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This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
A peripheral IV line cannot be left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
Infiltration occurs when a non-vesicant IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the punct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of hyaluronidase around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid, ventricular fibrillation may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not balanced in concentration is administered, a person's electrolytes may become imbalanced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when Pope Innocent VIII fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.In 1656 Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
Boyle attributed authorship to Wren.Richard Lower showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a xenotransfusion. He worked with Edmund King to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the Royal Society on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 Thomas Latta studied the use of IV fluid replacements for cholera treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician Guido Baccelli in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and Justine Johnstone Wanger but was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s-1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy |
In linguistics, an expression is semantically ambiguous when it can have multiple meanings. The higher the amount of synonyms a word has, the higher the degree of ambiguity. Like other kinds of ambiguity, semantic ambiguities are often clarified by context or by prosody. One's comprehension of a sentence in which a sem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity |
The language itself is sometimes a contributing factor in the overall effect of semantic ambiguity, in the sense that the level of ambiguity in the context can change depending on whether or not a language boundary is crossed.Lexical ambiguity is a subtype of semantic ambiguity where a word or morpheme is ambiguous. Wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity |
When an ambiguity instead results from two separate words which happen to be pronounced the same way, it is called homonymy. For instance, the English word "row" can denote the action of rowing or to an arrangement of objects. In practice, polysemy and homonymy can be difficult to distinguish.Phrases and sentences can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity |
For instance, the English sentence "Everybody isn't here" is ambiguous between an interpretation where not everybody is here and another interpretation where nobody is. This ambiguity is an example of scope ambiguity, a phenomenon widely studied in formal semantics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity |
De re/de dicto ambiguity is another notable example of sentence-level ambiguity which has received much attention in linguistics and philosophy. In some analyses, such ambiguities are the semantic reflexes of syntactic ambiguities, though in other approaches they are not. == Notes == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_ambiguity |
tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique is a biannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering communication studies, media studies, sociology of technology/communication/media/culture, critical digital sociology, information science/studies and political economy of media/communication/culture/Internet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TripleC |
Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, obtaining its current name in 2013. It is published in the United Kingdom as not-for-profit project The editors-in-chief are Christian Fuchs (University of Westminster) and Marisol Sandoval (City University London). The journal uses the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TripleC |
Supplier evaluation and supplier appraisal are terms used in business and refer to the process of evaluating and approving potential suppliers by quantitative assessment. The aim of the process is to ensure a portfolio of best-in-class suppliers is available for use, thus, it can be an effective tool to select supplier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Supplier evaluation and take-on is a continual process within purchasing departments, and forms part of the pre-qualification step within the purchasing process, although in many organizations, it includes the participation and input of other departments and stakeholders. Most experts or firms experienced in collecting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Based on the information obtained via the evaluation, a supplier is scored and either approved or not approved as one from whom to procure materials or services. In many organizations, there is an "approved supplier list" (ASL) to which a qualified supplier is then added. If rejected, the supplier is generally not made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
There are various benefits associated with an effective supplier evaluation process such as mitigation against poor supplier performance or performance failures. The benefits typically include sourcing from suppliers that provide high standards of product and service levels whilst offering sufficient capacity and busin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Some of the challenges associated with supplier evaluation may be mitigated by the use of appropriate tools. For simple projects a spreadsheet can be used. But as evaluations become more complex or more frequent data management and data integrity issues become significant. Web Electronic RFP / Tendering systems are oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Some products provide functionality for combining both initial selection and ongoing evaluation and benchmarking. Within established procurement teaching, the Carter 10Cs model is one model in use. This model looks at ten aspects which can be evaluated before contracting with a business, to reduce the risks associated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
The ten Cs listed by Ray Carter are: Capacity (does the organization have the capacity to deliver the order?) Competency (are the organization, its people and its process competent?) Consistency Control of process (can the organization control its process and offer flexibility?) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Commitment to Quality (does the organization effectively monitor and manage quality?) Cash (does the organization have a strong enough financial base?) Cost (is the product or service offered at a competitive price?) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
Culture (are the supplier and buyer cultures compatible?) Clean (is the organization ethical, funded legitimately, does not engage child labor, etc.?) Communication efficiency (does the organization have support technology of information integration to support collaboration and co-ordination in the supply chain? ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
In the UK financial services sector, the Financial Services Supplier Qualification System (FSQS) is a collaborative due diligence system currently used for supplier evaluation by 29 major UK banks, building societies and insurance companies: Aldermore Bank, Allied Irish Bank, Arbuthnot Latham, Bank of England, Bank of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_evaluation |
The ideographic approach refers to the idea in psychology proposed by Marc Brysbaert that the conclusions of a study stay limited to the phenomenon under study. It also focuses on the importance of individual traits when determining behavior instead of group norms. It reinforces the position that the study of the indiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_approach |
A major tradition in behavioral psychology is concerned with the variables and how one's characteristics are abstracted from other people's. The ideographic approach emerged out of the position among pioneers in personality psychology that focuses on the study of individuality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_approach |
The ideographic approach often use qualitative methodologies in its study of small number of individuals rather than make generalizations out of information collected from a large quantitative database. The methods operate according to the idea that each person is like no other person.The psychological literature disti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_approach |
45,X/46,XY mosaicism, also known as X0/XY mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis, is a mutation of sex development in humans associated with sex chromosome aneuploidy and mosaicism of the Y chromosome. This is called a mosaic karyotype because, like tiles in mosaic floors or walls, there is more than one type of cell. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
Most individuals with this karyotype have apparently normal male genitalia, and a minority have female genitalia, with a significant number of individuals showing genital abnormalities or intersex characteristics. A significantly higher than normal number of other developmental abnormalities are also found in individua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
Although similar in some ways to true hermaphroditism, the conditions can be distinguished histologically and by karyotyping. The observable characteristics (phenotype) of this condition are highly variable, ranging from gonadal dysgenesis in males, to Turner-like females and phenotypically normal males. The phenotypic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
Most patients with this karyotype are known to have abnormal gonadal histology and heights considerably below their genetic potential. High gonadotropin levels have been described in both male and female patients, as well as low levels of testosterone in male patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
Dosage loss of SHOX gene is commonly associated with short stature. Psychomotor development is normal. As the gonads may not be symmetrical, the development of the Müllerian duct and Wolffian duct may be asymmetrical, too. Because of the presence of dysgenetic gonadal tissue and Y chromosome material, there is a high r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
In a normal situation, all the cells in an individual will have 46 chromosomes with one being an X and one a Y or with two Xs. However, sometimes during this complicated early copying process (DNA replication and cell division), one chromosome can be lost. In 45,X/46,XY, most or all of the Y chromosome is lost in one o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
All the cells created from the cells that have not lost the Y chromosome will be XY. The 46,XY cells will continue to multiply at the same time as the 45,X cells multiply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
The embryo, then the fetus and then the baby will have what is called a 45,X/46,XY constitution. This is called a mosaic karyotype because, like tiles in mosaic floors or walls, there is more than one type of cell.There are many chromosomal variations that cause the 45,X/46,XY karyotype, including malformation (isodice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
Identification of 45,X/46,XY karyotype has significant clinical implications due to known effects on growth, hormonal balance, gonadal development and histology. 45,X/46,XY is diagnosed by examining the chromosomes in a blood sample. The age of diagnosis varies depending on manifestations of disease prompting reason fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism |
The Occupational Personality Questionnaires, OPQ or OPQ32, are widely used occupational personality questionnaires. The authors were Saville et al., including Roger Holdsworth, Gill Nyfield, Lisa Cramp, and Bill Mabey, and they were launched by Saville and Holdsworth Ltd. in 1984. The series included the first commerci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Personality_Questionnaires |
OPQ32 provides an indication of an individual's preferred behavioural style at work; to help employers gauge how a candidate will fit into certain work environments, how they will work with other people, and how they will cope with different job requirements. It is now available in more than 30 languages and uses item ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Personality_Questionnaires |
Independent reviews are available online. Distribution is done today by SHL Group Limited. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Personality_Questionnaires |
The Principle of Least Interest is the idea in sociology that the person or group that has the least amount of interest in continuing a relationship has the most power over it. In the context of relationship dynamics, it suggests towards which party the balance of power tilts. The principle applies to personal, busines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
The term originated in 1938 by the sociologist Willard Waller in his book The Family: A Dynamic Interpretation. Throughout his research Waller found that power in a dating couple is almost never equally distributed between the two participants. One person for any variety of possible reasons will have more power in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
In a relationship with uneven power distribution, one of the partners gets more out of a relationship, be it emotionally, physically, or monetarily than the other. The partner who receives less has less incentive to continue the relationship and therefore at the most extreme can threaten to end the relationship so that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
For the other party however, it might be a much larger issue. This is the basis for the ideas behind principle of least interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
The first major study to test the principle came in 1972 in a paper by Kenneth Eslinger, Alfred D Clarke and Russell R Dynes. In the paper the researchers interviewed 113 randomly selected college students that were enrolled in sociology courses to find out if a difference in emotional involvement existed in relationsh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
The study confirmed that there was a difference in involvement between how you were raised and how involved in a relationship you were. Furthermore, the study showed a large gap in involvement between males and females, with the lowest female mean score four points higher than the highest male mean score. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
This showed that males as a group were significantly less interested in maintaining their relationship and could use the principle of least interest for their own benefit. These studies were further reinforced in 1984 by a study that focused on the balance of power in lesbian relationships. Nearly 40% of those taking p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
Furthermore, those who reported an unequal balance of power reported that they felt the person who was less dependent on the relationship had more power. In 1994 a study of 413 heterosexual American adults found correlations between the power balance between the partners and the emotional involvement of them to be both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
39% of the respondents reported that the woman was more emotionally involved compared to only 21% reporting the man to be more emotionally involved. Building on this study in 2006 a study by Susan Sprecher and Diane Felmlee of 101 heterosexual American dating couples found that the partners who perceived themselves as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
The principle of least interest falls primarily in the Conflict viewpoint of sociology. The principle of least interest dictates how power is distributed in a relationship and how it is almost always unequally balanced. This unequal balance of power can lead the weaker person to struggle to get a grasp on some of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
While typically the principle of least interest is used in sociology to describe relationships, it has also been used to explain business deals. It can explain why in marketing an excessively aggressive pitch can be less likely to be accepted. Another example is in negotiations, when one party leaves the negotiation in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest |
Midline shift is a shift of the brain past its center line. The sign may be evident on neuroimaging such as CT scanning. The sign is considered ominous because it is commonly associated with a distortion of the brain stem that can cause serious dysfunction evidenced by abnormal posturing and failure of the pupils to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
In fact, midline shift is a measure of ICP; presence of the former is an indication of the latter. Presence of midline shift is an indication for neurosurgeons to take measures to monitor and control ICP. Immediate surgery may be indicated when there is a midline shift of over 5 mm. The sign can be caused by conditions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
Doctors detect midline shift using a variety of methods. The most prominent measurement is done by a computed tomography (CT) scan and the CT Gold Standard is the standardized operating procedure for detecting MLS. Since the midline shift is often easily visible with a CT scan, the high precision of Magnetic Resonance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
Sonography has proven satisfactory in the measurement of MLS, but is not expected to replace CT or MRI. Automated measurement algorithms are used for exact recognition and precision in measurements from an initial CT scan. A major benefit to using the automated recognition tools includes being able to measure even the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
Three main structures are commonly investigated when measuring midline shift. The most important of these is the septum pellucidum, which is a thin and linear layer of tissue located between the right and left ventricles. It is easily found on CT or MRI images due to its unique hypodensity. The other two important stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
Midline shift measurements and imaging has multiple applications. The severity of brain damage is determined by the magnitude of the change in symmetry. Another use is secondary screening to determine deviations in brain trauma at different times after a traumatic injury as well as initial shifts immediately after. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midline_shift |
Ceratomyxa gleesoni is a myxosporean parasite that infects gall-bladders of serranid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef. It was first found on Plectropomus leopardus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratomyxa_gleesoni |
A promontory fort is a defensive structure located above a steep cliff, often only connected to the mainland by a small neck of land, thus using the topography to reduce the ramparts needed. Although their dating is problematic, most seem to date to the Iron Age. They are mainly found in Brittany, Ireland, the Orkney I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
Only a few Irish promontory forts have been excavated and most date to the Iron Age, though some, like Dunbeg Fort (County Kerry) might have originated in the Bronze Age. Others, like Dalkey Island (County Dublin) contain imported Eastern Mediterranean pottery and have been reoccupied and changed in the early medieval ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
On the Isle of Man, promontory forts are found particularly on the rocky slate headlands of the south. Four out of more than twenty have been excavated and several, especially in Santon, can be visited using the Raad ny Foillan coastal footpath. All have a rampart on their vulnerable landward side, and excavations at C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
Cornish promontory forts can be found all along the coast of Penwith. Maen Castle, near to Land's End is one of the oldest, having been dated to around 500 BC. They are also found in other districts, e.g. The Rumps near Padstow and Dodman Point on the southern Cornish coast as well as Rame Head close to Plymouth. In De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
Caesar's Commentarii de bello Gallico describes the Veneti in southern Armorica – a powerful sea-faring people allied with the southern British during the war of 56 BC – as living in clifftop oppida. Their capital was Darioritum, on the Gulf of Morbihan, now modern Vannes/Gwened. The Veneti had close trade ties with so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
There are a few examples of promontory forts on the Island of Jersey, which includes Le Pinacle, Le Câtel de Rozel, and Le Câtel de Lecq. All of these were located on headlands on the north and north-east of the Island, given the strong natural defences that exist on those parts of the Island. Remains of an Iron Age fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_fort |
Many animals, including humans, tend to live in groups, herds, flocks, bands, packs, shoals, or colonies (hereafter: groups) of conspecific individuals. The size of these groups, as expressed by the number of people/etc in a group such as eight groups of nine people in each one, is an important aspect of their social e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Group size is the number of individuals within a group; Mean group size, the arithmetic mean of group sizes averaged over groups; Confidence interval for mean group size; Median group size, the median of group sizes calculated over groups; Confidence interval for median group size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
As Jarman (1974) pointed out, average individuals live in groups larger than average. Therefore, when we wish to characterize a typical (average) individual’s social environment, we should apply non-parametric estimations of group size. Reiczigel et al. (2008) proposed the following measures: Crowding is the size (the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Imagine a sample with three groups, where group sizes are one, two, and six individuals, respectively, then mean group size (group sizes averaged over groups) equals ( 1 + 2 + 6 ) / 3 = 3 {\displaystyle (1+2+6)/3=3} ; mean crowding (group sizes averaged over individuals) equals ( 1 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 ) / 9... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Due to the aggregated (right-skewed) distribution of group members among groups, the application of parametric statistics would be misleading. Another problem arises when analyzing crowding values. Crowding data consist of non-independent values, or ties, which show multiple and simultaneous changes due to a single bio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Debout G 2003. Le corbeau freux (Corvus frugilegus) nicheur en Normandie: recensement 1999 & 2000. Cormoran, 13, 115–121. Jarman PJ 1974. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour, 48, 215–268. Jovani R, Mavor R 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Group size versus individual group size frequency distributions: a nontrivial distinction. Animal Behaviour, 82, 1027–1036. Lengyel S, Tar J, Rozsa L 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Flock size measures of migrating Lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 58, 297–303. (2012) Reiczigel J, Lang Z, Rózsa L, Tóthmérész B 2008. Measures of sociality: two different views of group size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
Animal Behaviour, 75, 715–721. Reiczigel J, Mejía Salazar MF, Bollinger TK, Rozsa L 2015. Comparing radio-tracking and visual detection methods to quantify group size measures. European Journal of Ecology, 1(2), 1–4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures |
In criminology, a calling card is a particular object sometimes left behind by a criminal at a scene of a crime, often as a way of taunting police or claiming responsibility. The name is derived from the cards that people used to leave when they went to visit someone's house and the resident was absent. A calling card ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
Jack the Ripper is believed to have left two calling cards by Goulston Street, London on September 30, 1888, the night he murdered Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes: a scrap of Eddowes' apron and some graffiti reading Juwes are the men That Will not be Blamed for nothing. Some authors believe the graffiti may have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
In the 1919–1920 Fritz Lang adventure film series The Spiders a spider was the calling card for the criminal organization known as 'The Spiders'. In the 1963 movie The Pink Panther, the "Phantom" would leave behind a white glove with a monogrammed P on it after every successful theft. In the 1990 film Home Alone, the "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
They return as the "Sticky Bandits" in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. In the novel, The Red Necklace by Sally Gardner, the villainous Count Kalliovski leaves a necklace of red silk set with garnets upon each of his murder victims, making it appear as though the victim's throat has been slit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
In the 2000 book Angels & Demons by Dan Brown, a Hassassin uses brands representing the four classical elements as calling cards in a series of ritualistic murders related to each element (e.g. fire for one victim who had been burned to death.) In the 1905 West End play, the Scarlet Pimpernel leaves a calling card (a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
In particular, his arch-enemy, The Joker, uses two types of calling cards, one is a simple joker card from a deck of playing cards, which was used in the end of the film Batman Begins, and its sequel The Dark Knight. The other is by far more sinister—Joker Venom, which causes death while laughing madly and applies a pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
In the 1998 novel Holes, Kate Barlow kisses the corpses of her victims, leaving a lipstick mark at every murder. In the 2004 movie Saw the killer, Jigsaw, cuts a jigsaw piece out of the flesh of the victim, symbolizing the piece that the person was missing. In the 2004 movie Ocean's Twelve, the "Night Fox" leaves behin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
In the first couple of books in The Executioner series, the main character, Mack Bolan, would leave behind a Marksman's medal on or near his victims. In the Sucker Punch video games Sly Cooper and the Thievious Raccoonus, Sly 2: Band of Thieves, and Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves, the main character, Sly Cooper, always lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_card_(crime) |
Lesson study (or jugyō kenkyū) is a teaching improvement process that has origins in Japanese elementary education, where it is a widespread professional development practice. Working in a small group, teachers collaborate with one another, meeting to discuss learning goals, planning an actual classroom lesson (called ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_study |
In Japan, lesson study is conducted at the school, district, and national levels. Features common to all three levels are: preparation of a detailed lesson plan, providing background research information, lesson goals, connections to state or local learning standards, reasoning behind the design of the lesson, and step... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_study |
A school might have an open house, with research lessons held at every grade, which district leaders and educators from other schools will attend. National-level lesson study is conducted by enthusiastic volunteers who are also very experienced, highly respected teachers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_study |
The research lesson is done at a major conference. The objective may be to explore new content or to present a new approach to teaching particular content. National-level research lessons often inform changes in the national Course of Study.Despite differences between Japanese and American educational systems (see Educ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_study |
The most common form of lesson study in Japan is school-based. In contrast to the other forms of lesson study, school-based lesson study usually involves a sequence of research lessons, extending through one or more academic years, focused on a common teaching/learning issue referred to as the research theme. A researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_study |
Patient advocacy is a process in health care concerned with advocacy for patients, survivors, and caregivers. The patient advocate may be an individual or an organization, concerned with healthcare standards or with one specific group of disorders. The terms patient advocate and patient advocacy can refer both to indiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
Typical advocacy activities are the following: safeguarding patients from errors, incompetence and misconduct; patient rights, matters of privacy, confidentiality or informed consent, patient representation, awareness-building, support and education of patients, survivors and their carers.Patient advocates give a voice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
Patient advocacy, as a hospital-based practice, grew out of this patient rights movement: patient advocates (often called patient representatives) were needed to protect and enhance the rights of patients at a time when hospital stays were long and acute conditions—heart disease, stroke and cancer—contributed to the bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
In those early days of cancer treatment, patients and their families raised ethical concerns around the tests, treatment practices, and clinical research being conducted. For instance, they expressed concern to the National Institute of Health (NIH) about the cruelty of the repeated collection of blood samples (for blo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
Under total care, a physician "treated the family as a whole, factoring in its psychosocial and economic needs", rather than focusing purely on physical health concerns. Previous researchers had dealt with concerns raised by families, because physicians emphasized patient physical health rather than the inclusion of be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
The 1970s were also an important time in the US for patient advocacy as the Patient Rights movement grew. As a major advocacy organization during the time, the National Welfare Rights Organization's (NWRO) materials for a patient's bill of rights influenced many additional organizations and writings, including hospital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
Communication skills, information-seeking skills and problem-solving skills were found to correlate with measures of a patient's ability to advocate for themselves. : 51 Conceptualizations of the qualities have defined self-knowledge, communication skills, knowledge of rights, and leadership as components of advocacy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
Studies have found peer-led programs where an individual with a condition is taught interview skills were effective in improving self-advocacy. Writing interventions, where people with conditions received training and practiced writing essays advocating for themselves, were shown to improve self-advocacy. : 52 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
At a conceptual level patient advocacy consists of three processes: valuing, apprising and interceding. Valuing consists of understanding the patient's unique attributes and desires. : 35 Apprising consists of informing the patient and advising the patient. : 36 Interceding consists of interacting with processes to ens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
: 36 Examples of patient advocacy include: Educating and walking patients through the management of their disease or chronic illnesses. The social determinants of health can vary significantly from patient to patient. It is the role of the patient advocate to cater to the patient's needs and assist with these factors, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_advocacy |
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