
He attended Haverford College and studied philosophy and psychology at Yale University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921. He continued to study psychology at Columbia and received a Master of Arts degree in 1923. Receiving his MD in 1927 from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
Then he worked under Eilhard von Domarus at the Rockland State Hospital for the Insane. He returned to academia in 1934. He worked at the Laboratory for Neurophysiology at Yale University from 1934 to 1941. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
In 1941 he moved to Chicago and joined the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he was a professor of psychiatry, as well as the director of the Illinois Neuropsychiatric Institute until 1951. From 1952 he worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusett... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
He was a mentor to the British operations research pioneer Stafford Beer. McCulloch had a range of interests and talents. In addition to his scientific contributions he wrote poetry (sonnets), and he designed and engineered buildings and a dam at his farm in Old Lyme, Connecticut. McCulloch married Ruth Metzger, known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
He is remembered for his work with Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne from Yale and later with Walter Pitts from the University of Chicago. He provided the foundation for certain brain theories in a number of classic papers, including "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943) and "How We Kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
In the 1943 paper McCulloch and Pitts attempted to demonstrate that a Turing machine program could be implemented in a finite network of formal neurons (in the event, the Turing Machine contains their model of the brain, but the converse is not true), that the neuron was the base logic unit of the brain. In the 1947 pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
McCulloch also posited the concept of "poker chip" reticular formations as to how the brain deals with contradictory information in a democratic, somatotopical neural network. His principle of "Redundancy of Potential Command" was developed by von Foerster and Pask in their study of self-organization and by Pask in his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch |
Bird scarers is a blanket term used to describe devices designed for deterring birds by startling, confusing or otherwise repeling them, typically employed in commercial settings by farmers to dissuade birds from consuming and defecating on recently planted arable crops. Numerous bird scarers are also readily available... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
One of the oldest designs of bird scarer is the scarecrow which is in the shape of a human figure. The scarecrow idea has been built upon numerous times, and not all visual scare devices are shaped like humans. The "Flashman Birdscarer," Iridescent tape, "TerrorEyes" balloons, and other visual deterrents are all built ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Many species of bird are also naturally afraid of predators such as birds of prey. "Hawk kites" are designed to fly from poles in the wind and hover above the field to be protected. They are shaped to match the silhouette of a bird of prey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The Helikite bird scarer is a lighter-than-air combination of a helium balloon and a kite. Helikites fly up to 200vft in the air with or without wind. Although they do not look like hawks, they fly and hover high in the sky behaving like birds of prey. Helikites successfully exploit bird pests' instinctive fear of hawk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The use of lasers can be an effective method of bird scaring, although there is some evidence to suggest some birds are "laser-resistant". As the effectiveness of the laser decreases with increasing light levels, it is likely to be most effective at dawn and dusk. Although some lasers prove to be effective during dayli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
During low light conditions this technique is very selective and can be tuned to frequencies and wavelengths that individual bird species don't like, but at night the light beam is visible over a large distance and can cause widespread (non-species specific) disturbance. Lasers use can be limited due to safety concerns... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Lasers are being looked at as an additional scaring system to add to wildlife management programs.Manually operated laser torches and automated laser bird deterrent robots that move the laser automatically towards the birds are available on the market. Research conducted at Wageningen University shows the potential of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The use of model or actual dead birds is used to signal danger to others. Initially, birds often approach the corpse but usually leave when they see the unnatural position of the bird. This approach has been frequently used in attempts to deter gulls from airports. Pheasant feed sacks often have an image of an owl with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Balloons are an inexpensive deterrent. However, this method relies on the movement of balloons, which is something that birds can become used to. The addition of eye illustrations on the balloons has been shown to increase this method's effectiveness as it combats the birds' ability to adapt. Commercially available "sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Audible bird scarers use noise stimuli that makes birds uncomfortable. However, once birds realize these pose no real threats, they can easily become habituated to sounds that seemed initially frightening. If just being placed in situ and left, audible bird scarers can easily become ineffective bird control solutions, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
One very old design is the Japanese sōzu, known metonymically as a shishi odoshi (although the term shishi odoshi properly refers to any method of scaring wild animals, including the Western scarecrow). Instead of using a visual method to distract pests, as the scarecrow does, it uses the sound of a heavy pipe repeated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Propane scare cannons are one of the most common types of bird scarer available in Europe and America. It is a propane-powered gas gun which produces a periodic explosion. The audible bang can reach very loud volumes, in excess of 150 decibels, causing a flight reaction in birds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The similarity between a scare cannon and a 12 gauge shotgun is thought to cause a startle/fear reaction, although it is also effective against birds that have not been exposed to hunting pressure.Birds can become habituated to the sound of regular cannon detonations, especially if it does not vary in its magnitude, pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Sonic bird repellers are not effective; the birds quickly acclimate to them. Usually consisting of a central unit and several speakers, the system emits digitally recorded distress calls of birds, and, in some cases, calls of predators of the target species. Some emitters randomize pitch, magnitude, time interval, soun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Ultrasonic devices are static sound-emitting bird deterrents, which, in theory, will annoy birds to keep them away from enclosed or semi-enclosed areas. Ultrasonic scarers are not harmful to birds, however, there is debate around birds' ability to hear these frequencies at loud enough decibels. Birds are believed to ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Cartridge scarers include a wide variety of noise-producing cartridges usually fired from rockets or rope bangers, or on aerodromes from modified pistols or shotguns, which produce a loud bang and emit flashes of light. They include shellcrackers, screamer shells and whistling projectiles, exploding projectiles, bird b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Cartridges are projected from a shotgun with a range of 45–90 metres (148–295 ft), or pistols with a range of approximately 25 metres (82 ft), before exploding. Bird scaring cartridges can produce noise levels of up to 160 dB at varying ranges but in some countries both the cartridges and the gun require a firearms cer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
In 2013, Dr. John Swaddle and Dr. Mark Hinders at the College of William and Mary created a new method of deterring birds using benign sounds projected by conventional and directional (parametric) speakers. The initial objectives of the technology were to displace problematic birds from airfields to reduce bird strike ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The impact on the birds is similar to talking in a crowded room, and since they cannot understand each other they go somewhere else. Early tests at an aviary and initial field trials at a landfill and airfield indicate that the technology is effective and that birds do not habituate to the sound. The provisional and fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Historically, humans have been employed to scare birds from crops, using a variety of deterrents including throwing stones, flashing with mirrors, or operating noise devices. This is only cost-effective where the cost of labour is sufficiently low relative to agricultural profit margins. In Victorian England, children ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
The control of birds and other wildlife such as deer through harassment by trained border collies has been used at aerodromes, golf courses and agricultural land. The dogs represent an actual threat, and so elicit flight reactions. Habituation is unlikely as they can continually pursue and change their behaviour. Borde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
A single border collie and its handler can keep an area of approximately 50 square kilometres (19.3 square miles, 4998.7 hectares, or 12,179.2 acres) free of larger birds and wildlife. However, although they are effective at deterring ground foraging birds such as waders and wildfowl, they are not so useful for species... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
After the use of the collie, numbers and species of birds on the airport declined and most birds that remained congregated in a drainage ditch away from the runway. The number of bird strikes dropped to zero compared to 13 for the same period the previous year. Several other airports and airbases have now started simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Using predators as a natural bird deterrent has become a recommended form of controlling bird infestations. Specially selected species are trained to deal with working in un-natural environments with distractions and dangers they would not usually encounter.The success of this method of bird control is based on the fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Radio-controlled model aircraft have been used to scare or 'haze' bird pests since the early 1980s, mainly over airfields, but have also been used over agricultural areas, fisheries and landfill sites. This method has been shown to be very effective and birds habituate more slowly to a treatment in which they are being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Fireworks can also be used as bird scarers, and some jurisdictions issue special licences for agricultural fireworks. This practice has been criticised as a loophole for the sale of consumer fireworks. Again, the loud bangs can also irritate people living on nearby properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
These combine multiple deterrents, such as using a pop up scarecrow combined with a gas gun, which in turn activates the distress call of a bird. These combination scarers are often managed by computers and synchronised across an area via the use of radio links. This synchronisation becomes more effective if there is s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer |
Cryptotype or covert categories of a language is a concept coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf which describes semantic or syntactic features that do not have a morphological implementation, but which are crucial for the construction and understanding of a phrase. The cryptotype is understood in opposition to the phenotype or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotype |
Many aspects of clause grammar, and of the grammar of clause complexes, are essentially cryptotypic." Through the use of Halliday, the term has become important in Systemic functional linguistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotype |
Whorf introduced the concept in his 1937 paper "Grammatical categories" and based it on his belief that all grammatical categories must be in some way marked in language to be able to contribute to meaning. But Whorf noted that not all categories were marked overtly, and some were only marked overtly in exceptional cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotype |
As long as no pronouns appear, the gender of the nouns is marked only covertly. The fact that a speaker has to know for each word whether the correct pronoun is "he", "she" or "it" shows that the nouns are in fact "marked" for gender — just not overtly so.Another example of a covert category given by Whorf was the Nava... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotype |
In the field of pedagogy, learning by teaching (German: Lernen durch Lehren, short LdL) is a method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and prepare lessons to teach it to the other students. There is a strong emphasis on acquisition of life skills along with the subject matter. This method was orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
The method of having students teach other students has been present since antiquity. Most often this was due to lack of resources. For example, the Monitorial System was an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century. It was developed in parallel by Scotsman Andrew Bell who had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
The method was originally resisted, as the German educational system generally emphasized discipline and rote learning. However the method became widely used in Germany in secondary education, and in the 1990s it was further formalized and began to be used in universities as well. By 2008 Martin had retired, and althou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
After preparation by the teacher, students become responsible for their own learning and teaching. The new material is divided into small units and student groups of not more than three people are formed.Students are then encouraged to experiment to find ways to teach the material to the others. Along with ensuring tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
A related method is the plastic platypus learning or platypus learning technique. This technique is based on evidence that show that teaching an inanimate object improves understanding and knowledge retention of a subject. The advantage of this technique is that the learner does not need the presence of another person ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the Likert scale can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_by_teaching |
Experience refers to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these processes. Understood as a conscious event in the widest sense, experience involves a subject to which various items are presented. In this sense, seeing a yellow b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
When understood in a more restricted sense, only sensory consciousness counts as experience. In this sense, experience is usually identified with perception and contrasted with other types of conscious events, like thinking or imagining. In a slightly different sense, experience refers not to the conscious events thems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
In this sense, it is important that direct perceptual contact with the external world is the source of knowledge. So an experienced hiker is someone who actually lived through many hikes, not someone who merely read many books about hiking. This is associated both with recurrent past acquaintance and the abilities lear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Many scholarly debates on the nature of experience focus on experience as conscious event, either in the wide or the more restricted sense. One important topic in this field is the question of whether all experiences are intentional, i.e. are directed at objects different from themselves. Another debate focuses on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Some theorists claim that experiences are transparent, meaning that what an experience feels like only depends on the contents presented in this experience. Other theorists reject this claim by pointing out that what matters is not just what is presented but also how it is presented. A great variety of types of experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Perceptual experiences, for example, represent the external world through stimuli registered and transmitted by the senses. The experience of episodic memory, on the other hand, involves reliving a past event one experienced before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
In imaginative experience, objects are presented without aiming to show how things actually are. The experience of thinking involves mental representations and the processing of information, in which ideas or propositions are entertained, judged or connected. Pleasure refers to experience that feels good. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
It is closely related to emotional experience, which has additionally evaluative, physiological and behavioral components. Moods are similar to emotions, with one key difference being that they lack a specific object found in emotions. Conscious desires involve the experience of wanting something. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
They play a central role in the experience of agency, in which intentions are formed, courses of action are planned, and decisions are taken and realized. Non-ordinary experience refers to rare experiences that significantly differ from the experience in the ordinary waking state, like religious experiences, out-of-bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Phenomenology is the science of the structure and contents of experience. It uses different methods, like epoché or eidetic variation. Sensory experience is of special interest to epistemology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
An important traditional discussion in this field concerns whether all knowledge is based on sensory experience, as empiricists claim, or not, as rationalists contend. This is closely related to the role of experience in science, in which experience is said to act as a neutral arbiter between competing theories. In met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of the term, "experience" can be stated as, "a direct observation of or participation in events as a basis of knowledge." The term "experience" is associated with a variety of closely related meanings, which is why various different definitions of it are found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
But in a wider sense, experience includes other types of conscious events besides perception and sensation. This is the case, for example, for the experience of thinking or the experience of dreaming. In a different sense, "experience" refers not to conscious events themselves but to the knowledge and practical familia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Experience is often understood as a conscious event in the widest sense. This includes various types of experiences, such as perception, bodily awareness, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, action and thought. It usually refers to the experience a particular individual has, but it can also take the meaning of the ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
These items may belong to diverse ontological categories corresponding e.g. to objects, properties, relations or events. Seeing a yellow bird on a branch, for example, presents the subject with the objects "bird" and "branch", the relation between them and the property "yellow". These items can include both familiar an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
When understood in its widest sense, the items present in experience can include unreal items. This is the case, for example, when experiencing illusions, hallucinations or dreams. In this sense, one can have the experience of a yellow bird on a branch even though there is no yellow bird on the branch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Experiences may include only real items, only unreal items, or a mix between the two. Phenomenologists have made various suggestions about what the basic features of experience are. The suggested features include spatial-temporal awareness, the difference in attention between foreground and background, the subject's aw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
In this sense, it is possible to experience something without understanding what it is. This would be the case, for example, if someone experienced a robbery without being aware of what exactly was happening. In this case, the sensations caused by the robbery constitute the experience of the robbery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
This characterization excludes more abstract types of consciousness from experience. In this sense, it is sometimes held that experience and thought are two separate aspects of mental life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
A similar distinction is sometimes drawn between experience and theory. But these views are not generally accepted. Critics often point out that experience involves various cognitive components that cannot be reduced to sensory consciousness. Another approach is to distinguish between internal and external experience. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
In another sense, experience refers not to the conscious events themselves but to the knowledge they produce. For this sense, it is important that the knowledge comes about through direct perceptual contact with the external world. That the knowledge is direct means that it was obtained through immediate observation, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
This type of knowledge does not constitute experience of the topic since the direct contact in question concerns only the books and movies but not the topic itself. The objects of this knowledge are often understood as public objects, which are open to observation by most regular people.The meaning of the term "experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
This familiarity rests on recurrent past acquaintance or performances. It often involves having learned something by heart and being able to skillfully practice it rather than having a mere theoretical understanding. But the knowledge and skills obtained directly this way are normally limited to generalized rules-of-th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Most experiences, especially the ones of the perceptual kind, aim at representing reality. This is usually expressed by stating that they have intentionality or are about their intentional object. If they are successful or veridical, they represent the world as it actually is. But they may also fail, in which case they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
It is traditionally held that all experience is intentional. This thesis is known as "intentionalism". In this context, it is often claimed that all mental states, not just experiences, are intentional. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
But special prominence is usually given to experiences in these debates since they seem to constitute the most fundamental form of intentionality. It is commonly accepted that all experiences have phenomenal features, i.e. that there is something it is like to live through them. Opponents of intentionalism claim that n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Some alleged counterexamples to intentionalism involve pure sensory experiences, like pain, of which it is claimed that they lack representational components. Defenders of intentionalism have often responded by claiming that these states have intentional aspects after all, for example, that pain represents bodily damag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
Another debate concerns the question of whether all experiences have conceptual contents. Concepts are general notions that constitute the fundamental building blocks of thought. Conceptual contents are usually contrasted with sensory contents, like seeing colors or hearing noises. This discussion is especially relevan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
The "given" refers to the immediate, uninterpreted sensory contents of such experiences. Underlying this discussion is the distinction between a "bare" or "immediate" experience in contrast to a more developed experience. The idea behind this distinction is that some aspects of experience are directly given to the subj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
These basic aspects are then interpreted in various ways, leading to a more reflective and conceptually rich experience showing various new relations between the basic elements. This distinction could explain, for example, how various faulty perceptions, like perceptual illusions, arise: they are due to false interpret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
The distinction between immediate and interpreted aspects of experience has proven contentious in philosophy, with some critics claiming that there is no immediate given within experience, i.e. that everything is interpreted in some way. One problem with this criticism is that it is difficult to see how any interpretat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
This immediate given is by itself a chaotic undifferentiated mass that is then ordered through various mental processes, like association, memory and language, into the normal everyday objects we perceive, like trees, cars or spoons. Direct realists, on the other hand, hold that these material everyday objects themselv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience |
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