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The Khmer Rouge Tribunal, established by the United Nations together with the government of Cambodia in July 2006, has the possibility of prosecuting the destruction of cultural assets during the Khmer Rouge dictatorship from April 1975 to January 1979, with explicit reference to the Hague Convention of 1954, pursuant ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
However, it is not yet known whether and to what extent trials will be instituted in the court which are based on the destruction of cultural property. A possible problem with the application of Article 7 and thus with the Hague Convention, is that it is a legal requirement to establish the existence of an armed confli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
Deliberate destruction and theft of cultural heritage has been conducted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant since 2014 in Iraq, Syria, and to a lesser extent in Libya. The destruction targets various places of worship under ISIL control and ancient historical artifacts. In Iraq, between the fall of Mosul in Ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
As of June 2018, 131 states have become party to the Hague Convention of 1954 and 109 states to the first protocol. 77 states have become party to the Second Protocol of 1999.Of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France became a party in 1957. Russia is contracting party in legal success... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The main reason for the long period between signature and ratification by the United States were the reservations of the US Department of Defense during the Cold War, that the Convention's obligations regarding the possible use of nuclear weapons could not be fulfilled. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, to which the commander... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
On 6 January 1999, then US President Bill Clinton recommended that the US Senate ratify both agreements. In his opinion, they were not only in accordance with the principles and methods of the American Armed Forces, but were even based on them in essential aspects. After the Senate approved accession in September 2008,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Convention on 14 May 2004, the Government of the United Kingdom declared its intention to become a party to the Convention and the two Protocols. This was due to the conclusion of the Second Protocol of 1999, which, in the view of the British government, eli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a legally independent specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris, working in the field of dissemination and implementation of the protection of cultural property in armed conflicts. It acts as depositary of the Hague Conventio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
In addition, Blue Shield International (formerly the International Committee of the Blue Shield, ICBS; in French Comité International du Bouclier Bleu, CIBB) has existed since 1996. Its mission is to improve international cooperation in the field of cultural heritage protection and to support local and regional activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The Association of the National Committees of the Blue Shield (ANCBS) was established on September 28, 2006 as the umbrella organization for the national committees. ANCBS and ICBS merged in 2016, to become the Blue Shield. International activities are now represented by Blue Shield International, who also work to coor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
While in many wars the freedom of movement of United Nations personnel is significantly restricted due to security concerns, Blue Shield is regarded as particularly suitable due to its structure to act flexibly and autonomously in armed conflicts. Despite the partial dissolution of state structures and the very unclear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
From Blue Shield's point of view, it is not enough to develop and adopt international law norms such as the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict or the Doha Statement of the Conference of 'Ulamâ on Islam and Cultural Heritage'. It is necessary to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The "International League of National Societies for the Protection of Cultural Property", based in the Swiss city of Freiburg, was also established in May 1997 as an international umbrella organisation. Through the activities of these national and international organisations and associations, which also include the pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The exhibition, which was supported primarily by the voluntary work of Swiss citizens and exiled Afghans, as well as by donations of around 1.5 million Swiss francs and supervised by the Swiss Afghanistan Institute based in Bubendorf, was open to the public from October 2000 to October 2006 and was visited by around 50... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
The museum was reopened only three years earlier on 28 April 2000, nine years after its closure as a result of the Second Gulf War. Later investigations carried out by a US commission in collaboration with museum staff found evidence of at least three independent incidents. According to the Commission's findings, the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
However, a number of indications also pointed out that the thieves had a good knowledge of the museum and expert knowledge of the cultural assets on display. Although particularly valuable objects were kept in the cellar of the museum in the run-up to the war, considerable losses were also incurred here. The Commission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict |
Nelle Artis Coley, a noted educator, was born in Greensboro, NC in 1909. She attended local parochial primary schools (Episcopal and Lutheran) in Greensboro before starting public school. She entered Bennett College in 1926, completing her high school studies in 1927. For the next four years, she alternated her studies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
She completed her undergraduate studies at Bennett College in 1931. Unable to find work in Greensboro, she moved to Beaufort, North Carolina, where she found a teaching job. Mrs. Coley continued teaching in Beaufort through the early 1930s, and spent her summers in New York, pursuing graduate studies at Temple Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
She completed her graduate studies at Columbia in 1935. In the fall of 1935, she returned to Greensboro and started teaching at James B. Dudley High School. Coley sought to make her students question bias and think critically about society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
During her career, she was a member of the Greensboro Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta, American Association of University Women, the Bennett College Alumnae Association, NAACP, and the National Council of Negro Women. She served as president of the Classroom Teachers Association of the Greensboro Unit and the Stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
Baker, Scott, 2011. "Pedagogies of Protest: African American Teachers and the History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1940-1963." Teachers College Record, Vol. 113, No. 12. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
December 2011. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ988307. Accessed May 29, 2016. Firewalled Chafe, William H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
(1980). Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina and the Black Struggle for Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
(E185.615 .C43 1980). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4957224 Fairclough, Adam. (2007). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
A class of their own: Black teachers in the segregated South. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (LC2802 .S9 F35 2007) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/434595724 Thuesen, Sarah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
(2013). Greater Than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919–1965. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
(LC2802 .N8 T58 2013) http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855019699 Wilson, E. H., & Mullally, S. (1983). Hope and dignity: Older Black Women of the South. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9016982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelle_A._Coley |
The Association of College and Research Libraries defines information literacy as a "set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Further studies were needed to lessen the confusion and continue to articulate the parameters of the question.The Alexandria Proclamation of 2005 defined the term as a human rights issue: "Information literacy empowers people in all walks of life to seek, evaluate, use and create information effectively to achieve thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
"A number of other efforts have been made to better define the concept and its relationship to other skills and forms of literacy. Other pedagogical outcomes related to information literacy include traditional literacy, computer literacy, research skills and critical thinking skills. Information literacy as a sub-disci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The phrase "information literacy" first appeared in print in a 1974 report written on behalf of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science by Paul G. Zurkowski, who was at the time president of the Information Industry Association (now the Software and Information Industry Association). Zurkowski used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
In another 1976 article in Library Journal, M.R. Owens applied the concept to political information literacy and civic responsibility, stating, "All are created equal but voters with information resources are in a position to make more intelligent decisions than citizens who are information illiterates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The application of information resources to the process of decision-making to fulfill civic responsibilities is a vital necessity. "In a literature review published in an academic journal in 2020, Oral Roberts University professor Angela Sample cites several conceptual waves of information literacy definitions as defin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Titled as the Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report, the article outlines the importance of information literacy, opportunities to develop it, and the idea of an Information Age School. The recommendations of the Committee led to establishment of the National Forum on Information Literacy, a coal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The report outlined six recommendations from the original report, and examined areas of challenge and progress. In 1999, the Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL) in the UK published The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy to model the relationship between information skills and IT skills, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Representatives from twenty-three countries gathered to discuss the importance of information literacy in a global context. The resulting Prague Declaration described information literacy as a "key to social, cultural, and economic development of nations and communities, institutions and individuals in the 21st century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The American Library Association's Presidential Committee on Information Literacy defined information literacy as the ability "to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information" and highlighted information literacy as a skill essential for lifel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
In 1983, United States published "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform," a report declaring that a "rising tide of mediocrity" was eroding the foundation of the American educational system. The report has been regarded as the genesis of the current educational reform movement within the United States... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
IFLA has established an Information Literacy Section. The Section has, in turn, developed and mounted an Information Literacy Resources Directory, called InfoLit Global. Librarians, educators and information professionals may self-register and upload information-literacy-related materials. (IFLA, Information Literacy S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
This alliance was created from the recommendation of the Prague Conference of Information Literacy Experts in 2003. One of its goals is to allow for the sharing of information literacy research and knowledge between nations. The IAIL also sees "lifelong learning" as a basic human right, and their ultimate goal is to us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
According to the UNESCO website, their "action to provide people with the skills and abilities for critical reception, assessment and use of information and media in their professional and personal lives." Their goal is to create information literate societies by creating and maintaining educational policies for inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
In "Information Literacy as a Liberal Art," Jeremy J. Shapiro and Shelley K. Hughes (1996) advocated a more holistic approach to information literacy education, one that encouraged not merely the addition of information technology courses as an adjunct to existing curricula, but rather a radically new conceptualization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Social-structural literacy, or understanding how information is socially situated and produced. Research literacy, or the ability to understand and use the IT-based tools relevant to the work of today's researcher and scholar. Publishing literacy, or the ability to format and publish research and ideas electronically, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Big6 (Eisenberg and Berkowitz 1990) is a six-step process that provides support in the activities required to solve information-based problems: task definition, information seeking strategies, location and access, use of information, synthesis, and evaluation. The Big6 skills have been used in a variety of settings to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
8). In primary grades, Big6 has been found to work well with variety of cognitive and language levels found in the classroom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Differentiated instruction and the Big6 appear to be made for each other. While it seems as though all children will be on the same Big6 step at the same time during a unit of instruction, there is no reason students cannot work through steps at an individual pace. In addition, the Big 6 process allows for seamless dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Issues to consider in the Big6 approach have been highlighted by Philip Doty: This approach is problem-based, is designed to fit into the context of Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive objectives, and aims toward the development of critical thinking. While the Big6 approach has a great deal of power, it also has ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Often, the need for information and its use are situated in circumstances that are not as well-defined, discrete, and monolithic as problems. Eisenberg (2004) has recognized that there are a number of challenges to effectively applying the Big6 skills, not the least of which is information overload which can overwhelm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
This conception, used primarily in the library and information studies field, and rooted in the concepts of library instruction and bibliographic instruction, is the ability "to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively the needed information." In this view, infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standards: The student who is information literate accesses information efficiently and effectively. evaluates information critically and competently. uses information accurately and creatively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standards: The student who is an independent learner is information literate and pursues information related to personal interests. appreciates literature and other creative expressions of information. strives for excellence in information seeking and knowledge generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standards: The student who contributes positively to the learning community and to society is information literate and recognizes the importance of information to a democratic society. practices ethical behavior in regard to information and information technology. participates effectively in groups to pursue and genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Other literacies such as visual, media, computer, network, and basic literacies are implicit in information literacy. Many of those who are in most need of information literacy are often amongst those least able to access the information they require: Minority and at-risk students, illiterate adults, people with Englis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The rapidly evolving information landscape has demonstrated a need for education methods and practices to evolve and adapt accordingly. Information literacy is a key focus of educational institutions at all levels and in order to uphold this standard, institutions are promoting a commitment to lifelong learning and an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
According to Lankshear and Knobel, what is needed in our education system is a new understanding of literacy, information literacy and on literacy teaching. Educators need to learn to account for the context of our culturally and linguistically diverse and increasingly globalized societies. We also need to take account... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
This is both a difficult and complex challenge and underscores the importance of being able to think critically. Critical thinking is an important educational outcome for students. Education institutions have experimented with several strategies to help foster critical thinking, as a means to enhance information evalua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
When evaluating evidence, students should be encouraged to practice formal argumentation. Debates and formal presentations must also be encouraged to analyze and critically evaluate information. Education professionals must underscore the importance of high information quality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Students must be trained to distinguish between fact and opinion. They must be encouraged to use cue words such as "I think" and "I feel" to help distinguish between factual information and opinions. Information related skills that are complex or difficult to comprehend must be broken down into smaller parts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Another approach would be to train students in familiar contexts. Education professionals should encourage students to examine "causes" of behaviors, actions and events. Research shows that people evaluate more effectively if causes are revealed, where available.Information in any format is produced to convey a message... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The iterative processes of researching, creating, revising, and disseminating information vary, and the resulting product reflects these differences (Association of College, p. 5). Some call for increased critical analysis in Information Literacy instruction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Smith (2013) identifies this as beneficial "to individuals, particularly young people during their period of formal education. It could equip them with the skills they need to understand the political system and their place within it, and, where necessary, to challenge this" (p. 16). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
National content standards, state standards and information literacy skills terminology may vary, but all have common components relating to information literacy. Information literacy skills are critical to several of the National Education Goals outlined in the Goals 2000: Educate America Act, particularly in the act'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standard Three: The student who is information literate uses information accurately and creatively. Standard Four: The student who is an independent learner is information literate and pursues information related to personal interests. Standard Five: The student who is an independent learner is information literate and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standard Six: The student who is an independent learner is information literate and strives for excellence in information seeking and knowledge generation. Standard Seven: The student who contributes positively to the learning community and to society is information literate and recognizes the importance of information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standard Nine: The student who contributes positively to the learning community and to society is information literate and participates effectively in groups to pursue and generate information.In 2007 AASL expanded and restructured the standards that school librarians should strive for in their teaching. These were pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
"In 2000, the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), a division of the American Library Association (ALA), released "Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education," describing five standards and numerous performance indicators considered best practices for the implementation and assessme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Standard Three: The information literate student evaluates information and its sources critically and incorporates selected information into his or her knowledge base and value system. Standard Four: The information literate student, individually or as a member of a group, uses information effectively to accomplish a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Lower order skills would involve for instance being able to use an online catalog to find a book relevant to an information need in an academic library. Higher order skills would involve critically evaluating and synthesizing information from multiple sources into a coherent interpretation or argument.In 2016, the Asso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Today instruction methods have changed drastically from the mostly one-directional teacher-student model, to a more collaborative approach where the students themselves feel empowered. Much of this challenge is now being informed by the American Association of School Librarians that published new standards for student ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Eisenberg strongly recommends adopting a collaborative approach to curriculum development among classroom teachers, librarians, technology teachers, and other educators. Staff must be encouraged to work together to analyze student curriculum needs, develop a broad instruction plan, set information literacy goals, and d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Information literacy skills are necessary components of each. Within a school setting, it is very important that a students' specific needs as well as the situational context be kept in mind when selecting topics for integrated information literacy skills instruction. The primary goal should be to provide frequent oppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
To this extent, it is also vital to facilitate repetition of information seeking actions and behavior. The importance of repetition in information literacy lesson plans cannot be underscored, since we tend to learn through repetition. A students' proficiency will improve over time if they are afforded regular opportuni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Information literacy efforts are underway on individual, local, and regional bases. Many states have either fully adopted AASL information literacy standards or have adapted them to suit their needs. States such as Oregon (OSLIS, 2009) increasing rely on these guidelines for curriculum development and setting informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
At an international level, two framework documents jointly produced by UNESCO and the IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) developed two framework documents that laid the foundations in helping define the educational role to be played by school libraries: the School library manifesto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The Big6 is made up of six major stages and two sub-stages under each major stages. It defines the six steps as being: task definition, information seeking strategies, location and access, use of information, synthesis, and evaluation. Such approaches seek to cover the full range of information problem-solving actions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Information literacy instruction in higher education can take a variety of forms: stand-alone courses or classes, online tutorials, workbooks, course-related instruction, or course-integrated instruction. The six regional accreditation boards have added information literacy to their standards. Librarians often are requ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Additionally, information literacy instruction is usually tailored to a specific disciplines. One such attempt in the area of physics was published in 2009 but there are many many more published.In 2016, the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL, part of the American Library Association) adopted a new "Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The standards were largely criticized by proponents of critical information literacy, a concept deriving from critical pedagogy, for being too prescriptive. It's termed a "framework" because it consists of interconnected core concepts designed to be interpreted and implemented locally depending on the context and needs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
It also draws on newer research around metaliteracy, and assumes a more holistic view of information literacy that includes creation and collaboration in addition to consumption, so is appropriate for current practices around social media and Web 2.0. The six concepts, or frames, are: Authority is constructed and conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
A recent literature review indicates that there is still a lack of evidence concerning the unique information literacy practices of doctoral students, especially within disciplines such as the health sciences.There have also been efforts in higher education to highlight issues of data privacy, as they relate to informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Now that information literacy has become a part of the core curriculum at many post-secondary institutions, the library community is charged to provide information literacy instruction in a variety of formats, including online learning and distance education. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
In October 2013, the National Library of Singapore (NLB) created the S.U.R.E, (Source, Understand, Research, Evaluate) campaign. The objectives and strategies of the S.U.R.E. campaign were first presented at the 2014 IFLA WLIC. It is summarised by NLB as simplifying information literacy into four basic building blocks,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
"Public events furthering the S.U.R.E. campaign were organised 2015. This was called the "Super S.U.R.E. Show" involving speakers to engage the public with their anecdotes and other learning points, for example the ability to separate fact from opinion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Information literacy is taught by librarians at institutes of higher education. Some components of information literacy are embedded in the undergraduate curriculum at the National University of Singapore. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
Many academic libraries are participating in a culture of assessment, and attempt to show the value of their information literacy interventions to their students. Librarians use a variety of techniques for this assessment, some of which aim to empower students and librarians and resist adherence to unquestioned norms. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
In public libraries, information literacy is connected to lifelong learning, development of employability skills, personal health management, and informal learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
The Great Lines Heritage Park is a complex network of open spaces in the Medway Towns, connecting Chatham, Gillingham, Brompton and the Historic Dockyard. The long military history of the towns has dominated the history of the site and the park. The Great Lines Heritage Park, consists of Fort Amherst, Chatham Lines, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
They were never used (during the wars) but they have been used to be a barrier to development, keeping the fort and the Lines mostly untouched. Most of the park is accessible to all at most times. It has many pedestrian and cycle links for residents of the two towns of Gillingham and Chatham. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
The Lines are known as a 'Bastion trace fortification', a linear defence with projecting bastions allowing covering fire to be directed into the ditches (on the landward side of the fort) flanking them. In England, they were relatively rare, and were principally adopted for dockyard and coastal defences. They stretch f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
Also air raid shelters, anti-aircraft gun emplacements, an emergency water reservoir, a pillbox and a spigot mortar, was added. At one stage, there were up to 31 anti-aircraft batteries in the Medway District (including 13 heavy and 20 light) and about 20 other temporary light batteries in 1944.Later, after World War I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
This is an open stretch of land immediately in front of the Chatham Lines fortifications (of Fort Amherst), if the outer fortification was breached then the enemy would have to cross the field of fire, its openness (meaning no shelter) would allow for a clear view, and shot, of the approaching enemy.In 1709, by an Act ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
The ditch walls were rebuilt in brick.In 1804, additional land was purchased by the government, to further extend the Field of Fire. This meant that West Court and Upbury Farmhouses were demolished.From 1812, the Royal Engineers took over Brompton Barracks from the artillery. The Field of Fire also provided the main ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
They were used to test defensive and offensive techniques and to test tactics in siege warfare, prior to foreign campaigns. The sieges also became major spectator events, including being recorded by Charles Dickens in The Pickwick Papers and in the Illustrated London Gazette.Between 1822 and 1838, the Lines were also u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
They were held for two days in August in 1838.In 1862, the Royal Engineers cricket team was established, using a pitch on the lines.The Great Lines was also the home training pitch of the Royal Engineers (who were winners of the 1875 FA Cup Final). In 1893, New Brompton Football Club was established. This later became ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
A huge bonfire was a grand finale of the day festivities. In 1902, on the coronation of King Edward VII, 8,000 children were assembled on the lines, to sing 'the Old Hundredth' and the 'National anthem'.In 1904, the 'Ravelin Building' was built (on the northside) of Brompton Road and Prince Arthur Road, in front of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
Designed by Major E.C.S.Moore (RE). In 1978, it was converted to a museum, 'The Royal Engineers Museum'. It was classed as Grade II listed on 5 December 1996.Between 1914 and 1918 (World War I), the Lines were used by the engineers to train in trench warfare and mining. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
The Lines were bombed several times, but the damage did not stop the dockyard working. The Field of Fire became a tented camp and parts of the Inner Lines gained accommodation huts, supplementing pre-existing barracks defending the Dockyard.On 19 July 1919, Peace Day (which later become Armistice Day) was celebrated in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
In 1941, the fighting garrison in Medway totalled 5,270, combining Royal Navy, Royal Marines, army and Home Guard units. The Chatham Lines were also used as a Fire Service action station point.In 1948, a NAAFI (Naval, Army and Air Force) club was built, beside Brompton Road on the Field of Fire, opposite the Garrison S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
The club opened on 16 July 1948 by the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, Admiral Sir Harold Burrough. It cost about £150,000 to build. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
It had 200 single, and 48 double rooms, a nursery and playroom, games room, restaurant, tavern bar, 3 flats and a large ballroom. On the opening night of the ballroom was Jack Train, Billy Ternent and his orchestra. One of the first visitors was King George VI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lines_Heritage_Park |
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