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Due to the closure of many Royal Naval services in the Dockyard and Medway, the club became unprofitable, and on 28 July 1962 the club closed. After five years of being empty, it was bought by two Canadian Hotel owners, who converted it into a budget Hotel, then called 'The Aurora Hotel'. In 1980, it changed hands to new owners, who renamed it the King Charles Hotel.
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The land around the hotel is not part of the Great Lines Heritage Park. In 1957, part of the Great Lines (a plot of land close to Gillingham and Medway Hospital) was used to build 'The Great Lines School'. It opened in April 1957 and had 270 pupils.
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It was the first co-educational school in Gillingham. In June 1959, it became Upbury Manor school and was official re-opened by actress Dame Edith Evans. Since 2010, it is now known as Brompton Academy.In 1989, the land was acquired by Gillingham Borough Council for the 'future amenity and enjoyment of local people'.A part of the park has been designated a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI), for its chalk grassland flora and it has also been designated as a Local Wildlife Site (LWS).
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Notable species include the rare red star thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa), as well as wild clary (Salvia verbenaca) and squinancywort (Asperula cynanchica). Notable wildlife in the park, include the skylarks (Alauda), and kestrels, as well as many other birds, butterflies and insects. Currently, the park is mainly used for informal leisure pursuits, such as kite-flying, cycling and walking, as well as the annual fireworks display.The park is also the venue for a free 5 km run each Saturday morning at 9am. Great Lines parkrun began in September 2013 and regularly attracts between 300 and 350 runners each week.The park is also used for Armed Forces Day, and other large local events.
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The name Inner Lines was originally applied to all the open area immediately behind the defensive ramparts of the Great Lines. This area was intended for the mustering and manoeuvring of troops for the defence of the fortifications, and were initially kept free of buildings.In June 1808, after an act of parliament was passed, the main road from Gillingham to Chatham (via the Field of Fire) was closed. The other remaining linking road, went through the lines via a new drawbridge at the northern Sally Port. This became locally known as the 'Brompton Barrier'.
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Footpaths passing through the southern Sally Port remained in use.In 1863, the Garrison Gymnasium was built (inside the Lines and beside the remaining road). It is now Grade II* listed.In December 1868, by permission of the War Secretary, a portion of the inner line of fortifications, adjoining Fort Amherst, (between the Field of Fire and the Dockyard) was set apart as a recreation ground for the use of the officers connected with the (Chatham Dockyard) garrison. An avenue of trees was part of this new Victorian park, which also included carriage drives and tennis courts.In 1876, a plan shows that the Brompton Barrier is still in place, but the guard house is disused.
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In 1879, an Ordnance Survey map is made of the area, it shows that the barrier has been removed and the road has been straightened and used a causeway to pass over the ditch (instead of a drawbridge). This was due to the building of the Commandant's House (started in 1876), which also meant a large garden, hence the road re-alignment.
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The Sally Port remained intact. But by the 1909 OS Map survey, the Sallyport was demolished, but the Guardhouse remained.During the 18th Century the Inner Lines played home to the true park and recreation ground of the Military Residents. It contained the 'Commandant's Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Garden'.
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The formal layout of the gardens reflected the need for military order, somewhat at odds with the fashion at the time of creating Capability Brown style landscapes.On the 1909 O.S. map, it shows the name of the road from Gillingham to Chatham passing through Brompton and the Lines, named as 'Brompton Road'.Between 1914 and 1918 (World War I), parts of the Inner Lines were used to site accommodation huts, supplementing pre-existing barracks defending the Dockyard.During 1945, anti-tank defences were erected along the lines, this meant some of the ditch around Chatham Lines were filled in.After the war, during the 60s, more of the Chatham Lines were either removed and more of the ditch was filled. Also within the Inner Lines, post-war housing was erected for the troops of the Royal Engineers. The houses in Brompton were also used for engineers working on the Chatham Dockyard nuclear submarine refit facilities.As part of the Great Lines Heritage Park (set up in 2008), the Inner Lines is mostly woodland, sports pitches and gardens, which are undergoing various stages of restorations.
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Formerly the Black Lion Sports Centre. Now called 'Medway Park' and the sports areas around it, would have been farmland during the 18th century forming part of the medieval manor of 'Westcourt Farm'. The site of where the manor house was located is now used by the United Services rugby pitches (opposite the King Charles Hotel on Brompton Road).In 1709, by an Act of Parliament, the Government compulsorily purchased the land in 'Westcourt', along with a part of Upberry Manor and some land in Chatham, for the building of the Dockyard defences and the lines.Edward Hasted notes "Westward of the village (of Gillingham) is Upberry and the manor house of Westcourt; beyond which the ground ascends to the summit of the chalk hill, on which is the town of Brompton"The public house was originally a farmhouse (at the junction of Gillingham Lane and Spray Lane). The first record of the inn is in 1766.
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The licensee was John Huggins, then in 1768 Daniel Coombes took over ownership of the pub. Then in 1769, the government decided to extend the 'field of fire' of the Chatham Lines. They bought land beside the Lines, converting it into farmland, which they leased out for the next 20 years.
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The inn's lease expired so the owner acquired a new plot of land outside of the field of fire land (about 16 foot). The timber-structure was then re-built along Mill Road (which was then known as Fox Lane). It later was called the Black Lion Hotel.
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In 1896, it was re-built of brick. In the 1920s, the name was changed to the Black Lion, after the licensee (Mr Cockrill) appealed to the brewers. The farm fields around the pub, were known as the 'Black Lion Fields'.
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In the 1970s, the sports centre was built on the fields and named after the fields.In December 2007, worked started on a 3-year refurbishment on the leisure centre, costing £11.1million. A new purpose-built gymnastics centre and an eight-lane athletics track was built.
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This 'regional centre of sporting excellence', was completed in 2010.It was then opened on 28 July 2011 by Princess Anne. Following the opening the park hosted the 2011 European Modern Pentathlon Championships. During, the 2012 London Olympics, it was used as a training centre for 2012 Olympics overseas’ teams including the Senegal Team. The Paralympic Association of Barbados and Portuguese trampolining squad have also signed agreements to train for the Olympics at Medway Park and the neighbouring Jumpers Rebound Centre respectively.The Black Lion public house, closed as a pub in March 2013.In June 2014, 'Medway and Maidstone Athletic Club' held the first local competition on the athletics track.
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Built in 1804, as an extension of the 'Chatham Lines' (built in 1755). They are large deep ditches with brick lined walls (similar to the upgraded Fort Amherst fortifications).It is designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.In June 1808, after an act of parliament was passed, a road from Gillingham heading north towards St Mary's Island was closed, for the building of the Lower Lines.Afterwards in the 1800s, the Lower Lines were used to train the Royal Engineer sappers, including mining, removing defence foundations and escalading.In the 1930s, several tunnels and underground shelters were built into the land. Some accounts record they were built by Cornish tin miners. The tunnels and rooms are 80–100 feet below ground, they then became the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, during the Second World War.
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The headquarters were enhanced by the 'Francois Cementation Co Ltd', the same company that later built the Ramsgate Tunnel war shelters.The lines fortifications were also used to site several anti-aircraft guns positions. Some of the remains of these positions still remain in the park with new visitor information panels. Along Medway Road, surviving concrete pimple anti-tank obstacles can be found in the Inner Lines.
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They are now Grade II listed.In 1963, Captain J. S. M. Richardson DSO RN (Rtd) was invited to set up a Royal Naval Reserve Headquarters Unit in Chatham. It used the underground bunker. As a Commander RNR, he had served as the first Commanding Officer of HMS Wildfire - a name long associated with Sheerness Naval Base.
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The Unit was commissioned on 10 September 1964 with 13 Officers and 39 Ratings. They had to improve the structure which had not been looked after very well since the wartime period. The Unit used the communications/ exchange area which was improved along with the plotting area.
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Other ancillary rooms were converted into offices and classrooms. The Unit's primary function was a training facility.The tunnels and Headquarters remained in use until 1983, with the closure of Chatham Naval Base and HMS Wildfire moved to Later, the tunnels were damaged when a fire broke out soon after their closure. Access to them has proved difficult due to the poor air quality within the complex.
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Due to the creation of the park they were sealed to protect the tunnels from further damage. In December 2008, the government announced a further £2m of investment from its "Parklands" fund, to be invested in pathways, lighting, entrances and a pedestrian bridge connecting the Great Lines to Fort Amherst. Then MidKent College, who built a new campus on part of the Lower Lines, gave £7million to the Heritage Park to improve the Lower Lines.
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The Lower Lines Park is 5.5 hectares of the open land linked to the Lines fortifications. It has been re-developed with new signs, paths, planting areas, children play area and wildlife trail.In January 2010 the park was opened to the public. On 2 June 2010, it was officially opened to the public by Admiral Sir Ian Garnett with the Mayor of Medway, Cllr David Brake, project director for the construction of MidKent College's Medway Campus and the Lower Lines Park, Jane Jones, and Chairman of the Park's Charitable Trust, John Spence.
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The ceremony was also attended by local sea cadets who performed a guard of honour.The Lower Lines Trust are the managers of the Park maintenance and development. The 'Friends of the Admiral's Garden' is a voluntary group who look after the Lower Lines Park. Lower Lines Park is accessible at all times.
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In 2008, funding of £2 million was awarded by the Government's Parklands Thames Gateway Fund (via Margaret Beckett, Minister for the Thames Gateway) to develop the area into a Park. A further £74,000 from EU funding (via HMS2 'Heritage and maritime memories in the 2 seas region' project), for lighting of the Chatham Naval Memorial on the Field of Fire, Fort Amherst and signage across the Park was also received.The park team carried out a large residents and land owners consultation exercise, to find priorities and to unite the area as The Great Lines Heritage Park. The feedback exercise was ended in March 2011.
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With the main priorities of the park being 'Make the park accessible and feel safe' and Restore the Fort (Amherst) and to create an attractive space with strong pedestrian links promoting sustainable movement of people across Medway. The Park, alongside Chatham Historic Dockyard and Upnor Castle was to play a major part in Chatham's bid for World Heritage Status.But in 2014, the World heritage Status was not going to be put forward for nomination by the UK Government. It lost out to the Lake District national park in Cumbria, to be decided in 2017.
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The park was a winner Local Landscape Planning and Highly commended, at the Landscape Institute Awards 2011 in the Heritage and Conservation category.In August 2013, the Park received its first Green Flag Award.
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Jeylan T. Mortimer is an American sociologist. She is Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota, where she founded the Life Course Center and served as its Director from 1986 to 2006.
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Mortimer was born August 12, 1943, in Chicago. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from Jackson College, Tufts University (1965) and her Master's (1967) and PhD (1972) degrees in sociology from the University of Michigan.
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Mortimer began her academic career at the University of Maryland as Instructor and then assistant professor of sociology from 1971 to 1973. She then moved to the University of Minnesota where she progressed through the ranks from Visiting Assistant Professor to professor (1973–1982). In 2021, she retired as professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Minnesota.Mortimer served as the Founding Director of the Life Course Center from 1986 to 2006, while concurrently holding the position of Associate Chair of Sociology at the University of Minnesota during the periods 1984 to 1987, 1993 to 1996, and 1999 to 2002. Additionally, she served as the Director of Graduate Studies in Sociology from 2016 to 2020.
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Mortimer and her collaborators have authored more than 200 publications spanning the fields of sociology, social psychology, the life course, developmental psychology and family studies. She is Principal Investigator of the longitudinal, three-generation Youth Development Study, which has followed a cohort of youth over three decades from mid-adolescence to mid-life. Among her authored and edited works are publications in leading academic journals as well as research monographs and edited volumes.
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Mortimer's early research examined the impacts of parental occupations on the occupational choices of college students, focusing on key dimensions of work (entrepreneurial-bureaucratic, work with people vs. data or things). Subsequently, she found pervasive effects of parental work experiences and hardship on children's achievement orientations, intrinsic and extrinsic work values, and occupational destinations. Her research has also examined educational attainment, including the impacts of grandparents' and parents' educations on parents' expectations for their children, the transmission of educational plans and advantage across three generations, and the determinants of upward educational mobility. Moreover, her research revealed differences in educational attainment processes across contemporary parent and child cohorts.
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Mortimer's early research showed that adult work experiences influence psychological development, including occupational values, a sense of personal efficacy, commitment to work, political orientation, and the interrelations of prominent work attitudes (job satisfaction and involvement).Mortimer's book, Working and Growing Up in America revealed developmental benefits of teenage employment, contrary to the common notion that adolescent work is problematic. Her Youth Development Study followed teens from ninth grade to adulthood, finding that those who worked moderately during high school (20 hours or fewer per week in most months of observation) had higher levels of educational attainment than those who worked more intensively, who moved quickly into jobs they considered "careers". More problematic outcomes were experienced by adolescents who worked sporadically, without a consistent pattern of schooling and working.
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Early work experiences were found to influence adolescent self-esteem, control orientation, occupational values, and vocational development, as well as adolescent depressed mood, behavioral adjustment, and family relationships. Her research also revealed that teenage employment is reflected in the response to work experiences during the transition to adulthood. Her more recent studies show substantial continuity of work quality from adolescence to mid-life (in work autonomy, opportunities for learning and advancement, wage satisfaction, and work stressors). Moreover, her research also revealed positive developmental consequences of another form of adolescent work, volunteering.
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Mortimer has contributed to the understanding of stability in the self-concept and other attitudes through the life course, including the conceptualization and measurement of stability. Additionally, her research has demonstrated the differential responsiveness of attitudes to work experiences across phases of life.
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Much of Mortimer's work has focused on the transition to adulthood, including the timing of leaving home, the school to work transition, the process of developing an identity as an adult, and the attainment of financial independence from parents. Her work has shown how parents provide safety nets for their transitioning children and how youth unemployment and parental assistance threaten young adult self-efficacy. Her longitudinal study documented the relative value of educational attainments (high school diplomas, some college, Associates' and BA degrees) in the labor market. Finally, her research has identified transitional experiences that contribute to the motherhood wage penalty.
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1984 – Sociological Research Association 1987 – Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 2004 – Dean's Medal, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota 2011 – Cooley-Mead Award, Section on Social Psychology, American Sociological Association 2016 – Distinguished Career Award, Section on Children and Youth, American Sociological Association 2020 – John Bynner Distinguished Scholar Award, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
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Mortimer is married to Jeffrey Broadbent, Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota.
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Work, Family and Personality: Transition to Adulthood (1986) ISBN 9780893912932 Handbook of the Life Course, Vol. 1 (2003) ISBN 9780306474989 Working and Growing Up in America (2003) ISBN 9780674016149 Handbook of the Life Course, Vol. 2 (2016) ISBN 9783319208794
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Mortimer, J. T., & Lorence, J. (1979). Work experience and occupational value socialization: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Sociology, 84(6), 1361–1385.
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Mortimer, J. T., Finch, M.D., and Kumka, D. (1982) Persistence and change in development: The multidimensional self-concept. Life-Span Development and Behavior, 4, 263–313.
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Mortimer, J. T. (2012). The evolution, contributions, and prospects of the Youth Development Study: An investigation in life course social psychology.
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Social Psychology Quarterly, 75(1), 5–27. Mortimer, J. T., Zhang, L., Wu, C. Y., Hussemann, J., & Johnson, M. K. (2017).
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Familial transmission of educational plans and the academic self-concept: A three-generation longitudinal study. Social Psychology Quarterly, 80(1), 85–107. Mortimer, J. T.
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(2022). Agency, linked lives and historical time: evidence from the longitudinal three-generation Youth Development Study. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 13(2), 195–216. == References ==
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Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (born 1 April 1946) is a Rwandan politician who was the Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women. She was convicted of having incited troops and militia to carry out rape during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. She was tried for genocide and incitement to rape as part of the "Butare Group" at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania. In June 2011, she was convicted of seven charges and sentenced to life imprisonment. Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted of genocide by the ICTR, and the first woman to be convicted of genocidal rape.
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Pauline Nyiramasuhuko was born in the small farming community of Ndora, in the province of Butare, to a poor Hutu family. She attended high school at the Ecole sociale de Karubanda. There, she became friends with Agathe Habyarimana, the future wife of Juvénal Habyarimana, who became President of Rwanda in 1973.Nyiramasuhuko trained and worked as a social worker.
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In 1968 she married Maurice Ntahobali, with whom she had four children. One of their children, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, would later be sentenced by the ICTR for a role in the genocide. Nyiramasuhuko worked for the government's Ministry for Social Affairs, educating women about health and childcare. In 1986, she attended the National University of Rwanda to study law. She was Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women in Habyarimana's government from 1992.
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The Rwandan genocide started on 7 April 1994, immediately following Habyarimana's assassination. Armed Hutus were deployed throughout the countryside. They set up check points to cull fleeing Tutsis from the rest of the evacuating crowds. Hutus who refused to participate in the genocide were attacked.
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At night, the residents of Butare watched the firelight from the hills in the west, and could hear gunfire from nearby villages. When armed Hutus gathered at the edges of Butare, citizens of Butare defended its borders.In response to the revolt, the interim government of Rwanda sent Pauline Nyiramasuhuko from Kigali, the capital, to intervene in her home town of Butare. She ordered the then-governor to organize the killings.
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When he refused, he was killed, and Nyiramasuhuko called in militias from Kigali.On 25 April 1994, thousands of Tutsis gathered at the stadium where the Red Cross was providing food and shelter. Nyiramasuhuko is said to have orchestrated a trap in the stadium.
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The Hutu paramilitary group Interahamwe, led by Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, Pauline's 24-year-old son, surrounded the stadium. Refugees were raped, tortured, killed, and their bodies were burned. Nyiramasuhuko allegedly told militiamen, "before you kill the women, you need to rape them".
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In another incident, she ordered her men to take cans of gasoline from her car and use them to burn a group of women to death, leaving a surviving rape victim as a witness.She left Rwanda in 1994 following the Genocide and went to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She was arrested in 1997 in Nairobi, Kenya, along with her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, the former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, and eight others. Her son had been running a grocery store in Nairobi. Her daughter-in-law, Beatrice Munyenyezi, fraudulently obtained political asylum in America the following year. She was sentenced to ten years in the US in 2013 for her perjury relating to her denial of involvement in genocide.
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Nyiramasuhuko was tried at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) from 2001 to 2011. She was the first woman to be brought to trial by an international tribunal. She was indicted 9 August 1999, on the charges of conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity in genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional protocol 3. She pleaded not guilty to all charges.
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Nyiramasuhuko stood trial before Trial Chamber II with five others as part of the "Butare Trial" which, at its start in 2001, included the highest number of defendants to be tried jointly in relation to the Rwandan Genocide. Her son, Arsène Shalom Ntahobali, was one of the co-defendants and was accused of having led Interahamwe forces. Closing arguments for the Butare case were heard 1 May 2009.
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According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to "destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare".On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of parole; four other officials on trial received 25-year sentences.
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The Organisation for PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in the European System ("ORPHEUS") is an organization committed to safeguard the PhD as a research degree and to strengthen career opportunities for PhD graduates.
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ORPHEUS was established in April 2004 with a European Conference on Harmonisation of PhD Programmes in Biomedicine and Health Sciences held in Zagreb. It became clear that despite many similarities PhD programmes there are also important differences in content and the standard expected. Thus a PhD title (also known as Doctor of Philosophy) may have different meanings in different parts of Europe. While some countries did not have any clinical PhD programmes, others had even two.
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Thus, the delegates coming from 25 universities and from 16 European countries agreed that there was a need for European harmonisation and they accepted 'The Declaration of the European Conference on Harmonisation of PhD Programmes in Medicine and Health Sciences' known as the 'Zagreb Declaration', which contain the first European consensus statement what a PhD programme should consist of and aim for. Many of the ideas of the 'Zagreb Declaration' are also seen in the Salzburg Principles and subsequent Salzburg II recommendations from the EUA-CDE. Since 2004, ORPHEUS conferences have been held annually at different countries within Europe (see below), with normal attendances of 150-200 participants.
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ORPHEUS has the following aims: To give active support and guidance to members of ORPHEUS in enhancing their contributions to medicine and society in general. To provide information to members of ORPHEUS and all PhD candidates all over Europe. To represent higher education and research in biomedicine and health sciences and to influence policy making at national, European and international level To encourage cooperation among members of the Association and the development of effective bilateral and multilateral networks. To promote cooperation in research and development of joint PhD programmes. To promote harmonisation of PhD programmes in biomedicine and health sciences To encourage mobility of PhD candidates and academic staff. To stimulate quality assurance of PhD research and education, and in particular to develop an accreditation process of PhD programmes in biomedicine and health sciences To cooperate with other associations with similar goals
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The primary ORPHEUS tool is its Best Practices which in a concise manner provides recommendations for the aims and content of PhD programmes in biomedicine and health sciences. The document is the result of extensive consultation throughout Europe with stakeholders including deans, graduate school heads, supervisors and students. The document has been found to be appropriate for institutions throughout Europe. Implementation of the Best Practices is encouraged through the ORPHEUS Labelling programme that allows institutions to self-evaluate and obtain an ORPHEUS Label.
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Through a simple questionnaire, institutions can determine the extent to which their PhD programmes are consistent with the ORPHEUS recommendations as shown in the Best Practices document. Institutions which believe they comply with these recommendations can apply for a Label. In this case an evaluation team is set up by the Labelling Board to assess if this case usually in connection with a site-visit. Institutions who do not qualify for a Label may be awarded an Evaluation Certificate.
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Best Practices for PhD Training Standards for PhD education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in Europe. 2012 Towards Standards for PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences. A position paper from ORPHEUS.
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2009 Helsinki Consensus Statement on PhD Training in Clinical Research. 2007 'Zagreb Declaration. 2004'
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ORPHEUS 2020 conference delayed to 2021 due to Covid-19 pandemic. ORPHEUS 2019, 14th European Conference Dublin, 2019 ORPHEUS 2018, 13th European Conference Reykjavik, 2018 ORPHEUS 2017, 12th European Conference Klaipeda, 2017 ORPHEUS 2016, 11th European Conference Cologne, 2016 ORPHEUS 2015, 10th European Conference Belgrade, 2015 ORPHEUS 2014, Ninth European Conference Lausanne, 2014 ORPHEUS 2013, Eighth European Conference Prague, 2013 ORPHEUS 2012. Seventh European Conference. Establishing Evaluation of PhD Training.
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Bergen 2012. ORPHEUS 2011. Sixth European Conference.
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PhD Quality Indicators for Biomedicine and Health Sciences. Izmir 2011. ORPHEUS 2010.
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Fifth European Conference: The Advancement of European Biomedical and Health Science PhD Education by Cooperative Networking. Vienna 2010. ORPHEUS2009.
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Fourth European Conference: Setting Standards for PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences. Aarhus 2009. ORPHEUS2007.
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Third European Conference: Biomedical and Health Science Doctoral Training. Helsinki 2007. Second European Conference on Harmonisation of PhD Programmes in Biomedicine and Health Sciences.
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Zagreb 2005. First European Conference on Harmonization of PhD programs in Biomedicine and Health Sciences. Zagreb 2004.
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Inwood Hill Park is a public park in the Inwood neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. On a high schist ridge that rises 200 feet (61 m) above the Hudson River from Dyckman Street to the northern tip of the island, Inwood Hill Park's densely folded, glacially scoured topography contains the largest remaining old-growth forest on Manhattan Island, known as the Shorakapok Preserve after an historic Wecquaesgeek village. Unlike other Manhattan parks, Inwood Hill Park is largely natural and consists of mostly wooded, non-landscaped hills.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Inwood Hill Park has a human history that goes back to the Pre-Columbian era. Through the 17th century, Native Americans known as the Wecquaesgeek inhabited the area. There is evidence of a main encampment along the eastern edge of the park, known as the village of Shorakapok. The Wecquaesgeek relied on both the Hudson and Harlem Rivers as sources for food.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Artifacts and the remains of old campfires were found in Inwood's rock shelters, suggesting their use for shelter and temporary living quarters. Fort Cockhill, one of many forts built in New York by the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, stood in the northwestern extremity of the Park. A small, five-sided earthen structure equipped with two cannons, it overlooked the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, at its confluence with the Hudson River.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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At the time, the area was known from Colonial to post–Revolutionary War times as Cox's Hill or Tubby Hook Hill. Even though the area which is now Inwood Hill Park was the site of one of the last farms in Manhattan – which lasted to at least c. 1890 – by the 19th century it was largely the location of country retreats for some of the wealthier families of the community and the rest of New York's social elite.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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One such notable who had a summer estate in Inwood was Isidor Straus, co-owner of the Macy's department store and a passenger on the ill-fated voyage of the RMS Titanic. The Lords of the Lord & Taylor department store chain owned two mansions built within the park; both mansions were destroyed by fire in the latter part of the 19th century. Additionally, an orphanage was located high on a bluff in what is now Inwood Hill Park in the nineteenth century.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The site today includes a small paved area and park benches; no trace of the building remains. At least three freshwater springs arise in the park, one of which was used for drinking water by the workers who constructed the Henry Hudson Bridge. Some land in the north was formerly known as Cold Spring. Historically, the area now encompassed by Inwood Hill Park has been largely unaffected by development.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Andrew Haswell Green, who was in charge of the Central Park Commission, and responsible for laying out the streets on the Upper West Side and in Upper Manhattan, first suggested that a park be created in Inwood in 1895. His idea did not gain traction quickly, but the discovery of archeological finds in the area, the unique geology of the hill, historical associations (both true and merely rumored), the inherent beauty of the landscape and the views to be seen from it finally brought the city around, and between 1915 and the early 1940s, it purchased parcels of land that make up the park as it is today. The park was officially opened on May 8, 1926. Squatters who lived in the abandoned estates around the perimeter of the park were removed in the 1930s by Robert Moses and the Works Project Administration.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The WPA also paved over some trails and illuminated them with lampposts, many of which are now in need of repair. Arson and dumping have damaged the park and its integrity, as have erosion-control measures which were not well conceived.In 1992, the central old-growth forest area was designated as Shorakapok Preserve, after the indigenous settlement there. On September 15, 1995, the Inwood Hill Nature Center was dedicated and opened to the public.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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It is located near the park entrance on 218th Street and Indian Road, and is on a peninsula that was formerly connected to the Bronx mainland before the digging of the Harlem River Ship Canal. The center is located on Manhattan's only salt-water marsh, and has been designated as an interactive exhibit with ongoing monitoring of the natural area. It is also the focal point to watch the eagles that have been placed in the park to be freed when they are able to adjust to the environment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The park's Shorakapok Preserve was formerly the site of a "Great Tulip Tree", a Liriodendron tulipifera considered the largest tree on Manhattan, as well as one of the oldest, and was championed and restored by Parks Commissioner Charles Bunstein Stover. As part of care for the tree, a plaque was put up connecting it to Hudson's voyages, a couple of years after the Hudson–Fulton Celebration, commemorating the 300th anniversary of Hudson's work and the 100th anniversary of Fulton's. The original plaque also connected the tree to Native American archaeological finds nearby, speculating that some of the Native Americans at Shorakapok could have interacted with Hudson. Hudson actually engaged in a battle from his ship with Native Americans at nearby Nipinichsen, just north of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, on October 2, 1609.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The tree survived for centuries until it was felled by a storm in 1933. Until the 1950s the stump was still to be seen, surrounded by a large iron fence, but as it rotted it was finally removed and a boulder and plaque replaced it. Peter Minuit Post 1247 of the American Legion placed the boulder and the plaque in 1954, commemorating the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam gaining municipal rights a year earlier.
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The plaque labels the boulder "Shorakkopoch" (a more recent Parks Department sign nearby calls it "Shorakapok Rock"), and claims that "according to legend" this is where Minuit negotiated the purchase of Manhattan Island from Native Americans. The account does not appear in any historical records, and some historians place any such meeting location in Lower Manhattan. The association of a "treaty tree" in different locations with land acquisition has been noted as a common myth that promotes a narrative of peaceful colonial settlement.
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The park covers 196.4 acres (79.5 ha). The Henry Hudson Parkway and Amtrak's Empire Connection railroad line run through it, and at its northern end the Henry Hudson Bridge and the rail-only Spuyten Duyvil Bridge link Manhattan to the Bronx. The park's western boundary is the Hudson River, and the southern boundary is Dyckman Street. From Dyckman Street to 204th Street the eastern boundary is Payson Avenue, from 204th to 214th Street it is Seaman Avenue, and from 215th Street to the park's end at 218th Street the eastern boundary is Indian Road.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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10 miles (16 km) footpaths criss-cross the park, allowing easy access to Dyckman Street, Fort Tryon Park, Fort Washington Park, and Riverside Park – part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway. Some of these trails are former roads leading to what were once summer estates that later were brought under the control of the city in the creation of the park.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Bolton Road, which was the main drive to the Bolton estate, is now the primary pedestrian pathway within the park; its entrance marked by a sign located on Payson Avenue.Inwood Hill Park is geologically diverse, with marble, schist, and limestone all prevalent in the area. The park is next to the seismologically active Dyckman Street Fault which runs parallel along the southern border of the park. As recently as 1989, activity of this fault caused a magnitude 2 earthquake.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Urban parks have a significant economic impact on surrounding communities. The development and evolution of Inwood Park's flora and fauna are intrinsically linked to the financial stability of New York City and its residents. Fiscal investments of the state have a significant impact on the health and species diversity of flora and fauna in New York city parks. During the New York Fiscal crisis in the 1970s, the New York state government decided it would be prudent to cut funding for the maintenance of New York parks and redistribute the money to other areas of public and private services.
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Consequently, many public workers in New York City parks were laid off due to this decision. The Protected Native Plants Program was created in 1989 to provide regulatory protection for native New York state plants and was subsequently updated in 2012 in accordance with new data provided by the New York Natural Heritage Program.In contrast to large parks such as Central Park, which receive a substantial amount of funding from donations from the surrounding community, a majority of Inwood Hill Park's funding is provided by a combination of grants and property taxes, common methods of funding parks in low-income areas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Partnerships for Parks, a nonprofit organization, has partnered with the city of New York to maintain and manage parks and promote their use. The Clean Water, Clean Air, and Green Jobs Environmental Bond Act passed as a ballot initiative in the November 2022 New York state general election, As part of this approved initiative, New York plans to set aside 4.2 billion dollars in order to enhance, allocate and redevelop the natural landscape and environment of the state. 650 million dollars of these funds will be allocated to parks, open spaces and agricultural lands.
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This will involve the purchase of land for conservation, restoration/beautification of parks, and the expansion of the proportion of state-owned land. It is expected that the Clean Air, Water, and Green Jobs Environmental Bond Act will result in the creation of approximately 84,000 jobs. A six to nine month training program designed to provide employees with an understanding of the environment will be provided by the Parks Opportunities Program, and will include training on soil composition, tree types, and plant and animal species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The area of the park along the Harlem River includes Muscota Marsh, one of Manhattan's last remaining natural salt marshes, the other being Smuggler's Cove, which attracts large numbers of waterbirds. These waterfowl can be studied further via educational programs held at the Nature Center at the north end of the property. Mallards, Canada geese and ring-billed gulls are year-round residents, using both the water and the nearby lawns and ballfields. Many wading birds and waterfowl pass through on the spring and fall migrations, and herons and cormorants often spend the summer.
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Also in the salt marsh can be found fish, mollusks and crustaceans among the cordgrass and bulrushes which can tolerate both salt and fresh water.The woods support a wide variety of birds, including common species such as blue jays and cardinals, as well as wild turkeys. Birds of prey that breed in the park include red-tailed hawks and owls. A five-year project that began in summer 2002 attempted to reintroduce the bald eagle to Manhattan using hacking boxes in the park and eaglets brought in from the Midwest.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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In the first summer, three of the four introduced eaglets fledged successfully; three or four fledged each year of the program. The nesting structure was removed in 2009.Animals found in the park include Eastern and meadow voles, red-bellied salamanders, southern flying squirrels, opossums, white-footed deer mice, and cottontail rabbits, as well as the expected eastern grey squirrels and raccoons. Foxes were also once residents, but the increasing number of coyotes spotted in Central Park and in the Bronx's Van Cortlandt Park may account for the foxes' apparent current absence.Though the park does not support large wild mammals, the local wildlife does include raccoons and skunks as well as the usual city rodents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Both locals and people from outside the neighborhood fish from the riverbank at the north end of the park. The park has both native and invasive plant species. While the presence of plant life is obvious, the fauna may not be as revealing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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Nursery plants native species were added to the park providing more vegetation such as Abies balsamea (L) Mill., Acer rubrum L., A. saccharum March, Aesculus Pavia L., and Betula Lenta. Non- native species were also introduced to the park affecting the native species. Some of the non-native species present were Rubus phoenicolasius maxim (classified as a rare species), Broussonetia papryifera (L) Vent., Morus alba L, and Paulownia tomentosa (Thund.) Steudel. In the 1930s, a total of 83 species were found in which 32 were non-native species and were specified by Graves, Small and field trip club.
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The park contains three children's playgrounds, baseball and soccer fields, and tennis and basketball courts. The Inwood Hill Nature Center at the north end of the park is both a location for educational programs and the local headquarters of the Urban Park Rangers. Inwood Hill Park's ballfields are heavily used by local and other city leagues during the baseball season. This usage places extreme pressure on the park, which, as a result, has required more active management in recent years.The peaceful environment of Hill Park also provides space for barbeque, dogs runs complementing, kayak, and canoe launch.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The park highlight specific activities that contribute to the park usage such as the hiking trail and the Hudson River Bike Trail. The lack of green space in the eastern part of Inwood and the Bronx nearby creates an enormous demand for picnicking with barbecues and table/chair setups, activity that is either illegal or tightly controlled in most city parks; however, Inwood Hill Park has managed this by permitting such setups on the manicured, maintained peninsula portion of the park. New York Road Runners hosts a weekly 2.75-mile Open Run.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The park is a central location in the science fiction novel The Orion Project, due to being a low population part of a brightly lit city.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park
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The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of health care services in the world. It has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals, with 65 percent of them located in developing countries. In 2010, the Church's Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers said that the Church manages 26% of the world's health care facilities. The Church's involvement in health care has ancient origins.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care
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Jesus Christ, whom the Church holds as its founder, instructed his followers to heal the sick. The early Christians were noted for tending the sick and infirm, and Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals. The influential Benedictine rule holds that "the care of the sick is to be placed above and before every other duty, as if indeed Christ were being directly served by waiting on them".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care
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During the Middle Ages, monasteries and convents were the key medical centres of Europe and the Church developed an early version of a welfare state. Cathedral schools evolved into a well integrated network of medieval universities and Catholic scientists (many of them clergymen) made a number of important discoveries which aided the development of modern science and medicine. Albert the Great (1206–1280) was a pioneer of biological field research and is a saint within the Catholic Church; Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) helped revive knowledge of ancient Greek medicine, Renaissance popes were often patrons of the study of anatomy, and Catholic artists such as Michelangelo advanced knowledge of the field through sketching cadavers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care
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