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Along with Jacobsohn, Flatau wrote a well-known textbook of comparative anatomy of the nervous system of mammals (1899). In 1906, he visited the Munich psychiatric clinic of Emil Kraepelin.In 1910 and 1911, he wrote three chapters on tumors of the brain and spinal cord for the two volumes of the handbook edited by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In 1911, Flatau and Wladyslaw Sterling published an article on progressive torsion spasm in children. The authors pointed out that the disease was associated with genetic factors. In the same year, Theodor Ziehen and Hermann Oppenheim published a paper claiming that dystonia is related to a disease of the muscles. Howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In 1976, Eldridge suggested that the publication of Flatau and Sterling was one of the first to describe the genetic factors of neurological diseases.In 1927, Flatau, independently of Emil Redlich in Vienna, described the first cases of encephalomyelitis epidemica disseminata (Flatau-Redlich disease). Flatau was convin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In 1912, he published in German and Polish one of the first modern monographs in the 20th century about migraine headaches which is still referenced in scientific literature. It was the first Polish textbook devoted to migraine. In a review of the historical background of general aspects of the headaches, Isler and Ros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
The book was based on observations of himself and about 500 cases from his own practice.In the introduction to the monograph, he wrote,"Migraine, as such, is not an independent or autonomous disease; it is just one set of symptoms in the great chain of changed neurometabolism, whose crucial aspect are chemical changes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
The forces that govern such mechanisms are also not known to us. We can only guess and make assumptions as to their operation. Nevertheless, great progress characterizing the development of neurology in the second half of the nineteenth century is visible in the field of research into migraine as well. As a result, one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In addition to neurology, Flatau was a psychiatrist.Irena Solska, famous Polish actress, describes in her memoirs that playing Maria, a mad wife in nondivine comedy of Zygmunt Krasinski around 1920, she visited the psychiatric hospital (ward) of Edward Flatau. Another of his patients was well-known Polish poet Jan Lech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Excerpt from Singer's story reads: "The word soon spread through Krochmalna Street and the surrounding streets that a dybbuk had settled in Tzeitel's ear, and that it chanted Torah ... A Warsaw nerve specialist became interested in the case – Dr. Flatau, who was famous not only in Poland, but in all Europe and maybe i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In addition to his scientific work, he had a private practice in Warsaw. In 1904, he became head of the Department of Neurology at the Szpital Starozakonnych w Warszawie, which he led for 28 years. There, many of the Polish neurologists were making their first steps. His pupil Eufemiusz Herman recalls: "Traditionally o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
At the bedside of each patient, Flatau discussed their cases, he listened to the voice of everyone, even the youngest doctor ... As a teacher and a boss, he was deeply attached to each and every one who worked with him. They could draw richly from his great experience and extensive knowledge. He was patient, forgiving,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Thinking forehead, deep dark eyes with a keen, yet warm gaze, low voice with a wide range of modulation – these are the features which, apart from the deep knowledge and great experience, attracted and charmed anyone who was in the circle of his indefatigable activity." In 1908, he lived on the Marszałkowska 150 Street... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
By 1899, Flatau had established a name for himself both in Germany and abroad, and returned to Poland during that year. Flatau was closely associated with attempts to re-establish Polish science during and after Russian occupation. After his return, he formed a private microscopy laboratory at his apartments in Warsaw,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In 1911, he established a neurological laboratory in the Warsaw Psychologic Society, and he became in 1913 the first head of the Department of Neurobiology of the Warsaw Scientific Society (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Naukowe) and from 1911 to 1923, head of the Department of Neurobiology at the Nencki Institute of Experime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Especially at the beginning of his career, he was involved in popular science activities in Poland. He published in popular medicine journals such as Zdrowie, Gazeta Lekarska, and Nowiny Lekarskie. Flatau's law, originally published in German, was reprinted in Polish in the journal Nowiny Lekarskie together with the ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
His brain atlas and a book about migraine were translated into Polish, as well. He was interested in history of Polish medicine. In 1899, he notes: "Quite important for the history of Polish medicine is the fact that Robert Remak, one of the greatest histologists and neuropathologists, was born in Poznań in 1815 and pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
This historical information was communicated to me by his son – Professor Ernst Remak in Berlin. He was also kind enough to give me a copy of this epic work in the Polish language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
"He was co-editor of the German journal Jahresbericht Leistungen und über die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Since its inception in 1897 until 1900, and afterwards as a collaborator, he contributed to the journal and was summarizing Polish neurological and psychiatric literature.According ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In the same article, Higier writes "In social life, Flatau ... a sense of responsibility for the state of Polish intellectual culture and the level and extent of Polish research ideas." In the early 20th century, the world neurology was beginning to be organized in international structures. In 1929, Flatau wrote to He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Flatau has played an important role in the development of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw (it exists to this day), and he created the first experimental neurobiological laboratory in Poland, and was member and contributed to development of the Warsaw Scientific Society (he was a member since 19 J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
The anecdote about this laboratory is: " carriage would take us to building on Marszalkowska Street, the same building where were mannequin ladies stood in shopping windows of House of Fashion of Boguslaw Herse (...) In this house lived, on the first floor, my uncle Edward Flatau, who – just like my father – was a neur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
At night, the St. Bernard used his paws to remove the cover and ate a brain, always just one. He was taking off the cover gently and quietly placed it on the table. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Flatau would not detect it for several days because he did not work in the laboratory every day. Then he announced that St. Bernard would be thrown out (...). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
St. Bernard looked at my uncle with reproach and would leave the room in protest against these threats..."Subsequently, this laboratory moved on Jerozolimska Avenue 85 under auspices of the Psychological Society. In October 1911, Flatau donated to the Warsaw Scientific Society his neurological laboratory, along with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In that time (1911), the Warsaw Scientific Society received as a gift from Józef Potocki, a house on Śniadeckich 8, where the laboratory was located. This is the same building where in 1913, Maria Skłodowska-Curie funded a radiology laboratory and was its honorary director. For many years, Flatau was the director of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
According to Herman "Every day at 9 am, Flatau showed up in the neurobiological laboratory on Śniadecki 8 Street. Here, he was performing experiments on animals, reviewed the histology specimens, collaborated with his colleagues. At 11 am, he would go for coffee at a nearby Ostrowski cafe at the intersection of Koszyk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
The laboratory conducted research in the fields of comparative anatomy, general and nervous system, physiology, pathological anatomy, experimental pathology, and experimental therapy of the nervous system. He collaborated with an assistant of Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Ludwik Wertenstein, on experimental oncology (use of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
At the end of 1918, Kazimierz Białaszewicz, along with Edward Flatau and Romuald Minkiewicz, head of just created Department of General Biology (Zakład Biologii Ogólnej) applied to the board of the Warsaw Scientific Society with an initiative to separate these three laboratories and create an organization under the nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In January 1932, he diagnosed himself with a brain tumor. He kept notes about his illness, but they were lost during the war. He died five months later, and he is buried at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw (section 10, row 2).At his grave, Dr. A. Goldman said: "reticent in colloquial conversations, strong in resolving pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
Several thousand people came to his funeral. His headstone was done by sculptor Mieczysław Lubelski. He died in 1932, the same year as two other notable Polish neurologists and friends, Samuel Goldflam and Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski (Polish-French neurologist). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Flatau |
In a few universities in the United Kingdom, an advanced postgraduate (APG) is student enrolled in the first year (full-time) or first two years (part-time) of a PhD program. During this period, students usually research their particular research area for unanswered or unclear research questions or topics. The Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_postgraduate |
At the end of this period, students are required to submit a report regarding the direction of their research during the remainder of their PhD. They usually present the report at a panel interview, called the APG interview. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_postgraduate |
Louchébem or loucherbem (French pronunciation: ) is Parisian and Lyonnaise butchers' (French boucher) slang, similar to Pig Latin and Verlan. It originated in the mid-19th century and was in common use until the 1950s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louchébem |
The louchébem word-creation process resembles that of largonji, verlan, and javanais, in that existing words are camouflaged according to a set of rules. Strictly speaking, louchébem is a more rigid variety of largonji in which the ending -èm is obligatory. Largonji substitutes ⟨l⟩ for the consonant or consonant cluste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louchébem |
Despite the name, louchébem seems to have been created not by butchers, but by inmates at Brest Prison, with records dating back to 1821.Edmund Clerihew Bentley used the language as a plot point in his 1937 short story "The Old-Fashioned Apache". During the Nazi occupation louchébem was used by Parisian members of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louchébem |
Here are a few example Louchébem words. There is another French argot called largonji, which differs from louchébem only in the suffix that is added (-i instead of -em); the term is derived from jargon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louchébem |
A dominance signal is used in a dominance hierarchy or pecking order to indicate an animal's dominance. Dominance signals are a type of internal environment signal that demonstrate the signalers attributes . Dominance signals are necessary for several species for mating, maintaining social hierarchies and defending ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Animals have developed conflict management strategies to reduce frequency of aggressive incidents in competitive matters. This evolution is the basis of dominance signals. Dominance signals can be operationally defined by (1) acts or displays produced by signalers, (2) which conveys meaning messages to recipients such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
For example, (1) hermit claws raise their claws performing a threat signal, (2) which expresses intent to attack to challenger (3) and the challenger makes a decision to retreat which (4) reinforces signaller's dominance.The earliest study of animal signals can be attributed to Charles Darwin's "The Expressions of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Nikolaas Tinbergen furthered the essential framework for studying animal signals with his 'four questions' about the phylogeny, function, development and mechanism of signals or any other behaviour.Dominance signals are the basis of animal hierarchies and are triggered by stress environments. These signals are used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Animals use several modalities of communication to express dominance. Aggressive encounters between competing individuals can result in significant costs for animals. To minimize fighting costs and increase fitness, many species have evolved specialized signalling systems to assert dominance by electing specific cues o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Visual communication is a common dominance signal among animals. They are an effective modality as they come at a low cost to the animal and minimize risk. The Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) for example, express bright orange splotches during territorial conflict to warn competitors that they are poisonous, and thu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Acoustic communication is often used by animals to express dominance. Acoustic sounds can vary substantially in amplitude, duration, and frequency structure which can influence how the signal is received. Vocalizations can be effective for a species as it may decrease physical interaction, which may decrease injury cos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Tactile signals occur when physical contact is made between two competing animals and can only be transmitted over very short distances. Tactile communication is often very important in building and maintaining relationship among social animals as it can establish hierarchies. Snakes (Serpentes) engage in tactile commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
It involves interaction sequences between two male snakes and has been recorded in four groups of snakes including colubrids, elapids, viperines and crotalines. During competition, the male snakes will exert pressures through pushing, flipping or entwining, which will result in one physically subduing the other. The do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Electric signalling is a mode of communication often used by aquatic animals living in murky water. Electric signalling can minimize fighting costs and allow dominance to be exerted in low visibility conditions. In Electric Fish (Sternarchorhynchus), the frequency of electric organ discharge signals the dominance statu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals, like other animal behaviours, have internal underlying mechanisms that allow for the external display to occur. Underlying mechanisms may include hormones, sensory organs, cognitive maps, spatial memory, associative learning, brain structure, mental representations and neural morphology. Dominance si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
In Australasian swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus), for example, badge display is an indicator of dominance. It has been found that altering a bird's badge can actually change androgen circulation and can cause feedback effects on the individuals physiology. In a field study by Cody Dey, researchers found that bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals used during courtship are driven by interactions between a male's fitness and a female's preference. Dominance signals influence a female's choice of mate because the power of a signal may be a reflection of the male's genetic success. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals are elicited in wild turkeys during courtship. Wild turkeys fundamentally follow a dominant hierarchy as a way to increase their inclusive fitness. The dominant subordinate relationship occurs between two brothers. One brother, the dominant, copulates while the other male, the subordinate, helps.After... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Electric fish express dominance signals during courtship by exerting electric organ discharge "chirps". The "chirps" are an indicator of a male's aggressiveness and size. The more "chirps" a male electric fish produces, increases his likelihood of reproductive success. Continual bouts of chirping can last hours on even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
The electric chirps stimulate females to spawn. The chirp involves a slight increase in frequency followed by a cessation of the male dominant frequency. Chirps are normally short and abrupt during aggressive encounters when courting females, however, become softer during actual copulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Social dominance is formed through dominance hierarchies. Such hierarchies arise when a member of social group elicits a dominance signal to initiate competitive interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Gorilla's chest-drumming is a signal used to demonstrate social dominance. This non-verbal, rapid chest-drumming creates a sound because gorillas have air sacks on both sides of their throat. The drumming is often accompanied by screaming and non-specified sounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
This signal is used as a warning signal to young gorilla to back-down if they are trying to join their tribe. This signal will only cease if the young male backs-down or if they engage in battle. The young males are not challenging the dominant for courtship behaviour alone, but rather are trying for group-wide control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Chest-drumming is also used a sign of victory after a battle and demonstrates who is the male dominant. As gorillas are male dominant, females do not produce these dominance signals. Silverback gorillas also use chest-drumming to command their family to follow them, reinforcing familial dominance.Dominance signals that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals are often elicited over competition for territory. Dominance over a territory can be highly beneficial as it would provide abundant recourse. However, the cost of holding a territory can also be quite high. Dominance signals allow signalers to convey the dominant-subordinate relationship to a receiver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals used by Atlantic Salmon allow for territory to be defended. When an Atlantic salmon is challenged by another salmon for territory and resources, a physical change in colour display occurs. When a subordinate male enters the territory of a dominant male, it will become darker after assessment of the do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Dominance signals are typically associated with ethology. However, humans display such signals as it is an innate characteristic. Fundamentally, all social species must have expressions of dominance and engage in hierarchy systems to function. Men exhibiting greater dominance signals often have higher success mating wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Human voice pitch is one of the most prevalent dominance signal and has evolutionary ties to non-human primates. Physically, men's vocal folds and vocal tracts are longer than those of women, which produces a lower fundamental frequency and closer spacing of formant frequencies in men. These differences are not fully c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Current research on male voice pitch suggests that lower pitch is perceived as increasing dominance. Lower pitch voices also tend to be indicators of physical and social dominance. Other vocalization signals include loud rapid speaking tempo and clear articulation. Empirical evidence shows that women perceive deep-voic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Physical size is one of the most prevalent dominance signals a human can elicit. Height, weight, bulk, and muscularity send signals of strength and can hold power over subordinate males. Other non-verbal signals that are perceived as signs of dominance are rapid gait, straight postures, firm and strong stances, animate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
Facial expression is used as a dominance signal in humans. Derived from our primate ancestors, faces of mature members have broader faces with a more defined jaw, smaller ratio of eye size to face size and larger noses. Younger members are perceived as having baby-faced features which includes rounder, softer faces, la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
More subtle dominance signals have also been suggested such as head nods, less arm wrap, increasing gestures, and more left leg lean. These subtle differences are associated with perception of dominance among males. Little research has been conducted regarding how or if, women elicit subtle dominance signals to express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_signal |
In statistics and in machine learning, a linear predictor function is a linear function (linear combination) of a set of coefficients and explanatory variables (independent variables), whose value is used to predict the outcome of a dependent variable. This sort of function usually comes in linear regression, where the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
The basic form of a linear predictor function f ( i ) {\displaystyle f(i)} for data point i (consisting of p explanatory variables), for i = 1, ..., n, is f ( i ) = β 0 + β 1 x i 1 + ⋯ + β p x i p , {\displaystyle f(i)=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\cdots +\beta _{p}x_{ip},} where x i k {\displaystyle x_{ik}} , for k = 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
It is common to write the predictor function in a more compact form as follows: The coefficients β0, β1, ..., βp are grouped into a single vector β of size p + 1. For each data point i, an additional explanatory pseudo-variable xi0 is added, with a fixed value of 1, corresponding to the intercept coefficient β0. The re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
This makes it possible to write the linear predictor function as follows: f ( i ) = β ⋅ x i {\displaystyle f(i)={\boldsymbol {\beta }}\cdot \mathbf {x} _{i}} using the notation for a dot product between two vectors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
An equivalent form using matrix notation is as follows: f ( i ) = β T x i = x i T β {\displaystyle f(i)={\boldsymbol {\beta }}^{\mathrm {T} }\mathbf {x} _{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\mathrm {T} }{\boldsymbol {\beta }}} where β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} and x i {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}} are assumed to be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
An example of the usage of a linear predictor function is in linear regression, where each data point is associated with a continuous outcome yi, and the relationship written y i = f ( i ) + ε i = β T x i + ε i , {\displaystyle y_{i}=f(i)+\varepsilon _{i}={\boldsymbol {\beta }}^{\mathrm {T} }\mathbf {x} _{i}\ +\varepsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
In some models (standard linear regression, in particular), the equations for each of the data points i = 1, ..., n are stacked together and written in vector form as y = X β + ε , {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\mathbf {X} {\boldsymbol {\beta }}+{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }},\,} where y = ( y 1 y 2 ⋮ y n ) , X = ( x 1 ′ x... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
The variables ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} are random variables, which in standard linear regression are distributed according to a standard normal distribution; they express the influence of any unknown factors on the outcome. This makes it possible to find optimal coefficients through the method of least squa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\beta }}}=(X^{\mathrm {T} }X)^{-1}X^{\mathrm {T} }\mathbf {y} .} The matrix ( X T X ) − 1 X T {\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {T} }X)^{-1}X^{\mathrm {T} }} is known as the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of X. The use of the matrix inverse in this formula requires that X is of full rank, i.e. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
Although the outcomes (dependent variables) to be predicted are assumed to be random variables, the explanatory variables themselves are usually not assumed to be random. Instead, they are assumed to be fixed values, and any random variables (e.g. the outcomes) are assumed to be conditional on them. As a result, the da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
When a fixed set of nonlinear functions are used to transform the value(s) of a data point, these functions are known as basis functions. An example is polynomial regression, which uses a linear predictor function to fit an arbitrary degree polynomial relationship (up to a given order) between two sets of data points (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
Mathematically, the form looks like this: y i = β 0 + β 1 x i + β 2 x i 2 + ⋯ + β p x i p . {\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i}+\beta _{2}x_{i}^{2}+\cdots +\beta _{p}x_{i}^{p}.} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
In this case, for each data point i, a set of explanatory variables is created as follows: ( x i 1 = x i , x i 2 = x i 2 , … , x i p = x i p ) {\displaystyle (x_{i1}=x_{i},\quad x_{i2}=x_{i}^{2},\quad \ldots ,\quad x_{ip}=x_{i}^{p})} and then standard linear regression is run. The basis functions in this example would ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
This example shows that a linear predictor function can actually be much more powerful than it first appears: It only really needs to be linear in the coefficients. All sorts of non-linear functions of the explanatory variables can be fit by the model. There is no particular need for the inputs to basis functions to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
An example of this is radial basis functions (RBF's), which compute some transformed version of the distance to some fixed point: ϕ ( x ; c ) = ϕ ( | | x − c | | ) = ϕ ( ( x 1 − c 1 ) 2 + … + ( x K − c K ) 2 ) {\displaystyle \phi (\mathbf {x} ;\mathbf {c} )=\phi (||\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {c} ||)=\phi ({\sqrt {(x_{1}-c_{1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
That is, the application of the radial basis functions will pick out the nearest point, and its regression coefficient will dominate. The result will be a form of nearest neighbor interpolation, where predictions are made by simply using the prediction of the nearest observed data point, possibly interpolating between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
It is even possible to fit some functions that appear non-linear in the coefficients by transforming the coefficients into new coefficients that do appear linear. For example, a function of the form a + b 2 x i 1 + c x i 2 {\displaystyle a+b^{2}x_{i1}+{\sqrt {c}}x_{i2}} for coefficients a , b , c {\displaystyle a,b,c} ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
The explanatory variables may be of any type: real-valued, binary, categorical, etc. The main distinction is between continuous variables (e.g. income, age, blood pressure, etc.) and discrete variables (e.g. sex, race, political party, etc.). Discrete variables referring to more than two possible choices are typically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
This allows for separate regression coefficients to be matched for each possible value of the discrete variable. Note that, for K categories, not all K dummy variables are independent of each other. For example, in the above blood type example, only three of the four dummy variables are independent, in the sense that o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
Thus, it's really only necessary to encode three of the four possibilities as dummy variables, and in fact if all four possibilities are encoded, the overall model becomes non-identifiable. This causes problems for a number of methods, such as the simple closed-form solution used in linear regression. The solution is e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function |
Zeppelin University (German: Zeppelin Universität, ZU) is a small and highly selective private research university on the shores of Lake Constance in Friedrichshafen, Germany. The university is accredited by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Württemberg. The university was established in 2003 and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Zeppelin University has two campuses in Friedrichshafen: the Lake Campus at the shores of Lake Constance, and the nearby ZF Campus, which was completed in 2015. The ZF Campus was funded by a donation of 20 million Euro from ZF Friedrichshafen. Both campuses are modern, designed by well-known architects, and contain cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Zeppelin University is a small and exclusive private university and offers fewer programs than traditional universities in Germany. Because it is relatively new and small, it typically goes unranked in international comparisons. In the most reputable German ranking, the CHE, the Zeppelin University achieved the best re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
In the CHE Ranking 2017/2018, ZU was ranked among the top 3 German universities for the Bachelor's and Master's programs in Economics.In 2015/2016, the Center for Higher Education Development ranked Zeppelin University's Master's program in Political Science as the third-best among all German universities. In the CHE R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
The university offers 16 Bachelor's and Master's tracks, including executive Master's education. Students can graduate with the academic degree of Bachelor of Arts and a consecutive or non-consecutive Master of Arts or Master of Science. Zeppelin University only offers four years undergraduate study programs. One year ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Zeppelin University has partnerships with around 85 universities, some of which are: University of California, Berkeley Sciences Po Copenhagen Business School University of Twente Goldsmiths College Maastricht University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Tuition for undergraduate programs in the nominal study period of four years cost between 36,720 to 42,000 euro. For postgraduate programs, the tuition costs between 13,320 and 23,160 euros for the two-year program. Students not in receipt of a scholarship are offered low-interest loans by Sparkasse Bodensee. More than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Applicants are selected by the university in a two-step selection process: after a detailed written application, in which the first round of selection is made, candidates are invited to an assessment day (Pioneers Wanted). Candidates go through several interviews with professors, students, alumni, and external reviewer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
Candidates have to complete a group project which is presented to the assessment committee.The university's selection procedure is considered sophisticated, and not just because its methods differ from those of other universities. It does not just use numerus clausus (which is widely used in Germany), but instead tries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
There are some 59 student groups and projects, such as groups affiliated with political parties (LHG, Jusos, RCDS), a debating club (Soapbox), the Club of International Politics (CIP), a Model United Nations group (MUN), which also organizes LakeMun, entrepreneurial groups, a cultural club which also organizes a music ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
The Zeppelin University has various integrated interdisciplinary research institutes, which are partly funded by donations. These include the Leadership Excellence Institute Zeppelin (LEIZ), which is supported by the Karl Schlecht Stiftung, the Friedrichshafener Institut für Familienunternehmen (Institute for family bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_University |
A prime meridian is an arbitrary meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides a spheroid, like Earth, into two hemispheres: th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
Earth's current international standard prime meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian. It is derived, but differs slightly, from the Greenwich Meridian, the previous standard. A prime meridian for a planetary body not tidally locked (or at least not in synchronous rotation) is entirely arbitrary, unlike an equator, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
However, for celestial objects that are tidally locked (more specifically, synchronous), their prime meridians are determined by the face always inward of the orbit (a planet facing its star, or a moon facing its planet), just as equators are determined by rotation. Longitudes for the Earth and Moon are measured from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
The notion of longitude for Greeks was developed by the Greek Eratosthenes (c. 276 – 195 BCE) in Alexandria, and Hipparchus (c. 190 – 120 BCE) in Rhodes, and applied to a large number of cities by the geographer Strabo (64/63 BCE – c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
24 CE). But it was Ptolemy (c. 90 – 168 CE) who first used a consistent meridian for a world map in his Geographia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
Ptolemy used as his basis the "Fortunate Isles", a group of islands in the Atlantic, which are usually associated with the Canary Islands (13° to 18°W), although his maps correspond more closely to the Cape Verde islands (22° to 25° W). The main point is to be comfortably west of the western tip of Africa (17.5° W) as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian |
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