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During the 19th century, the linguistic purism movement is inextricably connected with the magazine Fjölnir (published from 1835 to 1839 and from 1844 to 1847). The magazine was published in Copenhagen by four young Icelanders: Konráð Gíslason, Jónas Hallgrímsson, Brynjólfur Pétursson and Tómas Sæmundsson. The most imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
His translation of a textbook on astronomy (Stjörnufræði, 1842) became exemplary for later translations of scientific literature. Many of the neologisms he coined have become an integral part of present-day Icelandic terminology: aðdráttarafl (gravity), hitabelti (tropics), sjónauki (telescope), samhliða (parallel). Ko... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
When sovereignty was achieved in 1918, government regulation of language matters began. Initially, as with some other preservation attempts noted above, the focus was on orthography, but regulation of language matters grew steadily and became more formalised. Early in the 20th century, the third element in Icelandic pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
In 1951, a Dictionary Committee of the University of Iceland (Orðabókarnefnd Háskólans) began publishing lists of new words, marking the beginning of formal government sponsorship of neologisms. In 1965, a ministerial decree of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Menntamálaráðuneytið) established the Íslens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
To remedy this situation, in 1984 the Althing passed legislation which ratified the five person membership and also established a permanently functioning secretariat, the Íslensk málstöð (Icelandic Language Institute). The Council was enlarged to 15 members in 1990, appointed by and from a number of sectors. Thus, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Day-to-day operations are the province of the Institute. Occupying a suite of offices on Neshagi, a street near the University, and previously the site of the American Embassy's cultural center, the Institute today is headed by Ari Páll Kristinsson and has only four employees who give advice on language and usage matte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
The Icelandic language is a basic element of the national identity of the Icelanders. The main focus of linguistic purism in Icelandic is to maintain the structure of the language (for instance as a declined language compared to some other West European Indo-European languages, such as English and French), and to devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Organisations and individuals in many specialist areas together with the Icelandic Language Institute propose and use new technical lexis, which diversifies the Icelandic lexicon as a whole. When introducing words for new or modern concepts, it is common to revitalise old words that have fallen into disuse but have a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Thus speakers of Icelandic can easily deconstruct many words to find their etymologies; indeed compound words are very frequent in the Icelandic language. This system also makes it easier for new words to fit in with existing Icelandic grammatical rules: the gender and declension of the compound word can easily be extr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
However intensive the linguistic purification effort, loanwords are still entering the language. Some of these loanwords have been adapted and moulded to fit in with Icelandic grammatical rules, including inflection and pronunciation. For example, the word bíll ("a car") comes from the word "automobile" via the Danish ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
For example, the Icelandic-looking word eyðni, meaning "AIDS", is a phonosemantic match of the English acronym AIDS, using the existing Icelandic verb eyða ("to destroy") and the Icelandic nominal suffix -ni. Similarly, the Icelandic word tækni ("technology", "technique") derives from tæki ("tool") combined with the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
It was little used until the 1940s, but has since become highly common, as a lexeme and as an element in new formations, such as raftækni ("electronics") literally meaning "electrical technics", tæknilegur ("technical") and tæknir ("technician"). Other phonosemantic matches discussed in the article are beygla, bifra – ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Linguistic purification does not imply limitations to or neglect of foreign language learning. Teaching of foreign languages in Iceland is heavily emphasized, and the learning of English and Danish (or another Scandinavian language) in school is compulsory. Danish was taught because Iceland was a dominion of Denmark un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Students entering a gymnasium are also usually required to choose a third foreign language. Traditionally that was either German or French, but in recent years Spanish has also been offered in many gymnasia. Other languages are sometimes added as an option but usually as part of a language-heavy course of study at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
A minor movement started by Jozef Braekmans of Lier, Belgium, around 1992 aimed at removing loan words from the modern Icelandic language and creating new terms for all historical loan words. It was named "High Icelandic" or "Hyper-Icelandic" (Háíslenska or Háfrónska). The movement has not gained traction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Icelandic |
Mapbender is a graduated project of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. It was awarded OGC web site of the month in 2008. It is used by PortalU and several federal states to implement the INSPIRE regulation. Many municipalities use Mapbender as City Map Services and it is used as the mapping framework for online cyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
Mapbender is a web mapping software implemented in PHP and JavaScript, the configuration resides in a data model stored in a PostgreSQL PostGIS or MySQL database. It is developed as an open-source project and licensed by the GNU GPL as free software. Mapbender is a framework for managing spatial data services that are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
Management interfaces for user, group and service administration are stored as configurations in the database. The software is used to display, overlay, edit and manage distributed Web Map Services. The maps themselves are generated by Server software. From this perspective Mapbender is a client software. The client in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
User interfaces are created using forms of the same web based type. User interfaces contain elements (buttons, maps, legends, links), each has associated HTML attributes, path to PHP modules or JavaScript code which are stored in the database. Basic modules implement: zoom in and out pan map click and query (OGC WMS Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
Administration interfaces are user interfaces with administration modules. This makes administration highly flexible and multi client capable (both multiple interfaces and user/group permission). Administration modules include management (add, edit, remove) of: users groups interfaces (GUI) WMS services WFS and transac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
Mapbender is designed to manage loosely coupled web services in a service-oriented architecture. Due to some glitches in early GIS history with Coordinate systems, Cartesian coordinate systems and Surveying this can sometimes be somewhat complex. The Mapbender software covers the following topics: Web-GIS Client (OGC W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapbender |
Warburg's tincture was a pharmaceutical drug, now obsolete. It was invented in 1834 by Dr. Carl Warburg. Warburg's tincture was well known in the Victorian era as a medicine for fevers, especially tropical fevers, including malaria. It was considered, by some, to be superior to quinine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was a secret, proprietary remedy. The formula was not published until 1875. Later, it was included in the first edition of Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. Warburg's Tincture included an array of ingredients, including quinine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
List of alternative names by which Warburg's Tincture was known or referred to: 'Warburg Tincture' 'The Warburg Tincture' 'Warburg's Fever Tincture' 'Warburg's Fever Tincture and Tonic Medicine' 'Warburg Fever Tincture and Tonic Medicine' 'Warburg's Vegetable Fever Tincture' 'Dr Warburg's Vegetable Fever Drops' 'Warbur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
As its name implies, Warburg's Tincture was originally available only in liquid form. It was deep brown to golden yellow in colour; its taste was bitter and not very palatable. It was sold in small bottles of unique design, containing about one ounce. The label affixed to each bottle bore the registered trademark, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was invented by Dr Carl Warburg in 1834, in British Guiana (now Guyana). It was introduced into Europe in 1839. Warburg's Tincture received medical trials in British Guiana in the 1830s, and then elsewhere around the world in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1846, Warburg's Tincture was extensively trialled i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
He wanted the British Government to procure the formula of Warburg's Tincture from him, but such an arrangement never came to fruition. Nevertheless, the British Government was a significant client, procuring Warburg's Tincture for military forces serving overseas in India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka); in Africa, in Gold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
In 1867, in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet asked the Secretary of War why Warburg's Tincture was not being supplied in larger quantities to troops in India.Writing in 1870, Carl Warburg lamented that his eponymous drug was "comparatively unknown". The formula was disclose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Famous Victorians who are documented to have used Warburg's Tincture include: Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton - explorer and diplomat General Charles George Gordon of Khartoum - senior army officer and colonial administrator Dr David Livingstone - missionary and explorer Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Pre-Raphaelite artis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was promoted by its inventor, Dr Carl Warburg, as a medicine suitable for treating all types of fevers, but especially tropical fevers, including malaria and yellow fever; and that it could also be used as a tonic in debility and convalescence. He claimed that his eponymous tincture was superior to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
He advocated that Warburg's Tincture could be employed at all stages of fever, as well as a prophylactic. " is an unfailing remedy in all cases of Intermittent, Continued, Continued-Remittment, Nervous and Typhus Fevers; Cholera, Diarrhoea, and Dysentery; Scrofula in all its forms; Incipient Consumption, Chronic Bronch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
In the Victorian era Warburg's Tincture was principally employed in the treatment of tropical fevers, including malaria, yellow fever and typhus. It was therefore an antipyretic, and an antimalarial drug. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was vaunted as being superior to quinine in the treatment of malaria by many in the Victorian era. Quinine remained the first-line antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it. Until recently Chloroquine was the most widely used antimalarial drug. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was included in Burroughs Wellcome & Company's tabloid medicine cases of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. "There is now no exact equivalent of Warburg's Tincture ....The most similar modern preparation is ammoniated tincture of quinine. This omits aloes and rhubarb, whose function was a laxati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
'Warburg's Tincture' was a well-known drug in the Victorian era. It earned itself a well regarded international reputation in certain quarters of the medical profession, many attesting to its efficacy and value.One of the most notable and strongest advocates of Warburg's Tincture was Surgeon-General W. C. Maclean, C.B,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
I have treated remittent fevers of every degree of severity contracted in the jungles of the Deccan and the Mysore, at the base of the mountain ranges in India, on the Coromandel Coast, in the pestilential highlands of the northern division of the Madras Presidency, on the malarial rivers of China, and in men brought t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Sir James Clark M.D. - royal physician to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Sir William Henry Broadbent, 1st Baronet, M.D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
- St Mary's Hospital, London and London Fever Hospital, Physician in Ordinary to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. ("Warburg’s Tincture has long held a high reputation in India, as a remedy of undoubted and indeed unequalled power in the treatment of the malignant malarial fevers of that country and of cholera. Testi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Dr Benjamin Guy Babington - Guy's Hospital ("I consider it the most potent anti-intermittent medicine I have ever employed", 1851). Dr F. C. Skey - St Bartholomew's Hospital, and Professor of Surgery to Royal College of Surgeons of England. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Sir James Gibson, M.D., K.C.B. - Director-General, Army Medical Department, Whitehall, London. Sir Andrew Halliday, M.D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
- Deputy Inspector General of Military Hospitals. Dr Macgrath - Director-General, Army Medical Department, Madras, India. Dr Joseph Johann Knolz - head of the civilian medical department of the Austrian Empire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Dr Rieken - Belgium, physician to Leopold I of Belgium. Count E Bylandt M.D. - physician to William II of the Netherlands Dr Salgues - Dijon, France. Dr Uyttrhoven - Brussels, Belgium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
As a consequence of Warburg's Tincture being sold as a secret, proprietary remedy, many in the medical profession, particularly in England, derided, distrusted and dismissed it as a 'patent medicine' or 'quack medicine', and disliked it and criticised Carl Warburg on grounds of professional ethics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture was adopted by the Austrian empire as an official medicine in 1847; it was added to the Austrian 'Materia Medica' under the name 'Tinctura Warburgi'. Warburg's Tincture appeared in the first edition of Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (now known as Martindale: The complete drug reference) in 1883,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Included in various editions, e.g. 1851 (fifth edition), 1856, 1877. Jahresbericht der Pharmazie, 1910, Munich, Germany. Warburg's Tincture is now obsolete as a medicinal drug. It last appeared in the Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia in 1928. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
The formula of Warburg's Tincture was disclosed by its inventor in November 1875 when it was published in The Lancet and The Medical Times on his behalf - see below. Ingredients and directions for preparation Take: 4 ounces each of Socotrine aloes, Rhubarb root (East India), Angelica seeds, and Confection Damocratric; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Warburg's Tincture therefore contained quinine in addition to various purgatives, aromatics and carminatives. The ingredient Confection Damocratric is a complex preparation which has not been obtainable for over a century; it contained many different aromatic substances.The prepared chalk was used to correct the otherw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
Wootton, A. (1910), Chronicles of Pharmacy, pp. 206–208. Poser, Charles M.; Bruyn, G. W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
(1999), An Illustrated History of Malaria, p. 87. Sparkes, Roland - article, 'Dr Carl Warburg, his Belmont laboratory, and his famous fever drug', 2003/2009, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg's_tincture |
An honorary male or honorary man is a woman who is accorded the status of a man without disrupting the patriarchal status quo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Queen Hatshepsut was the first female ruler of ancient Egypt after Sobekneferu to act as a full pharaoh. Ruling in the New Kingdom, Hatshepsut depicted and asserted herself as a male ruler. In artwork and sculpture of Hatshepsut, she is represented in the traditional pharaoh headdress, kilt, and false beard—a symbol of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Female burials in the La Tène culture in Western Europe between 450 BC and 380 BC indicate the elite status of some women. Indicators of elite status in Central and Southern Germany in this period included objects of power similar to those found in preceding periods. High status graves in the preceding Hallstatt period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
However, in 480 BC, the number of elite male graves began dropping and were suddenly replaced by elite female graves. Around the same time these high status burials transitioned from majority men to women. War brought forth massive emigration of males, leaving behind women to fill the roles typically held by men. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Similar shifts in population occurred in the Celtic regions of Europe. As most of Celtic society in the Iron Age centered around agriculture, the landowning class dominated. The ruling class also made up the military elite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
As Warfare in Medieval Scotland increased, women soon found themselves in roles of land ownership and power. Competitive feasting, large events held by the now landowning women, involved large quantities of alcohol and food. The quality of the feast represented the host's socio-economic status. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Equipment, dress, and methods for performing these feasts also influenced laws and values. Gold neck rings, symbolizing the highest status of a successful feast host have been found in female graves indicating that women continued the practices traditionally upheld by men. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Women assuming positions of power in this patriarchal society was made possible by a lower population of men, not an absence. According to Bettina Arnold, author of "‘Honorary males’ or women of substance? Gender, status, and power in Iron-Age Europe", archaeological analysis of burial shows some women were honorary ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
In "Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy", Allison Heisch describes honorary males as women who accept the values and practices of the male society in which they function, and internalize and follow them. She notes that honorary males tend to support rather than subvert patriarchal governance, and cites ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
The honorary man, Carolyn Heilbrun writes in the 1988 "Non-Autobiographies of 'Privileged' Women: England and America", must isolate herself from the common run of women to maintain her "privileged" status. In this way, she exchanges one form of confinement (the domestic sphere) for another (the male realm).Comparing m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
If female and unsatisfactory, a woman writer would be more female than female; if admired, she would "transcend her sex" (that's a quote) and would be raised to the status of non-woman, or honorary man. "She thinks like a man" was a compliment. Ursula K. Le Guin once said in an interview, "I read the Norton Anthology o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
It was a bible for me. It taught me that I didn't have to write like an honorary man anymore, that I could write like a woman and feel liberated in doing so. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
"This phenomenon can be seen in academia. Barbara Bagihole, the Director of Studies for MA in Women's Studies at the University of Loughborough, England, conducted a study that revealed that the women she interviewed felt the need to disassociate themselves from their female colleagues in order to succeed in their male... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
However, in order for women in the military to be accepted and considered successful, they feel they must become "one of the guys". Otherwise, they would face sexual and gender based ridicule that, in some cases, led to women ending their military careers. Feminist theorist Cynthia Enloe argues that the institution of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
The double bind is essentially the double standard held against women candidates and political leaders. A woman's ability to overcome the double bind enables her to obtain the status of an honorary man. To overcome the double bind women candidates and political leaders must enhance their masculine qualities and reduce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Dolan, Deckman, and Swers discuss in their book Women and Politics that a woman candidate must successfully overcome the double bind to participate in the masculine political realm.In the 2008 United States presidential election, Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin faced unique double binds in their races to presidential a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
The Clinton campaign emphasized her involvement in Washington, D.C. and her knowledge on the issues. Her campaign also tried to portray her as a sincere person who cared about the American people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
However, Clinton failed to reach the public as a trustworthy individual who can connect and relate to the average person.Palin also skillfully navigated the double bind, showing herself as a tough political outsider and a family woman. Palin criticized Obama and reiterated her image as a regular hockey mom, not a caree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
As the double bind associated with honorary males is more related to gender than it is to sex, certain cultures have chosen to avoid the double bind by expressing their gender differently. For example, some women in Albania live their lives as men in order to gain access to the privileges men inherit. In other words, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
In her article, she writes, “Sworn Virgin” is the term given to a biological female in the Balkans who has chosen to take on the social identity of a man for life. As a tradition dating back hundreds of years, this was sometimes necessary in a society that lived within tribal clans, followed the Kanun, an archaic code ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
With this lifestyle, assigned-female-at-birth individuals have much easier access to freedoms naturally granted to men. The freedom to drive, vote, control money, and own property, all functions traditionally allowed for men only, can be accessed through this choice. Honorary males in this society are guaranteed stabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
In André Brinks, The Novel, Language and Narrative from Cervantes to Calvino, it is stated that a character's ability to speak is determined by each character's relation to power. From his Chapter, La Princesse de Cleves, "The only women who do speak their minds at times are those in positions of power, (The Queen, The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
Kathleen Gregory Klein's 1988 The Woman Detective: Gender and Genre investigates the difficulties of creating a woman character while keeping true to the genre of the standard male detective theme. Klein is mentioned on this very issue in Glenwood Irons Feminism in Women's Detective Fiction, stating, "Certainly a woman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
The Amelia Butterworth Mysteries by Anna Katharine Green is a detective fiction based on Amelia Buttersworth, a wealthy, single woman with limited family who has the free time to solve mysteries. This character has been referred to as an Honorary Male in Feminism in Women's Detective Fiction by Glenwood Irons, "They wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
These characters are anomalies...These two women detectives are clearly honorary males." (Irons, pg. 3) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_male |
The Patient Activation Measure (PAM) is a commercial product which assesses an individual's knowledge, skill, and confidence for managing one's health and healthcare. Individuals who measure high on this assessment typically understand the importance of taking a pro-active role in managing their health and have the ski... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Activation_Measure |
PAM was developed using qualitative methods, Rasch analysis, and classical test theory psychometric methods. Developed by Judith Hibbard and colleagues at the University of Oregon, the resulting 13-item measure is a uni-dimensional, interval level, Guttman-like scale. The PAM has strong psychometric properties, and has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Activation_Measure |
Multiple studies show that PAM scores are predictive of most health behaviors, including preventive behaviors (e.g. obtaining screenings and immunizations); healthy behaviors (e.g. healthy diet and regular exercise); self-management behaviors (e.g. monitoring and medication management); and health information seeking. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Activation_Measure |
Interlingua (; ISO 639 language codes ia, ina) is an international auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It is a constructed language of the "naturalistic" variety, whose vocabulary, grammar, and other characteristics are derived fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Interlingua focuses on common vocabulary shared by Western European languages, which are often descended from the Latin language (such as the Romance languages) and Greek language. Interlingua organizers have four "primary control languages" where, by default, a word (or variant thereof) is expected to appear in at lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
While the result is often akin to Neo-Latin as the most frequent source of commonality, Interlingua words can have origins in any language, as long as they have drifted into the primary control languages as loanwords. For example, the Japanese words geisha and samurai are used as-is in most Western European languages, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
The American heiress Alice Vanderbilt Morris (1874–1950) became interested in linguistics and the international auxiliary language movement in the early 1920s. In 1924, Morris and her husband, Dave Hennen Morris, established the non-profit International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) in New York City. Their aim ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
The IALA became a major supporter of mainstream American linguistics. Numerous studies by Sapir, Collinson, and Morris Swadesh in the 1930s and 1940s, for example, were funded by IALA. Alice Morris edited several of these studies and provided much of IALA's financial support. For example, Morris herself edited Sapir an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
IALA also received support from such prestigious groups as the Carnegie Corporation, the Ford Foundation, the Research Corporation, and the Rockefeller Foundation.In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals; building a library of books abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Originally, the association had not intended to create its own language. Its goal was to identify which auxiliary language already available was best suited for international communication, and how to promote it more effectively. However, after ten years of research, many more members of IALA concluded that none of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
During the war years, proponents of a naturalistic interlanguage won out. The first support was Thorndike's paper; the second was a concession by proponents of the systematic languages that thousands of words were already present in many, or even a majority, of the European languages. Their argument was that systematic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
IALA from that point assumed the position that a naturalistic language would be best.IALA's research activities were based in Liverpool, before relocating to New York due to the outbreak of World War II, where E. Clark Stillman established a new research staff. Stillman, with the assistance of Alexander Gode, construct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
During this period IALA continued to develop models and conducted polling to determine the optimal form of the final language. In 1946, IALA sent an extensive survey to more than 3,000 language teachers and related professionals on three continents.Four models were canvassed: The results of the survey rejected the two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
In 1954, IALA published an introductory manual entitled Interlingua a Prime Vista ("Interlingua at First Sight"). Interlingua as presented by the IALA is very close to Peano's Interlingua (Latino sine flexione), both in its grammar and especially in its vocabulary. A distinct abbreviation was adopted: IA instead of IL. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Four models were canvassed: Model P and K, plus two new models similar to Model E of 1945. Model P was unchanged from 1945; Model M was relatively modern in comparison to more classical P. Model K was slightly modified in the direction of Ido. The vote total ended up as follows: P 26.6%, M 37.5%, C 20%, and K 15%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
The results of the survey were striking. The two more schematic models, C and K, were rejected – K overwhelmingly. Of the two naturalistic models, M attracted somewhat more support than P. Taking national biases into account (for example, the French who were polled disproportionately favored Model M), IALA decided on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
When Martinet took up a position at Columbia University in 1948, Gode took on the last phase of Interlingua's development. His task was to combine elements of Model M and Model P; take the flaws seen in both by the polled community and repair them with elements of Model C as needed; and simultaneously develop a vocabul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
An early practical application of Interlingua was the scientific newsletter Spectroscopia Molecular, published from 1952 to 1980. In 1954, Interlingua was used at the Second World Cardiological Congress in Washington, D.C. for both written summaries and oral interpretation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Within a few years, it found similar use at nine further medical congresses. Between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, some thirty scientific and especially medical journals provided article summaries in Interlingua. Science Service, the publisher of Science Newsletter at the time, published a monthly column in Interli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
In 1967, the International Organization for Standardization, which normalizes terminology, voted almost unanimously to adopt Interlingua as the basis for its dictionaries.The IALA closed its doors in 1953 but was not formally dissolved until 1956 or later. Its role in promoting Interlingua was largely taken on by Scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
A successor organization, the Interlingua Institute, was founded in 1970 to promote Interlingua in the US and Canada. The new institute supported the work of other linguistic organizations, made considerable scholarly contributions and produced Interlingua summaries for scholarly and medical publications. One of its la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
The former Occidentalist Ric Berger founded The Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) in 1955, and by the late 1950s, interest in Interlingua in Europe began to overtake that in North America. Media coverage at the time, for example, was apparently heaviest in Northern and Eastern Europe. Frequent European coverage has c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Interest in Interlingua has expanded from the scientific community to the general public. Individuals, governments, and private companies use Interlingua for learning and instruction, travel, online publishing, and communication across language barriers. Interlingua is promoted internationally by the Union Mundial pro ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
It is not certain how many people have an active knowledge of Interlingua. As noted above, Interlingua is claimed to be the most widely spoken naturalistic auxiliary language.Interlingua's greatest advantage is that it is the most widely understood international auxiliary language besides Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I. by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Interlingua is taught in many high schools and universities, sometimes as a means of teaching other languages quickly, presenting interlinguistics, or introducing the international vocabulary. The University of Granada in Spain, for example, offers an Interlingua course in collaboration with the Centro de Formación Con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
Interlingua has a largely phonemic orthography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua |
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